Imvelaphi Yendawo Yokuhlala Eofisini Engokwembali

Isifungo somongameli siphothwe kwilaphu lolawulo lwamaMelika. Icandelo II, iCandelo 1, uClaus 8 woMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. licebisa amagama achanileyo uMongameli-womGqibi kufuneka awenze: []" Ndifunga ukuba ngokunyanisekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo, ndigcine, ndikhusele, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko we-United States. Lo magama, athe athenjiwe kakhulu kumaFramers afake igalelo asuka kuMphathi-Oversi-Oli, ahlala engaguquki ukususela ngowe-1789. Noko ke, ingqiqo yokufunga kwasesifungo sasekuhlaleni (onke uThixo okanye abantu) phambi komsebenzi omthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi.[FLD.1]

George Washington wongeza ngokudumileyo ibinzana " ngoko ke ndincede ndibe nguThixo" kunikezelo lwakhe lokuqala, isithethe esilandelwe ngoomongameli abaninzi ukususela ngoko, nangona kungafunwanga ngumgaqo-siseko. Uxinezeleko phakathi kombhalo ongqongqo wesiseko kunye nesiko eligqwethekileyo lubonisa indlela isifungo esisebenza ngayo zombini ngokwasemthethweni nangokomfuziselo. Kumgangatho wengingqi, iingcambu zembali zinzulu ngokufanayo. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe wabhaliswa ngexesha lenguquko kwaye waquka izifungo ezicacileyo zoomlawuli, nabagwebi, kunye nabagwebi, ngokufuthi abafuzili bemeko-mthetho-mthetho- , abakhonjiweyo, abaqukiswe ngokufanayo ngemimiselo efuna ukuxhasa i-mthetho yoogqesho.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo somgaqo-siseko nesomthetho

Isifungo somongameli sigunyaziswa ngokukhethekileyo nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kurhulumente nakumagosa asekuhlaleni, isiseko somthetho siyahluka. Wonke umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ufuna abaphathi bawo abalawulayo (iingingqi, ijaji-mikhosi) ukuba benze isifungo, ngokubhekiselele kwisifungo sikarhulumente sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko we-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko waseKhalifoniya ufuna ukuba umlawuli afunge [[FLT: 0]] ukuxhasa nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko weUnited States kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSizwelo saseKhalifoni. ulwimi olufanayo lubonakala kwimimiselo yeTexas, New York, kunye neFlorida.

Amagosa ongingqi alawulwa yimithetho karhulumente kunye nomthetho-siseko kamasipala. Amaphondo amaninzi anomthetho wesifungo osebenza kubo bonke abanyuliweyo nabamiselwe. Umzekelo, 5 U.S.C. ^ 3331] amisela isifungo kubaqeshwa besizwe (ababhaptiziweyo) (abaxhasa uMongameli), abafuna ukuba "baxhase baze bakhusele uMgaqo-siseko. Umthetho umisela imiyalelo efana nalo mlinganiselo. Umzekelo, amanye amagunya afuna ukuba amagosa aqinisekise ukuba akabophelele ekubopheleleni, ekunyobeni, okanye kwezinye izenzo zokungaqiniseki. Izenzo ezikhethekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni ziyahluka, kodwa isiphumo esingundoqo singuwonke wonke: isifungo sisenza imbopheleleko esemthethweni. Igosasifungo esilawulwayo sinokulawulwa, okanye ukunganyaniswa kwesohlwayo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Umahluko Kumazwi Nakulawulo

Ngeli xesha isifungo somongameli sisisigxina, urhulumente kunye nezifungo zasekuhlaleni zibonisa umahluko obangela umdla. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukusetyenziswa kwe " ndifunga ngokunzulu"[ ngexesha abanye bevumela ukuvunywa ngaphandle kokubhekisa kuthixo. Amazwe ambalwa aquka izifungo ezicacileyo zokukhusela ubuncwane bendalo okanye ukuxhasa amalungelo abantu. Umzekelo, izifungo zommeli wengingqi kwiOregon imisebenzi enxulumene nokusetyenziswa komhlaba nempilo kawonke wonke. Igunya elisebenzisayo liyahluka: irhuluneli zisoloko zifungelwa ngokusesikweni kwenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe, ngexa oomatilomsi beli borhulumente, isalathi, ingengomnye umlawuli, okanye umlawuli ohlala kuyo.

