Ulawulo: Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Elawula Amaqela Ethu

Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ulawulo Lube Lunemibandela

Ulawulo lulawulo olungabonakaliyo olumisela indlela yokuhamba kwamandla, izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, kwaye oovimba banikwa nakweyiphi na idolophu encinane, uhlanga, okanye umbutho wehlabathi lonke. Lulolonga yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nakwithuba lezoqoqosho ukuya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nempilo yamaziko edemokhrasi. Kubafundi kunye nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukulawulwa akuyondlela engaziwayo; kusisiseko esisebenzisekayo sokuthabatha inxaxheba equlungwini. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iingcamango ezingundoqo, iintlobo, imigangatho, kunye nocelomngeni lolawulo, kwaye linika ukuqonda ngendlela imfundo enokuluqinisa ngayo.

Yintoni uLawulo? Inkcaza kunye namalungu e-oyile

Ulawulo ludlulela ngaphaya kwamalungiselelo asemthethweni karhulumente. Le ngcaciso iquka uludwe olupheleleyo lwamaziko, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo ezikhokelayo ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nokuphendula. INkqubo yoPhuhliso lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UNDP) ichaza ulawulo “njengokwenziwa kwegunya lezoqoqosho, lezobupolitika nelezolawulo ukuphatha imicimbi yelizwe kuwo onke amanqanaba.” Le nkcazelo ibalaselisa ukuba ukulawulwa akungokuba nje ngamagosa anyuliweyo, okubandakanya ibutho labemi, icandelo lasekuhlaleni, kunye nabemi ngokwabo. Intsika ezine ezisisiseko zolawulo olune olune olune

[[UMTL:0] Ukwenza: Iindlela ezisetyenziswayo xa kukhethwa kwenziwa (ukusuka kwinkqubo zowiso-mthetho kunye nemiyalelo yegunya ukuya kwiintlanganiso zedolophu kunye namagumbi okuhlala asekuhlaleni. Umgangatho ophezulu wokwenziwa kwesigqibo uquka, usekelwe kubungqina, kwaye ukhanya.
Imbopheleleko yenkokeli kunye namaziko okuphendula izenzo zazo. Iinkqubo zokuphendula ziquka unyulo, uphicotho-zincwadi, uhlolo lomthetho, kunye namaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo. Ngaphandle kokuphendula ngetyala, kwanemigaqo emiselwe kakuhle ukuba zizixhobo zokwenza ungenelelo.

[[NTL:0] Iqondo elikhoyo: Iqondo apho ulwazi olumalunga nemisebenzi karhulumente, uqingqo-mali, kunye nezigqibo lufikeleleka khona kuluntu. Ukujonga ngaphaya kwengqondo kwakha ukuthemba kwaye kwenza abemi bakwazi ukwenza ukhetho lolwazi. Ukuvula amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi nemithetho yeerekhodi zikawonke-wonke zizixhobo eziluncedo zokubonisa ukukhanya.
Icandelo: Inxaxheba esebenzayo yabemi kwiinkqubo zokubumba kunye nezakhiwo zokulawula. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kungathatha iintlobo ezininzi(ukuthetha, ukubhenela kukawonke-wonke, ukuqhankqalaza, unxulumano lokuzithandela, kunye namaqonga amanani aqwalaselwe yingqungquthela. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba enentsingiselo kubonisa iimfuno kunye namaxabiso abantu abahlukeneyo.

Ezi ntsika zixhomekeke kumntu omnye. Umzekelo, ngaphandle kokubonakala, ukuphendula kunzima ukunyanzelisa; ngaphandle kokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukwenza izigqibo kungaqhawulwa kwinzala kawonke-wonke. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge IBhanki yehlabathi [[[FLT: 1]] igxininisa ukuba umgangatho wokulawula ungundoqo wokunqanda iziphumo zenkqubela-phambili.

Ukubaluleka Kolawulo: Iingenelo Ngaphandle Kwezobupolitika

Ulawulo olunempumelelo asibuyo ubunewunewu; luyimfuneko kuzinzo, impumelelo, kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo. Uphando lubonisa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba ibutho labantu elizinzileyo lingaphezulu kwabenziwa kakubi abalawulwa kakubi phantse kuzo zonke intlalo-ntle yomntu. Iinzuzo ezingundoqo ziquka:

[[NTLA:0] Ukuququzelela: ulawulo oluhlonela ukwahlukahlukana nokuqinisekisa umelo olulungileyo loncedo lwebrorho yohlanga, yonqulo, kunye nolwahlulo lwezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zorhulumente okanye amalungiselelo ombane anamandla angathintela ungquzulwano ngokunika amaqela awahlukeneyo umthi kulungelelwano lwezobupolitika.

