Umhlaba Omiyo Wamagunya Karhulumente

Imithetho karhulumente yenze isiseko solawulo lwemihla ngemihla eUnited States, echaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi ukusuka kwigumbi lokufundela ukuya kuhola wendlela. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe elawula ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye norhwebo lwangaphakathi, uLawulo lweSihlaziyo lweshumi elinamashumi amathandathu lugcina uludwe lwamagunya kumaphondo. Eli candelo lidala umsebenzi wemimiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo kwiingingqi zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo kubalulekile kubahlali befuna ukuqhuba amalungelo abo, iimbopheleleko zabo, kunye namathuba. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imizekelo ecacileyo yemithetho karhulumente kwiindawo ezingundoqo zemigaqo kwaye lichaza indlela le mithetho ewakhanya ngayo.

Imithetho yemfundo

Imfundo yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zolawulo lukarhulumente. indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye yesizwe imisela imilinganiselo yokufundisa, imisela iiprojekthi zemali, kwaye imisela iimfuno zesiqinisekiso somfundisi- ntsapho. Ezi zigqibo zingaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ubunjani noko kuqulethwe yimfundo kawonke-wonke.

Imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neMigangatho

Amazwe amkela imilinganiselo yawo yemfundo efana nezibalo, inzululwazi, kunye nembali. Umzekelo, iTexas neKhalifoniya ziphembelele ngenxa yokuba zithenge imiqulu emikhulu yeencwadi. Umthetho weTexas ufuna ukuba iincwadi zokufunda iincwadi zembali ezikhoyo ngendlela yokuba “i-promote umfom,” kunye ne-“patrotism,” eye yakhokelela kwingxoxo ngokuchazwa kweziganeko ezithile zembali. Okwangoku, njengo Florida uchaza imithetho echaza indlela imixholo yesizwe neyobufana neentlobano zobufana-mfazi enokuthi ifundiswe ngayo kwizifundo, ichaphazela izicwangciso kunye nezinto zethala leencwadi.

Inkcitho yeSebe

Imali exhaswa esikolweni yenye indawo apho imicimbi yomthetho karhulumente ikhoyo. Amazwana amaninzi axhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yerhafu yempahla kunye nengeniso karhulumente. Noko ke, ukwahluka kobutyebi basekuhlaleni kuye kwakhokelela ekumangaleleni kwiimeko ezifana neNew York neKhalifoniya, apho iinkundla zagqiba ukuba inkqubo yemali ingqungquthela ingqubanisene neziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko wemfundo efanayo. Ngokuphendula, amanye amazwe amkela iindlela zokuxhasa iimali ezithengwayo zabafundi ezithe zabizela imali engakumbi kwimimandla esebenzela imali ephantsi okanye abafundi abafunda iilwimi zaseNgilani.

Izikolo Nezikolo Ezikhethiweyo

Imithetho karhulumente ikwalawula ukudalwa nokungamela kwezikolo zerhafu. IArizona ineyona mithetho mikhulu yesikolo yemithetho-siseko, ivumela amaqumrhu avule izikolo ngemithetho ephantsi. Ngokuchasene noko, amaphondo afana neWashington anemiqathango engqongqo kwinkxaso yesikolo somthetho-siseko nokuziphendulela.

Imithetho yezothutho

Ukuqhuba imoto kuzisa ukudibana kwangoko nomthetho karhulumente.

Ilayisenisi Nobhaliso Lomqhubi

Elaseburhulumenteni ngalinye likhupha amalayisense alo okuqhuba nokubhalisa iimoto. Kwakhona amisela iimfuneko zokufumana imvume: bambi bavumela abakwishumi elivisayo ukuba bafumane imvume yokufumana xa beneminyaka eli - 14, ngoxa amanye amazwe ambalwa, anjengeNew York neKhalifoniya, afuna iimvavanyo ezibhaliweyo nezisetyenziswayo ukuze ahlaziye amalayisensi abo emva kweminyaka ethile.

Imithetho yokhuseleko

Imithetho ye-Seatbelt yahlukile ngokuphawulekayo. KuNew Hampshire, abantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezulu kwe-18 abafunwa ngumthetho ukuba banxibe isihlalo, besenza ibe ngurhulumente kuphela ongenaso isihlalo somthetho oyintloko wabantu abadala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaphondo anzulu anjengo-Alabama neMississippi anemithetho engundoqo yokunyanzelisa, evumela amapolisa ukuba amise isithuthi somqeshwa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwesihlalo.

