Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Indlela Oorhulumente Abaguqula Ngayo Iimbono Zeenkalo Zezobuzwilakhe Ezibumba Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Umthetho ngamnye owulandelayo, nawuphi na umthetho ochaphazela ishishini lakho, kunye nayo yonke inkonzo kawonke-wonke oyisebenzisayo yaqala njengengcinga. Uhambo ukusuka kwingqiqo ukuya kwinkqubo enyanzelisayo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, elungiselwe izinto ezininzi ebandakanya abadlali abaninzi, amanqanaba, kunye noqwalaselo. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abanceda ngayo abemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi kwaye baxabise umatshini ontsonkothileyo obumba ibutho labantu lanamhlanje.

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke sisicelo esimiselwe okanye ilungiselelo elinqunyulweyo lemiqathango efana nemithetho, imimiselo, imigaqo, kunye nezenzo zokucombulula okanye ukusingatha imibandela yentlalo enxulumene neengxaki zentlalo. Le nkqubo ilawula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi, kuquka imfundo, inkxalabo yempilo, ingeniso, izoqoqosho, ezothutho, kunye nebutho labantu njengeli liphela. Ukuguqulwa kweengcamango zibe yinkqubo esebenzayo kumela omnye wemisebenzi engundoqo karhulumente, echaphazela yonke into esuka emoyeni ophefumlela kuwo.

Imithombo Emininzi Yezimvo Zenkqubo

Iingcamango zenkqubo aziveli kumthombo omnye. Endaweni yoko, zisuka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo yabadlali, nganye izisa iimbono, ubuchule, kunye neentshukumisa ezithile kwitheyibhile yokwenza inkqubo.

Amagosa Karhulumente Nabameli Ababebeluleki

Abamisi-mthetho abaninzi banyulwa ukuba babe ngamaKhonkxa, ubuncinane ngokwenxalenye, ngokwezizindululo zowiso-mthetho abazichaza kumaphulo abo onyulo. Izithembiso zokuzisa iizicelo ezithile zowiso-mthetho, ezenziwe ebudeni bamaphulo akhethekileyo kubantu abafuna ukumela, ziinkalo ezingundoqo zohlobo lukarhulumente waseMerika kwaye zisoloko zingumthombo wezicelo zomthetho ezithenjiswayo. Xa bekwisikhundla, abameli bayaqhubeka bevelisa iingcamango zenkqubo ezisekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo iimfuno ze-agracties kunye neengxaki zentlalo.

Amagosa karhulumente asungula inyathelo lomgaqo-nkqubo, ngokufuthi elisekelwe kwinkcazelo yawo yomthetho okanye uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Oku akuquki nje amagosa anyuliweyo kodwa kwanabaphathi-mikhosi abanolwazi olunzulu lwezequmrhu nobugcisa kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo.

Cinga Ngezikhundla Nophando

Iziko lophando kunye namatanki okucinga ngabaqhubi abaphambili bohlalutyo lwenkqubo kunye nokuphuhliswa kweengcamango ezintsha. Le mibutho iqhuba uphando olunzulu, ihlalutya ugcino-lwazi, kwaye icebisa izisombululo ezisekelwe kubungqina kwiingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo. Uphando lwayo lusoloko lunika isiseko sobulumko kwizicelo zenkqubo, ukunikezelwa kohlalutyo olunenkcukacha ngeendleko, iinzuzo, kunye neenkqubo zokuphumeza.

Abadlali abaphambili abakwimimiselo ecwangcisiweyo baquka iinkcubeko, amaqela ezilangazelelo, amajelo eendaba, namagosa karhulumente. Qwalasela iitanki ezisebenza kwiimeko zezobupolitika, ukusuka kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ukuya kwinkqubela-phambili, nganye inegalelo kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo kwiingxoxo zemigaqo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaqela anezimvo amele abantu abaninzi okanye imibutho emininzi angazisebenzisela ilungelo lawo lokucela urhulumente /a ilungelo lokucela urhulumente / ukuLandlwa koMphetho wokuqala (ukuze acebise iingcamango zokuphuhliswa komthetho. Amaqela anomdla adlala indima enempembelelo ekhethekileyo kuba ayakwazi ukudibanisa ubuncwane, ubuchule, kunye nekomkhulu lezobupolitika ukuqhubekisa phambili imicimbi ethile yezomthetho.

Iingcamango ezisekelwe kwimithetho emininzi kawonke-wonke yeli lizwe zisuka ngale ndlela kuba abantu abathile, imibutho, okanye amaqela abantu abanomdla anolwazi oluninzi ngengxaki/intlukwano ezichaphazela bona okanye amalungu abo. Amaqela anomdla adla ngokuba nempembelelo kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwemithetho, njengokuba ehlelile, ngenxa yobuncwane bawo obudityanisiweyo.

Abemi neNkqutyana yeeNkcukacha

Abahlali banganikela igalelo kwimigaqo ekhoyo okanye bacebise imigaqo emitsha ngoonobumba, ii-imeyili, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu nezinye iindlela zokubotshwa kweso sixeko. Nangona abemi ngabanye bengenampembelelo ithile kunamaqela alungelelanisiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwabemi ngokweqela ngemibutho enxulumene nengca kuye kwabangela iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ngokwembali, ukusuka kumthetho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume.

Uluvo lukawonke wonke, oluchazwa ngophando, imibhiyozo, kunye neziphumo zonyulo, lubangela ingcinezelo kubenzi benkqubo ukuba bathethe ngemibandela ethile. Xa abemi abaneleyo bechaza ingxaki njengengxamisekileyo, kuba nzima ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo angayinanzi.

Iziganeko Zezazulu Nezokujolisa

Ijelo leendaba lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuziseni imicimbi kuwonke-wonke nasekulungiseni indlela eziqondwa ngayo iingxaki. Iziganeko ezikhethekileyo zingabeka ingxaki kucwangciso. Ukuphuphuma kwedolophu ekufutshane nomlambo kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba amakhaya afanele avunyelwe na akhiwe kulwazi olukhukulisiweyo. Ezi "ziqwalaselweyo" ziganeko ezithi zithathise ingqalelo kawonke-wonke"ukungaphakamisi ngokukhawuleza zinyusa imiba kwimiba ekwinkqubo enokuthi ngenye indlela ihlale ingacacanga.

Uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo: Ukusuka kwiNgcaciso ukuya ekuzalisekiseni

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo asiyonkqubo elula yokuqhubekeka kwemigca kodwa kunoko ngumjikelo ontsonkothileyo, oquka imigangatho emininzi. Le yinkqubo exutyiweyo, ukwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa, ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi wokusebenza, uvavanyo, nokupheliswa. Ukuqonda iqonga ngalinye kubonisa indlela iingcamango ezicocekileyo ngayo, eziphikisanayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ziguqulwe ngayo zibe yimithetho elawula ibutho labantu.

Umlinganiselo 1: Ukwaziwa kwengxaki kunye nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekumisweni kwenkqubo kukuqonda ukuba ingxaki ikhona kwaye ifanelwe yingqalelo karhulumente. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inkqubo, kufuneka kubekho ingxaki ebizwa kwingqalelo karhulumente. Kodwa ke, asiyongxaki yonke ezenzekelayo ebeka phambili kwinkqubo.

Ucwangciso lwe-Agenda lululuhlu lokuqala, iqonga elilandela umba, apho ezinye izixakeko zinyuka zize ziqwalaselwe ngabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ngeli xesha abanye befumana ingqalelo encinane okanye betyeshelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukubaluleka kweli nqanaba kusenyanisweni ukuba kukho amawaka emibandela enokubandakanya ingqalelo yabaenzi benkqubo, kodwa ekuqheliseni kuphela intwana yemali efumana ingqwalasela yabo.

Iinkalo eziliqela zibonisa ukuba kukho imbambano ebangela ukuba ilandele ucwangciso-nkqubo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ubushushu kunye nobungakanani: iingxaki ezichaphazela amanani amakhulu abantu okanye ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu zinokuba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zifumane ingqalelo
  • Ukungaguquguquki komthetho: Imiba ehambelana nezopolitiko eziza kuqala ngoku kwaye inako ukuphumelela kwemithetho
  • Ukuqonda okukhoyo kolwazi lwe- iingxaki ezithinjiwe ingqalelo ye-media kunye nenkxalabo kawonke-wonke
  • izisombululo ezikhoyo: iziphelo ezikhoyo ezizisombululo zenkqubo okanye ezinokuveliswa

I-flag ikwimeko engundoqo yale nkqubo. Imeko iba yingxaki yentlalo ngenxa yokuba abantu banikela inkcazelo ngayo ngendlela ekhokelela ibutho labantu ukuba bayiqonde imeko njengebalulekileyo nefanelwe yingqalelo. Imeko ibekwe njani (ukuba yingxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke, ingxaki yezoqoqosho, okanye impembelelo eyimfuneko ngokokuziphatha) nokuba ifumana ingeniso ekhethekileyo okanye izisombululo eziqwalaselweyo.

Ibutho labantu baseMerika linyamezela umlinganiselo othile wolwaphulo-mthetho; noko ke, xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lunyuka ngokuphawulekayo okanye lucingelwa ukuba lunyuka ngokuphawulekayo, kuba yingxaki yokuba abenzi benkqubo bathethe ngayo. Oku kubonisa indlela amanqanaba okunyamezela kwezentlalo nendlela yokuqonda ekwaneengxaki zokufuna iimpendulo zenkqubo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesi-2:

Xa umba ukhusela indawo kucwangciso lwenkqubo, umsebenzi wokwenziwa kweenkqubo ezithile zocombululo uqala. Emva kokuba ingxaki kawonke wonke ifumene ingqalelo kubenzi benkqubo, mayicaciswe ize ichazwe ngokwenkqubo ebhaliweyo. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo yinkqubo entsokothileyo.

Ukwenziwa: Inkqubo yokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo ibe yimithetho ecetyiweyo okanye imimiselo enokuphunyezwa. Eli qonga libandakanya imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

[[NTL:0] Iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo othe ngqingqwa: Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka bachaze ngokucacileyo oko banethemba lokukufikelela. Ngaba bazama ukunciphisa ungcoliso, ukwandisa ukufikelela kwimpilo, ukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo, okanye ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho? Ukucwangcisa isiseko soyilo lwenkqubo esebenzayo.

[[UMTL: 0] Ukuchaza ezinye izisombululo: iindlela ezininzi ezikhoyo ukuhlangabezana nengxaki enikiweyo. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kubandakanya ukwenziwa kolwakhiwo kunye novavanya ukhetho olwahlukileyo, nganye eneendleko ezahlukeneyo, inzuzo, kunye neemfuno zokuphumeza.

Ubalo-lwazi lomntu othatha indawo:[ ukwenziwa kwenkqubo esebenzayo kufuna igalelo elivela kwabo baza kuchaphazeleka yinkqubo nabo banoxanduva lokuyisebenzisa. Le nkqubo yokukhangela inceda ukuchonga iingxaki ezinokwenzeka, iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kunye nokuphumeza imingeni phambi kokuba igqibelele imigaqo-nkqubo.

[[UMTL:0] Impinda yezentengiso nezobugcisa: imigaqo-nkqubo ecetyisiweyo mayiphinde ihlolwe ukwenzela ukuthotyelwa ngokusemthethweni, ukufezeka kobuchule, nokungaguquguquki kwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nemimiselo. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya amagqwetha, iingcali zemibandela, kunye nabahlalutyi benkqubo abasebenza kunye ukucombulula iingcebiso.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kunesiphumo esibonakalayo: Imali ihamba phambi kweKhonkqutyana okanye phambi kwemiqathango yolawulo ecetyisiweyo. Iqonga lokumisela liguqula iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni zibe lulwimi lwekonkrithi okanye umgaqo-siseko onokuthi uxutyushwe, uhlaziywe, yaye ekugqibeleni wamkelwe.