Uphuhliso lwe-Economic Development: Amashishini kunye nabanikazi bakhetha ukuxelwa, ukubonakala, kunye nokusingqongileyo okusekelwe kulawulo. Ulawulo olulungileyo lunciphisa ukunganyaniseki, lukhusela amalungelo empahla, kwaye lunyanzelisa izivumelwano (onke oothunywashe abakhuthaza utyalo-mali kunye nolwakhiwo. ECD rhoqo ikhondo elilawula utshintsho olulawulayo nolwando oluphezulu lwe-GDP.
Ulawulo loMthetho: lumisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, kuquka nabo banegunya. Lo mgaqo uthintela isenzo sonyanzelo kwaye unika isiseko sobulungisa. Umthetho weProjekthi ye-Whosts Index of Law ulungelelanisa lomgaqo mazwe ngamazwe.
Amalungelo abantu: Impumelelo ulawulo lukhusela inkululeko esisiseko("empeech, indibano, unqulo, kunye nokulingana phambi komthetho. Kukwafuna kwakhona ilungiselelo leenkonzo ezisisiseko ezifana nemfundo, unyango, kunye nokhuseleko, eziyimfuneko kwisidima somntu.

Ngokuchasene noko, ulawulo olubuthathaka lukhokelela kubuqhetseba, ukungalingani nokungalungelelani.

Iintlobo zoLawulo: Ukusuka kwiiNkundla zokuLawula ukuya kwiiNethwekhi eziBalulekileyo

Ulawulo asilulo olunye ulungiso-lonke. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ziguqukele ukuhlangabezana nemeko ezithile zembali, zenkcubeko, nezentlalo. Eziziqalelo zohlobo ziquka:

I-Democratic Goverliance: ibonakaliswe ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yabemi, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Abahlali bayalawula ngokhetho nangolwabemi. Ulawulo lwedemocratic lusuka ngqo (umz., i-'tempendiums' yaseSwitzerland esoloko ikhona) ukuya kubameli (umz. United States). Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lunxulunyaniswa nomgangatho ophezulu wozinzo kunye nolwaneliseko lwabemi bezobupolitika, nangona lunokucotha ukuphendula kwiimeko ezinzima.
[[FLT: 0] Ulawulo lobundlobongela: Amandla ajoliswe kwinkokeli enye okanye kwiqela elincinane, elincinci okanye elingekhoyo ubuninzi bezobupolitika. Ukwenza izigqibo kuphezulu, kwaye ukungavumelani kusoloko kuthintelwa. Ngelixesha ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lungaphumelela ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho (umz. Singapore), zisengozini kukhokelo lweziphene kunye nokuswela iimpazamo ezichanekileyo zenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuthoba kwemithetho yedemokhrasi kumazwe afana neHungary neTurkey kubonisa ukuphumelela kwemithetho yobuzwilamfanti.
Ulawulo lwezibonelelo: igxininisa ukudityaniswa ngqo kommi ekuzameni inkqubo kunye nokuzalisekisa. Izixhobo ziquka ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali (okusetyenziswa kuPorto Alegre, Brazil, nakumakhulu amahlanu ezixeko ehlabathini lonke), iindibano, kunye neenkqubo zommiselo wengingqi. Le mizekelo iqinisa ukufaneleka kunye nokutsalwa kolwazi lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa kufuna ubuchule nexesha elibalulekileyo lengingqi.
Ulawulo lobuchule: lubandakanya unxulumano phakathi korhulumente, imibutho engaveli ngeniso, iinkampani zangasese, kunye namaqela oluntu ukuphendula imingeni entsonkothileyo, enqamlezayo, efana notshintsho lwemozulu, ubunzima bempilo kawonke-wonke, okanye ukuphinda kuphinde kuzaliseke edolophini. Ulawulo lwezikhuseli zobuchule noovimba abanobuchule obahlukeneyo kodwa lufuna umanyano kunye nokuthembana phakathi kwabaxhasi.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene zidibene. Umzekelo, i-European Union idibanisa idemokhrasi yabameli (iPalamente yaseYurophu) kunye namagunya asebenzisanayo (umz., unxibelelwano lomntu ogcina umngeni-mali weKomishini yaseYurophu kunye namacandelo oonolwazi).