Ukuqhuba Okushukumayo

Imithetho yokuqhuba eshukumayo ingumbandela karhulumente. Ngoku ireyithingi yeselula ephathwayo ayisebenzisi sandla xa iqhuba, kodwa ezinye zijolise kumqhubi okanye kuthunyelelwa iposi. Umzekelo, iOregon ayiluvumeli ucingo nokuthumela imiyalezo kubo bonke abaqhubi, ngoxa uMzantsi Carolina kuphela uluvalela umlomo abaqhubi abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-21.

UDII noAwuqhutywanga

Imithetho yokuqhuba etyhalayo ibonakalisa umahluko wemeko. Ngelixesha onke amaphondo emisela umlinganiselo wokuqulathwe kotywala begazi ngo 0.08%, izigwebo zahlukile. iGeorgia ibeka ixesha elisetokisini elinyanzelekileyo kwizaphuli-mthetho zexesha lokuqala ezine-BAC ephezulu, ngelixa iKhalifoniya inika iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya ezilungele abaphuli-mthetho bokuqala abafanelekileyo. Amazwe anjenge Arizona ne Utah anemithetho engqongqo, kunye no-Utah ehlisa umda ku-0.05% ngo-2018, inkqubo eye yabangela ukuba kubekho incoko yamazwe.

Impilo Inxulumene

Umthetho wezonyango ulolongo oluphambili lwamandla karhulumente. Ukusuka kwi-inshorensi kwimiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke, ukhetho lukarhulumente luphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ukungena kwiinkonzo zezonyango.

Ulwando LweeMedicaid

IAffordcuble Care Act yanika indlela yokwandisa iMedicaid ukugquma abantu abadala ngengeniso ukuya kutsho ku-88% yomgangatho wobuhlwempu obumanyeneyo. Ngonyaka wama-2025, amaphondo angama-40 kunye ne-D.C. itwandise iMedicaid, ngeli xesha i-outratements njenge Texas, Florida, neMissississippi azikhange zifumaneke. Esi sigqibo sishiya izigidi zabantu abadala abafumana imali ephantsi zingangeniselwanga kwiimeko ezingezo zobuhlwempu, ibonisa indlela inkqubo yorhulumente ekwazi ngayo ukubumba iziphumo zempilo.

I-inshorensi yempilo yeRhulumente

Ngaphaya kwe-ACA, amanye amazwe amisela imiyalelo yawo. I-Massachusetts, iNew Jersey ne-Khalifoniya kufuneka abemi balapho bagcine i-inshorensi yempilo okanye bahlawule isohlwayo kwintlawulo yabo yerhafu karhulumente. Le mithetho izimisele ukugcina iimarike ze-inshorensi ezizinzileyo kwaye inciphisa ukunyanyekelwa.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Namandla Engozi

Oorhulumente banegunya eliphambili kwimpilo kawonke-wonke. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVOID-19, abalawuli belizwe bakhupha imiyalelo yokuhlala kwikhaya, izigunyamiso, kunye neemfuno zokugoma, ezikhokelela kumsebenzi wemithetho edityanisiweyo. Amanye amazwe anjenge New York neKhalifoniya asebenzisa amanyathelo ogonyamelo, ngelixa iFlorida neSouth Dakota ithatha indlela yokuyekelela. Ezi mpendulo zomgangatho karhulumente zibalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko nempilo yabantu abahlukahlukeneyo.

Impilo Evelisa Inzala Nokuqhomfa

Imithetho karhulumente engokruquko iye yahluka kakhulu emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibhukuqe uRoe v. Wade ngo-2022. Amazwe amaninzi, kuquka iTexas ne-Alabama, ngoku ayayithintela ukuqhomfa kwasekuqaleni kokumitha, ngoxa amanye anjengeKhalifoniya neIllinois ephumele imithetho ekhusela ukuqhomfa. Ukuhamba kwemida yephondo ukuya kwiinkonzo kuye kwaxhaphaka, kwaye amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho ekhusela abaxhasi abangeni-mthetho abangekho semthethweni.

Imithetho Yezobulungisa

Imithetho yezaphuli - mthetho yaseburhulumenteni yahluka ngokubanzi, ichaphazela yonke into ukususela koko kubangela ulwaphulo - mthetho ukusa kwindlela abenzi bolwaphulo - mthetho abasohlwaywa ngayo.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubonakalayo womahluko wemeko ngumthetho we-cannabis. Ngelixesha umthetho karhulumente usalubala umyayi njengeqonga elilawulayo, amaphondo angama-24 kunye no-D.C. uvumele ukusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kokuzonwabisa, kunye no-38 ukusetyenziswa konyango. Ukwenziwa kwasemthethweni kukaColorado kwamisela igalelo lomgangatho karhulumente, kodwa uthetha njengo Idaho noKansas ugcina uthintelo olungqongqo lwezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukugwetywa Nokufakwa Kwetyala