ISibonelelo 3: Ukwamkelwa koMgaqo-nkqubo kunye noMthetho

Ukumkeliswa kwemithetho ngumgangatho osemthethweni wokwenza izigqibo apho imigaqo-nkqubo ecetyiweyo ivunywa ngokusemthethweni okanye igatywa. Inkqubo iyamkelwa xa iNkqutyana idlulisa umthetho, imimiselo ibe yokugqibela, okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo inikela isigqibo kwimeko ethile.

Inkqubo yokwamkelwa yahlukile kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomgaqo-nkqubo nomgangatho karhulumente:

I-Legislate Religionation: Ngokuqhelekileyo, inyulwe ngamalungu engqungquthela okanye ingqungquthela ecebisa inkqubo. Bathumela izicelo zabo, ezaziwa ngcono njengeendleko, kwikomiti encinci ethetha ngomxholo wemali ukuze ixoxwe kwaye iqwalaselwe. Ukuba ikomiti ibona ukuba imvume ilungile, iza kuyidlulisela kubo bonke ubuqumrhu obunyuliweyo obuza kuvotayo kwinkqubo ecetyiweyo. IiBhili ezidlula ngempumelelo kwigumbi ngalinye. / Senate ne Houses" ngoko zithunyelwa kumongameli okanye kwirhu lomlawuli obonisa okanye olawula inkqubo okanye oza kuleyo.

Isenzo sokuphumeza: iiNkokeli, iirhuluneli, kunye noosodolophu bangamkela iinkqubo ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, enomkhosi womthetho kwimithetho yabo ngaphandle kokuba kufuna imvume yomthetho.

Ulwamkelo lokwamkelwa komgaqo-nkqubo: Amasebe olawulo amkela iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo ngokwenziwa kolawulo, ngokuqhelekileyo ezibandakanya amaxesha okugqabaza kukawonke-wonke kunye neenkqubo zohlolo oluqhelekileyo.

[[Umthetho:0] Izigqibo ze-odoli: Iinkundla zimisela inkqubo ngokuchaza kwazo umthetho womgaqo-siseko nomthetho, zidala imizekelo ekhokelela kwizenzo zexesha elizayo.

Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ziziphi izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqwalaselwayo nezibekwa kwindawo yokuqala. Imigaqo neenkolelo zazo zidla ngokukhokela ulwalathiso lwemigaqo ejolise kwiinjongo zazo zezobupolitika. Zinegunya lokugqiba ukuba ziziphi izicelo eziphunyezweyo nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yezopolitiko akunanto iqwalaselwa okanye injongo epheleleyo.

ICandelo 4: UHlahlo-nkqubo

Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo wokwamkelwa komntwana kusisiqalo. Iqonga lokuzalisekisa kulapho iinkqubo zihamba khona zisuka kumaphepha zisiya kuqhelisela, kwaye zisoloko zimisela enoba inkqubo iyaphumelela okanye iyangaphumeleli. Ukuphumeza okanye ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo kudla ngokuphunyezwa ngamaziko angezo ezo zisungulileyo nezizamkelekileyo.

Ukuzalisekisa: Inyathelo lokubulala apho kumiselwa imigaqo-nkqubo ngamaqumrhu karhulumente namanye amaqumrhu aphetheyo.

Imvelaphi ye-altam: Ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo kufuna inkxaso-mali, abasebenzi, izixhobo, kunye neziseko. Oku kulapho iinkqubo zidla ngokuvingqwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali. Ukuxhasa imali kungumqobo omkhulu wokuzalisekisa okufanelekileyo. Ngaphandle koovimba abaneleyo, kwanemigaqo-nkqubo emiselwe kakuhle ayinakufikelela kwiinjongo zabo.

I-Estbactures kunye ne-lders: Umthetho osoloko unika nje umphandle ophangaleleyo wenkqubo. Umzekelo, iBhunga lingagunyazisa ukuphuculwa komgangatho wamanzi, kodwa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) inika iinkcukacha kuloo migangatho kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa ukuthobela ngemigaqo. Ulungelelaniso kufuna ukuguqulela kwiinjongo zenkqubo jikelele kwiinkqubo ezithile zokusebenza.

Ukubekwa ngokufanelekileyo konxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo kuyimfuneko ngexesha lenqanaba lokuzalisekisa, njengoko benceda abalawuli bachaze iinkqubo kwaye benze izigqibo zolwazi. Amaziko amaninzi kunye nemigangatho karhulumente kufuneka alungelelanise imigudu yabo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo ngokunempumelelo.

[[NTLALA:0] Imfundo ePhakamileyo kunye nokhuthuzo: Ukulungelelaniswa kungaquka ukwamkela imithetho kunye nemimiselo, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo neemveliso, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, ukushwabana kwempikiswano, njl. njl. Abantu abachaphazelekayo yimigaqo kufuneka baqonde amalungelo abo, iimbopheleleko, nendlela yokufikelela kwiinkonzo okanye ukuthobela iimfuno.

Imithetho enyanzelisa usetyenziso lomatshini: ifuna ubuchule ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela, okusenokuquka uhlolo, izigwebo zokwaphula umthetho, kunye nezizathu zokuthobela.

Umahluko womgaqo-nkqubo wokuphumeza ubhekiselele kumahluko phakathi kweengcamango zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nosukelo lwawo ephepheni kunye nokuphunyezwa kwazo. Lo msantsa uvela xa iinjongo, iinjongo, okanye amalungiselelo enkqubo engaphumeleli ukufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo ekusebenzeni, ngokufuthi ngenxa yocelomngeni, i-inteciences, okanye imiqobo engabonwa kwangaphambili kwinkqubo yokuzalisekisa. Ukuqonda nokunika eli cala kubaluleke ekwenzeni inkqubo esebenzayo.

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nohlolo

Uvavanyo luhlolo olucwangcisiweyo lokuba imigaqo-nkqubo iyayifikelela na injongo yayo nokuba ifanele iqhubekeke, ilungiswe okanye ipheliswe. Uvavanyo luthetha ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kangakanani, kwaye ayingomsebenzi olulula. Abantu abangaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lokufumana i-benefit ukuzama ukufumana impendulo.