Imisebenzi yesakhelo solawulo: Izakhiwo ezisemva kweenkqubo

Udidi ngalunye lolawulo lusebenza ngaphakathi kwesiseko semithetho, amaziko, kunye nezithethe ezibumba indlela yokuziphatha. Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

Isakhiwo sogcino-lwazi se-Fontinalium: Yimithetho ebhaliweyo okanye engabhalwanga emisela imigaqo esisiseko `njengeyahlulo lamagunya, ulawulo, kunye namalungelo asisiseko. ImiGaqo-siseko inokuba lukhuni (inzima ukuya kutshintsha) okanye ithambeka. Imizekelo iquka umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1787) kunye nomgaqo-siseko waseBritane ongamiselwanga kakuhle owakhiwe kwimithetho, iindibano, kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo.
[[NTL:0] Isakhiwo sesakhelo: Iqumrhu lemithetho /i-i-'ream', i-oyile, i-oyile, i-athom, kunye nomGaqo-siseko') echaza amalungelo kunye nezibophelelo. Isakhiwo esiqinileyo somthetho siqinisekisa ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokusesikweni. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zigxininisa umthetho njengentsika yoxolo nophuhliso.
IFrames: Imibutho elawulayo(iisebe lolawulo, iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho, iinkundla, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ubuchule bequmrhu (abaqeqeshiweyo, oovimba abaneleyo, izigunyaziso ezicacileyo) imisela indlela imigaqo-nkqubo eguqulela kwiziphumo.
[[UMTL: 0] Imisebenzi yesakhelo se-oyile:[ amaxwebhu athe ngxi, izicwangciso zesenzo, kunye nemigaqo eqhuba ulwabelo lwezibonelelo kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Umzekelo, izicwangciso zenkqubela-phambili yesizwe, iimephu zemozulu, kunye neenkqubo zokulwa nokonakala zinkqubo ezilawula ezona ziphambili.

Ukwanda kobugcisa bezakhelo kuye kwanyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bahlaziye iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zogcino - lwazi (umz. Ijelo Eliqhelekileyo Lezogcino - lwazi lweEU Lokukhusela Ukuguquka) kunye nokusebenzisa ikhompyutha.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yolawulo

Ulawulo luye lwavela kumabhunga nakumaqumrhu esizwe ukuya kutsho kwimimandla emela idemokhrasi yale mihla kunye namaziko alawula amazwe ngamazwe.

Imvelaphi yamandulo: Idemokhrasi yaseAthene (inkulungwane ye-5 yeBCE) yasungula inxaxheba ngqo kummi kwiindibano zowiso-mthetho. I-Rome yaphuhlisa inkqubo ye-riphabliki enee-checks kunye nomlinganiselo (ii-consol, iindibano).
[[NKQUBO:0] Amaxesha aphakathi nawangaphambili angoku: Magna Carta (1215) wamisela umgaqo wokuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho. Ukukhanyiselwa (ngenkulungwane ye17/18) kwavelisa iingcamango zesivumelwano soluntu, ukwahlulwa kwamandla (Montesquieu), kunye namalungelo ehlabathi lonke (Rosseau, Locke).
Amaza edemocratic : Ngenkulungwane ye-18-19 kwavela ukwanda koorhulumente bomGaqo-siseko eUnited States, eFransi, nase Britane. Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa ukuhlaziywa, ukunwenwa kwe-asethi jikelele, kunye nokudalwa kwamaqumrhu alawulayo amazwe ngamazwe njengeZizwe ezimanyeneyo kunye ne-World Trades Organization.
Ingxaki zakudala: Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwamanani kubuyisela ulawulo. Abadlali abatsha (*) amashishini esizwe, i-NGO, kunye neqonga lobugcisa (ngoku ziqhelisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo, ngokufuthi engaphaya kokufikelela ulawulo lwesizwe.

Iingxaki Kulawulo: Imiqobo Kulawulo Olunempumelelo

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, ulawulo lujongene nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo noluvelayo:

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-ofisi kawonke-wonke ukuze kuzuziwe ngasese. Ukunganyaniseki kunciphisa ukuthembeka, kugqwetha iimarike, kwaye kuphambukisa izibonelelo kwiinkonzo eziyimfuneko. I- I-Corruption Perceptions Index[[FLT:] ibonisa ukuba akukho lizwe linokukhusela, nangona amanqanaba ahlukene kakhulu. Iindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokhuthulo ziquka ukuphicotha okuzimeleyo, ukukhusela kwempempe, nokuvula.