Imigaqo yokugweba iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Amanye amaphondo anjengoLouisiana noMississippi anezigwebo ezinyanzelisayo zetyala elithile leziyobisi, ezikhokelela kwiimeko ezininzi zasentolongweni. Amanye, njengo-Oregon noVirginia, aye aqhubela phambili ekulungiseni iinguqu, ukunciphisa izigwebo nokugxininisa ukubuyiselwa kwakhona. Isohlwayo sokufa yenye indawo yokuntywilisela: 27 ingummandla oyigcinayo, kodwa 23 amaphondo kunye ne D.C. ithel' i-Texas ibulala amabanjwa amaninzi kunalonke elinye ilizwe, lo gama i-Oregodreftalthi engazange iphumele umbulalo ukususela ngo-2006, nangona isongelo sona sinomkhulu abantu abafayo.

Ibhanile kunye nokungagqibeleli

Imithetho yebheyile yephondo ikwalawula imisebenzi yonyango lwebheyile. INew York yadlulisela utshintsho lwebheyile yokukhukuliseka ngo-2019, ikhupha ibheyile yemali yenkoliso yabasebenzi abangalunganga kunye nee-fearon ezingenabundlobongela. Injongo yayikukunciphisa ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwabamangalelwa abaphantsi abafunyenweyo. Noko ke, umthetho waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-partyisi, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwetyala elibuyiselweyo ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yetyala elinzulu. Amanye amazwe anjengoKentucky asebenzisa izixhobo zomngcipheko ukumisela ibheyili, ngoxa kusenjalo uMissouri usasebenzisa izicwangciso zemali.

Ukuphendula kwamapolisa

I-SB 1421 ne-SB 16 yaseKhalifoniya ibone iingxelo zokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. IColorado neWashington zimisele imithetho ethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemida yokuxinanisa nokufuna uphando oluzimeleyo lokudubula kwamagosa abandakanyekileyo. Le mithetho isebenza ecaleni kolawulo lwamarhulumente kodwa ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokunyanzelisa

Impahla neMithetho yokuZingela

Umthetho karhulumente umisela indlela yokufumana impahla, yokulima nokuthengisa izindlu, nto leyo enokuba nemiphumo engqalileyo kubemi nakumashishini.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemizimba Nelizwe

Ukuzingela ngokwesithethe ligunya lasekuhlaleni, kodwa iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziya zingenelela ngokuqhubekayo ukufikelela kwintlawulo yezindlu. IOregon neKhalifoniya ziye zakhupha imithetho etshayela imithetho yasekuhlaleni evumela i-duplexes kunye nee-4plexes kumaqashi eentsapho enye. Le “mithetho enyukayo” ijolise ekwandiseni ukunikezelwa kwezindlu, kodwa ijongene nenkcaso evela kummandla oxhalatyiswa bubunzima. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaphondo eTexas avumela amadolobha ukuba afumane inkululeko ebanzi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizindlu ezihlala ezitheneethane ezifuna ubunzima obuncinane.

Ulawulo lwerenji

Imithetho karhulumente ikwalawula ulawulo lwerente. IKhalifoniya, iNew York, neNew Jersey ivumela uhlobo oluthile lwerente yokuhlawulwa, ngelinye ixesha uninzi lwamazwe luvumela ukulawulwa kwerente yasekuhlaleni okanye ayithinteli ngokuphandle. Umzekelo, iFlorida iyawathintela amadolobha ukuba angalawuli irente ngaphandle kokuba avakalise ungxamiseko lwezindlu, olunqabileyo. Oku kutshona kwenqanawa kuchaphazela ukulingana kwemali kunye nolwalamano lwendawo yokuhlala.

Ummandla oncitshisiweyo

Imimiselo karhulumente ilawula inkqubo yokuphanga ipropati karhulumente ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke, kunye nembuyekezo efunekayo phantsi koMphetho-mva wesihlanu. Amanye amazwe, njengoTexas, anenkcazelo engalawulekiyo “yokusetyenziswa kwabantu,” evumela imisebenzi yokuphuhlisa kwabucala ukuba ibangele ukulahlwa. Eminye, njengeMichigan emva kweKelo lash, ithintelwe imiqathango eqinileyo ukuze inqandwe ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho kuphela.

Iindawo ezongezelelweyo Zolawulo Lwesizwe

Amandla karhulumente adlulela nakwezinye iinkalo ezininzi zobomi, kuquka umgaqo wemekobume, ukunyanzeliswa kweshishini, nomthetho wentsapho.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

Amazwe angayimisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yemeko-bume kunemithetho karhulumente. Ibhodi ye-Moor Resources yeKhalifoniya imisela imilinganiselo yokukhupha inqwelo-moya esoloko isetyenziswa ngabalawuli bephondo. INew York neWashington ziphumele imithetho yemozulu enemabhongo efuna umnatha oziswe nge-2050, ngeli lixa amazwe afana neNtshona Virginia engavumi ukukhupha imiyalelo kumaziko asebenza ngamalahle.