Kwinqanaba lovavanyo, abenzi-nkqubo bahlola iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye bafumanise uhlenga-hlengiso olufunekayo ukuze baphucule ukusebenza kwawo. Uvavanyo yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokuchasene neenjongo zayo. Ingabandakanya iindlela zokuqulunqa ugcino-lwazi kwimpembelelo yenkqubo, ukuphumelela, kunye nesiphumo sexabiso.

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo luthatha iindlela eziliqela:

[[Uvavanyo:0] olusebenzayo uvavanyo: Isiphumo (ingeniso) siqwalasela utshintsho emva kokuveliswa kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu vavanyo luzama ukulinganisa iziphumo zenkqu zemigaqo kwiingxaki ebeziyilelwe ukunikela ingqalelo kuzo.

Uvavanyo lwe-PRODUCT: Inkqubo iqwalasela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo okanye inkqubo kwaye ibandakanya ukugqiba inkqubo esetyenziswayo ukuzalisekisa inkqubo. Oku kuhlola indlela imigaqo ephunyezwa ngayo, ukuphumeza imingeni kunye nezenzo ezingcono.

[[UMTL:0] Uhlalutyo lwe-Bonefit: Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba urhulumente uchitha i-x amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kule nkqubo, ingaba inzuzo efunyenwe kuyo ifanele inkcitho? Olu hlobo lokuhlola luthelekisa iindleko zemigaqo nxamnye neengenelo zayo ukugqiba impumelelo nexabiso.

IBhunga lisebenzisa umsebenzi walo wobuveleli kunye ne-Ofisi yokuThetha ngeengxelo jikelele ukuze lihlole, amaqumrhu ahlola ukusebenza kwawo, kunye nabahloli bangaphandle baquka amaqela enzala, amatanki okucinga, i-academia, kunye ne-media. Izenzo ezininzi zabadlali zivavanywa, nganye izisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Injongo yokuqala yovavanyo lwenkqubo kukuqonda ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunye nokwazisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kwixesha elizayo. Inceda abenzi-nkqubo bagqibe ukuba baqhubeke, balungise, okanye baphelise inkqubo esekelwe ekusebenzeni kwayo.

Isicatshulwa 6: Ulungiso-nkqubo okanye ukulungiswa

Isigaba sokugqibela somjikelo bandakanya izigqibo malunga nokuba kufuneka ziqhubeke, zilungiswe, okanye zipheliswe inkqubo. Imbali ibonise ukuba xa igqitywe, kunzima ukuyiphelisa. Xa ipheliswa, kudla ngokuba ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo ayiphelelwanga lixesha, ayizange isebenze, okanye ilahlekelwe yinkxaso yayo phakathi kwamaqela enzala kunye namagosa anyuliweyo abeka uludwe kwindawo yokuqala.

Imithetho isenokuguqulelwa kwiziphumo zovavanyo, ukutshintsha kweemeko, okanye izinto eziza kuqala kwezobupolitika. Uhlolo ludla ngokubangela ukubonakala kweengxaki kunye nocwangciso olutsha locwangciso kunye nenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Oku kwenza inkqubo yenkcubeko apho uvavanyo lubuyisela umva kulwazi lwengxaki kunye nocwangciso lwemimiselo, ukuqala umjikelo wenkqubo ngokutsha.

Indima Yobungqina Nophando Kwinkqubo Yanamhlanje

Ukwenza inkqubo yeNkqutyana ngokukhulayo kugxininisa ukusetyenziswa kobungqina nophando ukwazisa izigqibo zenkqubo. Ulwimi lwenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye, njengolu hlobo, lungatolikwa ukubonakalisa umnqweno wobungqina obuzakusetyenziswa kakuhle okanye ngokufanelekileyo ngandlela-nye. Ngokuqinisekisa uqwalaselwa olucwangcisiweyo lwemigaqo engqongqo nenobunjani obuphezulu, okanye ngokuphepha ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obuneenjongo zezobupolitika ezigqwethekileyo nobuphosakeleyo.

Inkqubo yogcino-lwazi eqhutywa ngobuchule yinkqubo eyenziwe ngurhulumente esekelwe kugcino-lwazi olukhoyo, ubungqina, uhlalutyo olusengqiqweni nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa bolwazi ukuchaza iingxaki kunye nokubalaselisa izisombululo ezisebenzayo. Inkqubo yogcino-lwazi yokwenza iinjongo zokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi kunye nokusebenzisana nabemi kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokuyila kunye. Le ndlela imela utshintsho kulungelelwaniso oluthe lwane, iindlela zenzululwazi zokucombulula iingxaki zentlalo.

Noko ke, ukubekwa komgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina kujongene neengxaki ezininzi:

  • Imida: ugcino-lwazi lomgangatho ophezulu lungafumaneka kuyo yonke imibuzo yenkqubo, kwaye ugcino-lwazi olukhoyo lungalulanyelwa kutoliko olwahlukileyo
  • Ingqwalasela ezithe ngqo: Ubungqina bodwa bunqabile ukumisela iziphumo zenkqubo; amaxabiso ezobupolitika, izilangazelelo, kunye nokubonakala kuyinto ebalulekileyo kwakhona idlala iindima ezibalulekileyo
  • Ukugqibezela: iingxaki zentlalo zisoloko zinzima kakhulu ukuba zingabanjwa ngokupheleleyo ngobungqina obukhoyo
  • Uphando luthatha ixesha, kodwa abenzi benkqubo basoloko bejongene noxinzelelo lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke

Ngenxa yokuba abantu bebandakanyekile, asinakulindela ukuba kucetywe isizathu okanye ukuqiqa kuphela ukuba kulawule le nkqubo; sinotyekelo lokwenza utyekelo lokungaluhoyi ugcino-lwazi olungavisiyo ulwakhiwo lwehlabathi lethu size simbe amathende ethu xa iinkolelo zethu zicelw'elwa. Le nto ithetha ukuba kwanangobungqina obunamandla, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo kuhlala kuyinkqubo yezopolitiko ebandakanya umgwebo, imilinganiselo, kunye nokulalanisa.