[[NTLT:0] Ubungalingani: umahluko wezoqoqosho nowentlalo unciphisa ukulingana kwezobupolitika. Izityebi zisoloko zinempembelelo engalinganiyo kwiinkqubo, ngelixa amaqela aphantsi enokuthi akhutshwe ekwenzeni izigqibo. Uphando lukaThomas Piketty ngekomkhulu nangalingani lubalaselisa imfuneko yerhafu eqhubekayo kunye notshintsho oluquka ukulawulwa.

[[NTL:0] I-lowth Ithatha Inxaxheba kunye ne Voter i-operantswana: Umvoti othekisiweyo kwimiqondiso emininzi yedemokhrasi yeempawu zengxaki yokuganana. Abantu abaselula, ngokukodwa, baziva bekhutshiwe kwiinkqubo zesithethe zezobupolitika. Izixhobo zamanani ezifana nokudibanisa kunye nokufumana incoko kwi-intanethi zinganceda, kodwa kwakhona zisemngciphekweni wokwandisa ulwahlulo lwamanani.

[[NTL:0] Ukungaguquguquki kobukhokeli rhoqo, utshintsho lokhokelo oluthe rhoqo, ugonyamelo lonyulo, okanye ukonakalisa kwelanga okungathintela ukuceba ixesha elide. I-Gridlock eUnited States Congress namaza angangqinelaniyo neevoti ezikwinkqubo zepalamente abonisa indlela ukungazinzi okuwenza buthathaka ngayo amandla okulawula.

[[UMTL: 0] I-Diffiformation: Ukusasazwa kolwazi lobuxoki kunciphisa ukwenza izigqibo ngolwazi kwaye kungaphembelela ungquzulwano. Oorhulumente namaqonga azama ukulinganisa ukubonakala ngokukhululekileyo nemfuneko yokukhusela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ekusebenziseni.

Ulawulo Ngexesha Lamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka buguqula ulawulo ngendlela ezingakaze zibonwe. Amaqonga e-E-avernance enza abemi bakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo, ukuhlawula irhafu, nokufaka izikhalazo kwi-intanethi. Ubuchule bokwenziwa buyasetyenziswa ukuhlalutya iimpembelelo zenkqubo, ukuchonga, kwaye kwanokunceda ekugwebeni (nangona kunomngcipheko ofanelekileyo). Noko ke, ulawulo lwamanani lunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuhlola, i-algoricticism, kunye nokukhukuliseka kwe-astiki. Isitshixo kukubophelela ubugcisa bokubonakala nokuthatha inxaxheba ngoxa ukulondoloza amalungelo abantu. Imizekelo iquka i-Estonia-e-denticy neprotrationssss amanani amanani adictionations (g. vtawan).

Umlinganiselo woLawulo: Izixhobo kunye neZibonisi

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yaphuhlisa ulwakhiwo olunamandla lokuvavanya ulawulo. I-General Guadence Dimoders yomhlaba wonke] imilinganiselo emithandathu: ilizwi noxanduva, ulungelelwaniso lwezopolitiko, ulawulo olusebenzayo, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nolawulo lorhwaphilizo. IIbrahim Index of African Goverlance ichaza ulawulo lokhuseleko, inxaxheba, amalungelo abantu, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho. Ezi zixhobo zinceda abaphengululi, abenzi bemithetho, abaphumeleli bemithetho, abasebenzayo, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye nolawulo lobuqhotho kunye nenkqubela ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kulawulo

Botswana: Umzekelo onqabileyo wolawulo-demokhrasi oluzinzileyo eAfrika, olondolozwe ngamaziko awomeleleyo, ulawulo lwezibonelelo olulumkileyo (ii-diamonds), kunye nenkqubo zokucebisana ngokwesithethe (iKgotla). Umgangatho wolawulo lweBotswana ufak ’ isandla ekuxhaseni ukukhula kwezoqoqosho nozinzo lwezobupolitika.

INew Zealand: Ngokungaguqukiyo iphezulu ekuboneni, ekunganyaniseki, nasekuphumeleleni kukarhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo koqingqo-mali olunentlalo entle (Isakhelo seMigangatho Esiphilayo) kudibanisa iziphumo zentlalo nemekobume kwizigqibo zenkqubo.