Ishishini noMsebenzi

Urhulumente ufuna imvume yokusebenza amakhulukhulu eencwadi, ukusuka kwizazi ngendalo ukuya kutsho kwizabelo. Iimfuno zahlukene: amanye amaphondo avumela ukuba abanikazi belayisensi baphume, ngoxa amanye, njengoKhalifoniya, ngokufuthi efuna iimviwo ezintsha kwanakulwazi olunamava. Le mithetho yokufaka i-internater ingakhusela okanye ibangele imiqobo yokusebenza nzima.

Umthetho wentsapho

Umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, nokugcinwa kwabantwana belulawulo kulawulwa ngumthetho wesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, isizukulwana esisemthethweni somtshato ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali siyahluka ukusuka kuma-16 kwamanye amazwe ukuya kwi-18 kwamanye amazwe. Akukho qhawulo-mtshato lungagqibekanga lukhoyo kulo lonke iphondo, kodwa kungenxa yokuba uqhawulo-mtshato olusekelwe kwityala kunye nokubala kobupolitika kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Imithetho yelungelo lokugcina ibeka phambili “kwesona silangazelelo somntwana,” kodwa amaphondo achaza oko kumgangatho ngokwahlukileyo, okuchaphazela iziphumo ekuthatheni ingxabano kunye namalungiselelo ahlukeneyo elungelo okugcina umntwana.

Indlela Imithetho Karhulumente Ebuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Oku kwenzeka yonke imihla kubonisa indlela imigaqo karhulumente ewachaphazela ngayo amava aqhelekileyo:

  • Ukudibanisa: Umqhubi onqumla eVirginia ukuya eMaryland angajongana notshintsho lwequbuliso kwisantya, imiqathango yeselfowuni, kunye neemfuno zokuhlala. Ukwaphula kusenokuphumela kwintlawulo okanye iincam zephepha-mvume elilawulwa ngurhulumente apho ithikithi likhutshwa khona.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ihealth care: Umsebenzi ofumana imali ephantsi eTexas ubonakala engenakukufanelekela ukufikelela kwiMedicaid ngaphandle kokuba bakhulelwe, bakhubazekile, okanye umzali omnye wabantwana abaselula. Umsebenzi omnye eNew York angabhalisa kwiMedicaid eyandisiweyo nakanjani na imeko yentsapho, ephembelela amandla abo okufumana unyango.
  • I-'i-acter' e San Francisco' inceda kwimithetho yolawulo lwerente yasekuhlaleni, kodwa umqeshi we-Houston akanalo ukhuseleko olunjalo. IiLords kwilizwe ngalinye zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo ukwenzela ugcino lokhuseleko, isaziso sokugxotha, kunye nokuqesha.
  • Ihambo yomntu ngamnye: Umfundi wasekholejini eColorado angathenga umya ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ukuwuhambisa kufutshane neNebraska kungakhokelela kwityala leziyobisi. Ngokufanayo, ukuphatha umpu ofihliweyo kufuna imvume ekhutshwa kwamanye amazwe kwaye ayivunywanga kwezinye ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo karhulumente yokungabi nakukwazi ukufikelela.
  • [[Ukufa:0] nerhafu: Irhafu yeSizalo isebenza kumazwe ambalwa kuphela, anjenge New York neMassachusetts, ngoxa amanye anjenge Florida ne Texas engenayo. Irhafu yelifa ibangela ucengo lwemali lweentsapho lungabi nangxaki.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yezorhulumente ayifani ne-monlith. Ukwahluka kwazo kubonisa isakhiwo sorhulumente sase-United States, zivumela abemi ukuba bafumane imeko-bume eyahlukeneyo engokomthetho kuxhomekeka kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Ukuba isihloko semfundo yemali, ukuhlawula kwezonyango, izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye amalungelo empahla, oorhulumente basebenzisa amandla amakhulu achaphazela abantu ngokuthe ngqo yonke imihla. Ukuhlala benolwazi ngomthetho wesizwe akuyomfuneko nje yemfundo yemfundo esebenzayo ukukhusela amalungelo omntu, ukwenza izigqibo zolwazi, nokuzibandakanya ngokunempumelelo namagosa anyuliweyo. Imithombo efana nolawulo lwe-Roct: 0] iyakwazi ukuphatha abantu ngabanye qhotho lwemithetho ye-Rhulumente. kunye nexabiso labo elingcono.[FLT:A.US]