Abasebenzi abangundoqo kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo

Ukwenza inkqubo kawonke-wonke eUnited States kwenzeka ngamanqanaba amaninzi kwaye kuquka iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zabadlali bezomgaqo-nkqubo, njengabadlali bezobupolitika abanyuliweyo, abalawuli bezakhono, amaqela enzala kwanabemi. Ukuqonda abathabatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni inkqubo nendlela abaphembelela ngayo iziphumo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iingcamango eziba yiyo imigaqo-nkqubo.

Amagosa Acetyisiweyo

Abalawuli, abalawuli, oosodolophu, abalawuli, abalawuli, nabanye abalawuli abanyuliweyo banegunya elisesikweni lokwenza izigqibo zenkqubo. Bamisela imimiselo, bamisela umthetho, bavote, basayine okanye basayine iinkqubo zokuphendula. Abanyulwa babo bathetha ukuba kufuneka balungelelanise inkqubo yabo kunye nokuqwalasela ezopolitiko nezinto ezikhethwayo.

Amagosa Oorhulumente Nabakhonzi Baseburhulumenteni

Abasebenzi bomsebenzi woburhulumente abasemaqumrhu olawulo banobuchule bobugcisa nolwazi olubalulekileyo lweziko lophuhliso lwenkqubo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo. Balungisa imimiselo, bazalisekise iinkqubo, kwaye balungiselele ukuqhubeka kolawulo lwezopolitiko. Ngoxa bengenagunya ledemokhrasi lamagosa anyuliweyo, ubuchule babo bubenza babe yimfuneko ekwenzeni iinkqubo ezisebenzayo.

Amaqela Anomdla Nabaphangi

Izinhlangano ezimela ii-contitus ezikhethekileyo , amashishini, amaqumrhu okusebenza, amaqela eemeko-bume, unxulumano loogxampyutha, kunye nemibutho ekhuthazayo , zithatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni iinkqubo, ngokukhuthaza abaxhasi, kunye nabenzi besigqibo. Inxaxheba lwazo luqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo ziyeviwa, nangona zikwanyusa inkxalabo ngempembelelo engalinganiyo esekelwe kwimithombo nasekufikeleleni.

Iingcali Nabaphengululi

Abaphandi abanolwazi, abahlalutyi benkqubo, kunye neengcali zobugcisa banegalelo lolwazi olukhethekileyo kwiingxoxo zenkqubo. Baqhuba iingxoxo, banike ubungqina, kunye nabenzi beenkqubo zobugcisa obuntsonkothileyo. Indima yabo ikhule njengokwenziwa kwemigaqo iye yaba bubugcisa obuninzi nokusekelwe kubungqina.

Ephakathi

Imibutho yamajelo eendaba ibumba uphakamiso-magama lwemigaqo-nkqubo, imisela iingxaki ezifumana ingqalelo, kwaye igcina abenzi benkqubo betyala. Inkcazo yamajelo eendaba ingenza imibandela ijonge kwimiba esekelwe kwinkqubo okanye kwizicelo zokutshabalalisa ngokubhengezwa okungalunganga. Kwixesha lamanani, usasazo lwezentlalo-ntle yabantu luye lwasasazwa ngodeliso lolwazi oluseludalweni lo gama kusenziwa imingeni enxulumene nenkcazelo engeyo nentlalo.

Iinkundla

Amaziko agwebayo achaza imithetho, acombulula iimpikiswano ngokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, kwaye anokuyiphelisa imithetho echasene nemigaqo-siseko. Ngezigqibo zawo, iinkundla zimisela imizekelo ebumba ukumiswa kwemigaqo nenkcazo yexesha elizayo.

Abemi

Abemi ngabanye banenxaxheba ekuvoteleni, ekuqhagamshelaneni nabameli, ezintlanganisweni zikawonke wonke, ekutheleleni amaqela oonogada, nasekuqhankqalazeni okanye kwimiboniso.

Iingxaki Zokuguqula Imbono Ibe Yimilinganiselo Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olunokuthintela iingcamango ezilungileyo ekubeni zibe luncedo okanye zibangele ukuba imigaqo ephumelelw'ephambili ingaphumeleli ekusebenziseni.

Ukubonakala kobunyani kwezobupolitika kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Imithetho evakala ingenankxaso kwezobupolitika, ngoxa iingcebiso ezithandwayo kwezobupolitika zingangasebenzi okanye zingancedi. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka balawule inkxwaleko phakathi kwemisebenzi noko kunokwenziwa, ngokufuthi okuphumela ekulalanisiseni okwanelisa iimfuno zezobupolitika kodwa ukusebenza kwenkqubo okungacolisiyo.

Imiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Imithetho yokuziphatha isoloko ivelisa iziphumo ezingalindelwanga ngexesha lokuyila. Iinkqubo zoluntu ezintsonkothileyo ziyasabela kungenelelo ngeendlela ezingaqondakaliyo, kwaye iinkqubo ezicelelwe ukucombulula ingxaki enye zingenza iingxaki ezintsha okanye ezikhoyo. Uhlalutyo locoselelo kunye neenkqubo zenqwelo-moya zinokubanceda baqonde iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kodwa azinakubuphelisa ngokupheleleyo obu mngcipheko.

Ukusebenzisa Ucelomngeni

Kwanemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo ingasilela ukuba ukuzalisekisa akwanelanga. Imingeni exhaphakileyo yokuzalisekisa iquka ukungoneli kwemali, ukunqongophala kolawulo, ukungalungelelani phakathi kwamaziko, ukuxhathisa okuvela kwabo banoxanduva lokuzalisekisa, kunye nokugadwa okunganelanga nokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuguquka Kweemeko

Imithetho yezopolitiko iphuhliswa ukuze icombulule iingxaki ezithile phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Xa iimeko zitshintsha, ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani, iinguqu zezoqoqosho, okanye ezinye izinto .

Ulwazi Nokungaqiniseki

Ukuqhelisela, imiba yenkqubo iyadityaniswa, abanikazi benkqubo bayazibhadula befuna izisombululo kwimeko yokungaqiniseki okukhulu kunye nezithintelo ezininzi zangaphakathi nezingaphandle. Abenzi-nkqubo abangoonqabileyo abanalwazi olupheleleyo ngeengxaki okanye iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zezisombululo ezicetyiweyo. Kufuneka benze izigqibo phantsi kokungaqiniseki, nto leyo enyusa ubungozi bokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo.