[[NTL:0] I-Singathombo: Ibali lempumelelo elinolawulo oluphantsi ngokwezoqoqosho, kodwa elinemiqathango ebalulekileyo kwinkululeko yezobupolitika. ISingapore ibonisa ukuba ukuphumelela kokulawula (ingakumbi ekudlulisweni kwenkonzo nasekungalungisi) kungahlala kunye nedemokhrasi elinganiselweyo, nangona kubiza ilizwi lommi.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuqiniseni Ulawulo

Imfundo ixhomekeke ekulawuleni, ekulawuleni. Izikolo neeyunivesithi zihlakulela imilinganiselo, ubuchule nolwazi abamele balusebenzise ngokwakhayo abemi. Inxalenye engundoqo iquka:

Imfundo ye-pic: Imfundo esesikweni ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, umgaqo-siseko, amalungelo neembopheleleko, nokubaluleka kokuvota. Amazwe afana neFinland neKhanada adibanisa imfundo yezentlalo-ntle kwizifundo zawo zemfundo, evelisa umgangatho ophezulu wemfundo yezopolitiko.
Ukucinga okuthe ngqo: Abafundi abafundisa ukuvavanya imvelaphi, ukuqaphela ikhethe, nokugweba ngengqiqo. Kwixesha lokungacaci, ukucingela kukukhusela ekusebenziseni kakubi kunye nesiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi.
Isivumelwano seKhommunithi: imisebenzi yokufunda inkonzo, amabhunga abafundi, kunye namaqabane norhulumente wasekuhlaleni zenza ulutsha lube namava okulawula. Umzekelo, iipalamente zolutsha kunye nonyulo lwentengiso lwakha ubuchule obusebenzisekayo.
Uphuhliso lwe-Leadership: Inkqubo ezikhuthaza unxibelelwano, ingxubusho, kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sendlela yokuziphatha zilungiselela isizukulwana esilandelayo sabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke kunye nabaxhasi. Uqeqesho lokhokelo lumele lugxininise ukhokelo lwabakhonzi nokuziphendulela.

Ngaphandle kwemfundo, ulawulo luyingozi ekubeni lulondoloze abantu abambalwa abakhethekileyo, lushiye inkoliso ingakuthandi ukuhlanganisana nokungakhuthazi.

Ikamva loLawulo: Imikhwa nezigwebo

Njengokuba ihlabathi lisiya lidibana kwaye lintsonkotha, kuza kufuneka ulawulo luvumelane notshintsho. Izimo ezininzi ziyavela:

Umxhasi-mathiriyeli woLawulo lwe-Mult: Impikiswano efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nentsabelo yezifo ezimandundu ifuna intsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente, amashishini, uluntu kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Isivumelwano se-Paris ne-COVAX yimizekelo yangaphambili.
[[NTLA:0] Ulawulo lwe-Drata-Durvence: ugcino-lwazi lwexesha loqobo lokudambisa ukujoliswa kwenkqubo kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo kawonke-wonke, kodwa lufuna ukhuseleko olunamandla lwe-ekhompyutha kunye nokhuselo oluchasene nokhuthuzo lobuhlanga.
[[UMTL: 0] Izixhobo zolawulo-lwazi oluphezulu: imigangatho yangaphakathi ingenza ii-arhente ezithe rhoqo, uvolo olukhutshiweyo, kunye noqingqo-mali lokwabelana ngomlinganiselo. I-Switzerland ne-Oregon zivavanye izixhobo ezinjalo.
[[UMTL: 0] Ulawulo olukwindawo ebanzi: lulungelelaniswa, iindlela ezisebenzisayo ezinokusabela kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo] njengomthetho okhawulezayo wobuchule bokufakelwa kunye nokucwangcisa umhlaba osebenzayo ukwenzela utshintsho lwemozulu.

Ingxaki iya kuba kukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zinto zintsha zixhasa imigaqo esisiseko yokuziphendulela, yokuba bhetyebhetye, ukuba nenxaxheba nokusesikweni.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Wolawulo Awusoze Uphele

Ulawulo asingomeko esisigxina; ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo ofuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo, ukufunda, kunye notshintsho. Isakhiwo esisakhayo "isigqeba, isiko, isiqendu, inkqubo, kunye nenkqubo"" sinokuguqula nentlalo eziyikhonzayo. Izakhamuzi, abafundisi, kunye neenkokeli zonke zinendima yokomeleza ulawulo, ukusuka ekuvoteni nasekuvumeleni ukukhuthaza ukubonakala nokuthatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zasekuhlaleni. Ngokuqonda imigaqo yokulawula nokuziphucula kwayo, singenza abantu baphilele ndawo engeyiyo kuphela kodwa bangamagunya kodwa, kodwa banokuyithanda, baququke, kwaye babambelele. Ikamva le demokhrasi lixhomekeke kulo migudu yeqela.

Ulawulo: Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Elawula Amaqela Ethu

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