Imilinganiselo Engqubanayo Nezilangazelelo

Amaqela awahlukeneyo anemilinganiselo neminqweno eyahlukileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungavisisani okusisiseko ngokuphathelele iingxaki ezifanele ziqwalaselwe nezisombululo ezifanelekileyo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene: Iingingqi zemithetho ezilawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla

Ukuqonda indlela yokwenza inkqubo esebenza ngayo, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa imimandla ethile yenkqubo nendlela echaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

Inkqubo yonyango ibandakanya imithetho yolawulo lwe-inshorensi, imilinganiselo yezonyango, iinkqubo zokugunyaziswa kweziyobisi, amanyathelo onyango lukawonke-wonke, kunye nenkxaso-mali yezonyango. Le nkqubo ichaza ukuba ngubani okwaziyo ukufikelela kwimpilo, ukuba ziziphi iinkonzo eziqulunqweyo, ukuba zingakanani iindleko zempilo, nokuba yiyiphi imilinganiselo ekufuneka ihlangatyezelelwe.

Iingcamango zonyango zisuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kuquka iingcaphephe zezonyango, amaqela ajongene nokusebenza kwezigulana, iinkampani ze-inshorensi, abenzi-mayeza, nabaphandi bezonyango. Ukuntsonkotha kweenkqubo zonyango kunye nezithintelo ezibandakanyekileyo kwenza inkqubo yonyango ithanda ukuphikisana kwaye kube nzima ukuyiguqula.

Ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki zonyango kuquka ukuququzelela ulawulo phakathi kwemigangatho emininzi karhulumente, ukulinganisela indleko ngokuphuculwa komgangatho, ukuhlangabezana nokungafikeleleki neziphumo, nokuqhelanisa nenkqubela ekhawulezileyo yezobugcisa nenzululwazi.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo ilawula ungcoliso, ikhusela ubuncwane bendalo, iinguqulelo zemozulu, kunye nokulungelelana kwenkqubela yezoqoqosho kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume bendalo. Le nkqubo ichaphazela umgangatho womoya namanzi, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukuveliswa kwamandla, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma nezinye iinkalo ezininzi zobomi banamhlanje.

Iingcamango zemekobume zidla ngokuvela kuphando lwenzululwazi oluchaza iingxaki zemekobume, ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho yemekobume, inkxalabo yoluntu ngongcoliso okanye ukuncitshiswa kwezibonelelo, nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezisingatha iingxaki zemekobume yehlabathi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo kufuna ubuchule bokumisela imilinganiselo efanelekileyo, iinkqubo zokuhlola ukufumanisa ukwaphulwa, ubuchule bokuqinisekisa ukuthobelana, kwaye ngokufuthi intsebenziswano engaphaya kwemida ephakamileyo ukususela oko ungcoliso nemekobume yendalo ingawuhloneli umda wezopolitiko.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo ilawula imigangatho yolwazi, iimfaneleko zokufundisa, iimali zesikolo, uhlolo lwabafundi, nokufumana amathuba emfundo ukususela ebuntwaneni ukuya kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Le nkqubo ilawula oko abafundi bakufundayo, indlela abafundiswa ngayo, kunye namathuba abanawo.

Iingcamango zemfundo zivela kubafundisi - ntsapho, kubazali, kubafundi, kubaphengululi bemfundo, kwiinkokeli zamashishini ngokuphathelele ukulungiselela umsebenzi, nakubenzi bemithetho abafuna ukuphucula imiphumo yemfundo okanye ukufikelela kwiimeko ezingekho mthethweni.

Iingxaki zokusebenzisa imfundo ziquka indlela elungeleleneyo yokulawula kumazwe amaninzi, ukuxhathisa ukutshintsha kwezilangazelelo ezimiselweyo, ubunzima bokulinganisa imiphumo yemfundo, neengxoxo ezingokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni nemilinganiselo yesizwe.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Werhafu

Imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu imisela ukuba ngubani ohlawula iirhafu, ukuba zihlawula malini, ukuba yiyiphi irhafu okanye irhafu, nendlela eqokelelwa ngayo irhafu. Le nkqubo ichaphazela indlela yokuziphatha kwezoqoqosho, ukusasazwa kwengeniso, ingeniso karhulumente, phantse yonke intengiso yezoqoqosho.

Iingcamango zerhafu zivela kwiingcamango zezoqoqosho, ukuxhalabela okusesikweni nokulinganayo, iimfuno zengeniso, iminqweno yokukhuthaza okanye yokudimaza imilinganiselo ethile yokuziphatha, neengcamango zobupolitika ngobukhulu nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yerhafu kufuna iinkqubo zolawulo ezintsokothileyo ukuqokelela ingeniso, iinkqubo zokufumanisa nokuthintela ukubhaqwa kwerhafu, yaye ngokufuthi intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke ukufikelela irhafu ngokuthengiselwana kwemida enqamlezayo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezothutho nowokuyila

Iinkqubo zokuhamba zilawula ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kweendlela, iinkqubo zokuthutha, iinqwelo-moya, iingquzulwano zoololiwe, kunye nobugcisa obuvelayo njengezithuthi ezizimeleyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yenkcazo ithetha ngesixokelelwano samanzi, igridi zombane, ii-injini zonxibelelwano nezinye iinkqubo eziyimfuneko.

Le nkqubo idla ngokuvela kwiimfuno zezibonelelo ezifunyanwa ziinjineli nangabacebi, iinjongo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, inkxalabo yokhuseleko, ukujonga imekobume nezinto ezintsha zobugcisa ezibangela amathuba amatsha okanye iingxaki.

Ukusetyenziswa kudinga utyalo-mali oluninzi, ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwemimandla emininzi kunye namaqumrhu, ukucwangcisa ulundi olude lwexesha, nokusebenzisana ngokulinganayo ukufunwa kobuncwane obulinganiselweyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke Ekwenzeni Umgaqo - siseko

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lufuna ukuba nenxaxheba kuluntu olunentsingiselo ekwenzeni inkqubo. Ukudibanisa uluntu nokuqokelela iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo ezicetyiweyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokubuzana noluntu, uhlolisiso, iintlanganiso zebhunga, namaqela ajolise ekuqwalaleni. Injongo kukunikezela ngethuba lokuba abantu abachaphazelekayo beviwe baze baqwalaselwe kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kunceda kwimisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • I-Picies eveliswe ngolwazi lukawonke-wonke ijongeka njengefanelekileyo neyamkelekileyo
  • Izaziso: [[FLT:] Abahlali kunye nabagcini-mali banolwazi olubalulekileyo ngeengxaki kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenzeka abaza kungenazo abalawuli benkqubo
  • I-Pilot Ulungelelaniso:[ I-Pricies eveliswe ngegalelo elisuka kwabo banoxanduva lokuzalisekisa zinokubakho kwaye ziphumelele
  • Uxanduva lwemali: ukuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu lwenze amathuba okuba abenzi benkqubo baphendule ngezigqibo zabo
  • Amaxabiso edemokhrasi: Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kubaluleke kakhulu kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluncedo kangakanani na

Noko ke, ukuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke kukwaneengxaki. Asingabo bonke abemi abanazo izinto ezilinganayo, ixesha, okanye ubuchule bokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Amaqela abantu abanomdla abalungeleleneyo angalawula iinkqubo zokuthabatha inxaxheba ngaphandle kwamazwi acwangcisiweyo. Iinkqubo zokuthabatha inxaxheba zinokuba kukuthatha ixesha elininzi kwaye zibe nexabiso elininzi. Yaye inxaxheba yokwenene ifuna abenzi benkqubo ukuba bakulungele ukuphulaphula nokusabela kwigalelo loluntu, hayi nje ukudlula kwintshukumo.

Indlela Ubuxhakaxhaka Obutshintsha ngayo Inkqubo

Ubugcisa bamanani buye baphinda buphucule indlela ephuhliswa ngayo, ephunyezwa ngayo, kunye novavanywa ngayo. Abenzi benkqubo banokusebenzisa imithombo emitsha yogcino-lwazi kunye nenkqubela yobugcisa njengobuNcutshe ukuze bafumane ubuchule obutsha kwaye benze izigqibo zenkqubo ezifak ’ isandla ekuphuhlisweni kwentlalo-ntle yabantu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buchaphazela ukwenziwa kweenkqubo ngeendlela ezininzi:

[[UMTLL: 0] Izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo: Ugcino-lwazi olukhulu kunye nokuphuhliswa kolwazi lwenkqubo kwenza abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo bakwazi ukuchonga iipateni, ukuxela kwangaphambili iziphumo, kwaye bavavanye iinkqubo ngokuchanekileyo. Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene lungazisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kunye nongenelelo lwezihlolo olunempumelelo.

Ukuthatha Inxaxheba okungatshintshiyo: amaqonga angaphakathi enza ukuba ungenelelo oluphangaleleyo lukawonke-wonke ekwenzeni inkqubo ngokhangelo lwamanani, ngophicotho-magama, nangeeholo zengingqi zedolophu. Ezi zixhobo zinganciphisa imiqobo ukuze zithathe inxaxheba kwaye zifikelele abantu abakhutshwe ngokwesithethe kwiinkqubo zenkqubo.

Ubuchule bamanani benza kube lula ukupapasha amaxwebhu enkqubo, iziphumo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente, ukwandisa ukubonakala nokubona ngaphaya kophakamiso lukawonke-wonke lokwenza inkqubo.

Ulungelelaniso: iinkqubo zamanani zingazalisekisa inkqubo yemijelo ephumayo, ziphucule ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo, ziphucule uhlolo kunye namandla okuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ziyenzeka.

Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwavelisa iingxaki ezintsha ekwenzeni inkqubo, kuquka ukuxhalabela izinto eziyimfihlo, ukwahlukana kwamanani okungawasebenzisi amanye abemi, ukungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha, nokufuna imigaqo - siseko yokuhambisana notshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwezobugcisa.

Iindlela Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zokwenza Inkqubo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kuhambela phambili ehlabathini lonke. Iingxaki ezisemhlabeni wonke ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuhlaselwa kwezifo, ubugrogrisi nokungazinzi kwezoqoqosho zifuna ukusetyenziswa ngokulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo yezopolitiko kulo lonke ilizwe.

Imigaqo-nkqubo nezinto ezintsha ezisasazwe kumazwe ngamazwe ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo:

  • Uthutho lweProthelisi: amazwe afunda kumava omnye, ukwamkela okanye ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo eziye zasebenza kwenye indawo
  • Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe: Imibutho efana ne-World Health Organization, i-International Labour Organization, kunye nezinye zimisela imilinganiselo ephembelela iinkqubo zesizwe
  • [[UMTHL:0] Imali efunyenweyo:[[FTL:1] amaqumrhu emali amazwe ngamazwe asenokufuna utshintsho lwenkqubo njengeemeko zemali-mboleko okanye uncedo
  • Ukuququzelela: Imibutho yengingqi enjenge European Union ifuna ukuba amazwe angamalungu alungelelanise iinkqubo kwimimandla ethile

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yehlabathi lonke kubangela amathuba kunye neengxaki. Kunceda amazwe akwazi ukufunda kumazwe ajongene kwaye acombulule iingxaki ezingaphaya kwemida. Noko ke, anokunyanzela ulawulo lwesizwe luzilawule kwaye abangele ungquzulwano phakathi kweembopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zasekhaya.

Ukuphucula Inkqubo Yokwenza Inkqubo

Ngenxa yocelomngeni olusemngciphekweni wokwenza imithetho, abaphengululi noogqirha baye bafumana iindlela eziliqela zokuphucula:

[[NTL:0] Ubungqina obucacileyo Buyasebenza: Uqhagamshelwano olomeleleyo phakathi kophando kunye nokwenza inkqubo ngokuphucula indlela obuveliswa ngayo ubungqina, ukunxibelelana, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Oku kuquka ukuveliswa kophando lwenkqubo, ukwenza ubuchule bonxibelelwano kubaphengululi nabenzi benkqubo, kunye nolwakhiwo lokwenza izigqibo ezingokwendalo.

Ukumisela ukwenziwa kolungiselelo: nikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekuzalisekiseni ngexesha loyilo lwenkqubo. Abasebenzisi ababandakanya uphuhliso lwenkqubo, ukuqhuba uhlolo phambi kokufumana ulwamkelo, kwaye kuqinisekisa ubuncwane obufanelekileyo negunya lokuzalisekisa.

Uvavanyo lokuqinisa:[ i-Ressure kuvavanyo olungqongqo lwenkqubo kwaye wenze iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuvavanya oko kufunyanisiweyo ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kwixesha elizayo. Yakha uvavanyo loyilo lwenkqubo ukususela ekuqaleni kunokuba uyiphathe njengento eqwalaselwe emva kokuba iqwalaselwe.

[[UMTL: 0] Inxaxheba: Iphuhlisa iindlela ezidityanisiweyo nezisebenzayo zokuthatha inxaxheba kawonke wonke ezifikelela ngaphaya kwabangenisi bemi yesithethe kwaye zinike ilizwi elinentsingiselo kubemi abachaphazelekayo.

[[UMTL:0] Ukwenza umgaqo-nkqubo wolungiso lweFoster: iinkqubo zoyilo ngokulungelelanisa okunobungqinelwano okwakhiwayo ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye nolwazi olutsha. Sebenzisa iinkqubo zomqhubi kunye nokuzalisekisa okunesigaba ukuvavanya ukusondela phambi komqulu opheleleyo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana: Ukuqinisa ubuchule bokulungelelanisa intsebenziswano kumacala ngamazwe, amanqanaba karhulumente, namacandelo ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezingangeni kakuhle kwimida yentlangano ekhoyo.

[[UMTH: 0] Isakhiwo seCaparing: Imali ekuqeqesheni nasekuphuhlisweni kobuchule babenzi benkqubo, abahlalutyi, kunye nabasebenzi ukunyusa ubuchule babo kuhlaziyo lwenkqubo, ukubhalisa ababambi, kunye nolawulo lokuzalisekisa.

Ikamva Lokwenza Inkqubo

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kuza kuqhubeka kuguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, zobugcisa, kunye nezobume bemekobume.

Ukunyuka kobuNqanam: iingxaki ziya ziba nzima kwaye zidityaniswe, zifuna iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ezintsonkothileyo zobuntlola kunye nomanyano olungaphezulu ukunqumla imida yesithethe.

Utshintsho olukhawulezayo: Isantya sotshintsho lobugcisa, uqoqosho, kunye noluntu luyakhawuleza, lufuna ufikelelo oluthe lwatshintsha-tshintsha inkqubo.

Ukwenziwa kwengqungquthela: okunyukayo kubandakanya ukuba unxibelelwano lwehlabathi lonke lufuna imingeni emininzi yenkqubo efuna intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya iphenjelelwa ngokukhulayo luphuhliso lwezizwe ngezizwe.

I-Shifts ze-Demographic: Abemi abalupheleyo, ukufuduka, kunye nokufuduka kudala imingeni emitsha yenkqubo kunye nokutshintsha amandla ezobupolitika kumazwe amaninzi.

[[UMTL:0] Uxinzelelo lwezimo-zulu:[[FLT] ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokuwohloka kwemekobume kudala ucelomngeni olungxamisekileyo oluza kufuna utshintsho olungundoqo kwindlela uluntu oluvelisa nokulusebenzisa ngayo.

[[UTL:0] Utshintsho lokwezobugcisa: Ubuchule bokwenza, ubugcisa bebhayoloji, kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa ezivelayo zidala imingeni emitsha yenkqubo kunye nezixhobo ezintsha zokwenza inkqubo.

Ithemba eliqaqambileyo: Abami balindele ukusabela okungakumbi, ukubonakala, nokulawula, ukubeka uxinzelelo kwiinkqubo zesithethe ukuguqula.

Isiphelo: Ukususela kwiingcamango ukusa Kwimpembelelo

Ukuguqulelwa kweengcamango kwimigaqo ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, eneqonga eliquka abadlali abaninzi, amaziko, kunye neengqwalasela. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo, ukuzalisekisa imigaqo ngokunempumelelo, okanye nje uqonde indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho elawula ibutho labantu.

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo ijongene neengxaki ezibalulekileyo ``iimeko-politiki', ukuzalisekisa iingxaki, iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, nokungaqiniseki-kanga .Isesona simo siphambili sokulungisa iingxaki zedemokhrasi ezidibeneyo kunye nokusukelana neenjongo ezahlulweyo. Ngokuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo, abemi bangathatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye abenzi benkqubo bagcine benetyala ngezigqibo zabo.

Uhambo olusuka kwingcamango ukuya kumgaqo-nkqubo lunqabile okanye lulula. Lubandakanya ukuncokola nokulalanisa, uhlalutyo lobugcisa kunye nogwebo lwezopolitiko, ubungqina nemilinganiselo yezopolitiko. Kodwa le nkqubo idipoctic system iguqula iingcamango nezilangazelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngendlela ebumba ngayo ihlabathi esiphila kulo.

Nokuba uxhalabele ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, imekobume, amathuba ezoqoqosho, okanye nawuphi na omnye ummandla wenkqubo, ukuqonda inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo kukunika amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi. Ungawabona amathuba okungenisa iingcamango kwimiba ecwangcisiweyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo, ukuphembelela izigqibo zokutholwa kwabantwana abatsha, ukubonelela ngokungqongqo. Kwidemokhrasi, ukwenza inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko akuyonto eyenziwa kubemi kodwa yenziwa okuthile kunye nangabo.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo, batyelele . ukhokelo lwendlela eyenziwe ngayo imithetho. Ukufunda malunga nokwenza iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina, ukuqwalasela ubuncwane obusuka ku Urban Institute [. Ukuqonda ukuvelisa inkcaso yemithetho, [[[FLT:]] i-Brooking Intetion[[ inika uphando olubanzi nohlaluliso. [FGUP] unikezelo lwezizwe ngentlalo, ukutyelela i-PGUPT] i-cooctiveption noPhuhliso. [FFFT:7]