Ukubhetyebhetye kukwanela kumsitho ngokwawo. Kwezinye iidolophu ezincinane, isifungo sisenziwa ngexesha lentlanganiso eqhelekileyo yebhunga ngentsebenziswano encinane. Kwizixeko ezikhulu, ukunikezelwa kusenokulingana nesiganeko sobumongameli, esipheleleyo ngomboniso, izikhuphi-mlilo, kunye nodweliso lwenkqubo olude lweentetho. Kodwa isenzo esingundoqo esisemthethweni . . .ukucaciswa kwesifungo nokusayinwa kwesiqinisekiso. Ngaphandle kwaso, umphathi ungayi kuthatha ngokomthetho isikhundla okanye asebenzise nawuphi na igunya leburhulumente.

Imilinganiselo Yomfuziselo Neyobuvuvu

Umzuzu igosa elithabatha isifungo lisenza ungesososifungo esisemthethweni; sisithethe sikawonke-wonke esibonisa ukuba semthethweni, umanyano, kunye nokuthunyelelwa koxolo kwegunya. Isifuziselo sinamandla ngokukhethekileyo ekunikezelweni komongameli, apho umongameli ophumayo ngokufuthi epheleka umongameli ozayo ukuya kuCapitol, kwaye isihlwele sibona utshintsho. Kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, umsitho usebenza umsebenzi ofanayo, nangona kumlinganiselo omncinci. Iqinisekisa abemi abalawulayo ukuba baqhubeke ngaphandle kokuphazamisananisa nokuba inkokeli entsha ivume ityala lentlalo-ntle.

Kwimimandla emininzi, isifungo sisenziwa kwisiganeko sikawonke-wonke, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle ezinyaweni zeholo yesixeko okanye kwi-capitol karhulumente. Ukubakho kwentsapho, abahlobo, kunye nemikhosi kuqinisa isivumelwano sentlalo: igosa elingumphathi lifunga phambi kwabantu, kwaye abantu banikela ubungqina. Oku kuphendula kuluntu kusisixhobo sokuthemba idemokhrasi.

Ukusetyenziswa Kweenguqu Zonqulo Nezenkcubeko

Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungaluvumeli uvavanyo lonqulo lweofisi karhulumente (Article VI, Claus 3), urhulumente kunye nokunikezelwa kwelizwe okuninzi kubandakanya iinkalo zonqulo. Ukusetyenziswa kweBhayibhile okanye ezinye izibhalo ezingcwele kuqhelekile, njengokuba kubandakanya abefundisi abakhupha izicelo okanye abagwebi. Amanye amagosa aye akhetha ukubeka isandla sawo kwincwadi yomthetho, umgaqo-siseko, okanye kwanomfanekiso wembali ofana neflegi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye baye bakhetha ukungasebenzisi phawu lomzimba, besebenzisa nje ukuthethelela.

Ukongezelela, izithethe zenkcubeko zisenza umsitho ube luncedo. EHawaii, irhuluneli ingasifungisa isiNgesi neHawaii. Kwezinye iindawo zamaMerika, iinkokeli zesizwe ziquka imithandazo yesithethe okanye ukubetha igubu. Ezi zimo zigxininisa ukuba sifungo silula njengesithethe esiphilayo esinokuvuma ukuba ngumntu wasekuhlaleni ngoxa siphakamisa imilinganiselo yesiseko wendalo.

Imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni neyobuGcisa: Ukubekwa ityala neziphumo

Isifungo asingowomfuziselo nje kuphela, sinobunzima obungokoqobo. Igosa elisophula isifungo lingajongana nokungathobeli, ukukhumbula, okanye ukususwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye yirhuluneli yesizathu. Kwamanye amazwe, isifungo sisetyenziswa njengesisekelwe ekumangaleleni kwamakhaya okanye ekumangalelweni ngamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, irhuluneli eyaziyo ukuba iphula umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ingabekwa ityala ngempazamo okanye ngetyala letyala. Isifungo sikwayila umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo onokunyanzelelwa ngeenkonzo zikarhulumente zemithetho. Ukungathembeka kwabantu ngokubanzi, ukunyotywa, ukunyotywa, ukunyotywa, okanye ukubhamba i-amfatha, okanye ukubhambatha kudla kokubhamba i-amfa.

Abagwebi, ngokukodwa, bagcinwa kumgangatho ophezulu. Isifungo sabo ku "kwenzela bonke okusesikweni" sinyanzeliswa ngothutho loqeqesho lobulungisa. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, oosodolophu kunye namalungu ebhunga bakhutshwe eofisini ukuze bazame ukusebenzisa iindawo zabo ukuze bazuze bona, kwaye isifungo siba yimbekiselo esemthethweni kwezo ngxelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba isifungo singu "umthetho" wesikhundla kwaye amagosa angafuni ukusithabatha asikwazi ukubambelela. Enyanisweni, eminye imithetho yesizwe ifuna ukuba isifungo sidluliselwe kunobhala wesizwe okanye kumsebenzi wephondo njengengxelo kawonke-wonke.

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke nokubandakanyeka

Ukuthemba urhulumente kuye kwancipha kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Esi sifungo sinika ithuba elibonakalayo lokwakha kwakhona intembelo. Xa amagosa emi phambi kwengingqi yaye efunga ukuba uyamxhasa umGaqo-siseko, enza idinga elibonakalayo lokusebenza kuluntu kunokuba asebenzele inzuzo yobuqu. Esi senzo singakhuthaza abemi ukuba babandakanyeke ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi yabo yasekuhlaleni. Abameli abaninzi nabalawuli bamema izikolo, amaqela ebutho, kwaye amaphephandaba ayenze umsitho, awuguqulele ekubeni yisiganeko semfundo yeso sizwe.

Kwakhona isifungo siqinisa ingcamango yobunkokeli. Abasemagunyeni bakhunjuzwa ukuba igunya labo linikwe, alinikwanga ngokwemvelo, yaye bamele baphendule kumthetho nakubantu. Kwiidolophu ezincinane, apho amagosa asenokuba ngabamelwane kunye nabantu abasebenza nabo, ukuthembeka kwesifungo kuqinisa iqhina lokuthembana lokuba imithetho ephantsi komthetho kuphela ayinakufezekiswa.

Ucelomngeni Neengxubakaxaka Zanamhlanje

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isifungo somongameli siye sacelwa kwiingxoxo zezobupolitika eziphikisanayo. Abanye oomongameli baye batyholwa ngokwaphula isifungo ngemiyalelo yabalawuli engaphaya kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye ngezenzo eziphazamisa umthetho. Ezi ngxoxo zibalaselisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kolwimi lwentengo yentengiso kunye nezibakala zegunya lezobupolitika. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni aye ajamelana neempikiswano ngokunyaniseka okunxulumene nento ekhoyo. Umzekelo, bambi baye bangavumi ukufunga ngenxa yokungavumelani nonqulo lokufunga, okunokuconjululwa ngokungqinela endaweni yoko. Abanye baye bacelw'ilwa ngabaxhasi bezo `Ukuxhasa nokukhusela nokukhusela umgaqo-siseko wabo ekuvotiseni.

Olunye ucelomngeni lwangoku lukunyuka kwemibutho "yoath-lath" kunye nemfuno yesinye isifungo. Kwezinye iindawo, amagosa anyuliweyo aye acelwa ukuba afunge ukunyaniseka kwiqonga elithile okanye angayamkeli imithetho ethile karhulumente. Nangona izifungo ezinjalo ezingeyoyasemthethweni zingenabungqongqo obusemthethweni, babonisa ukuqhubekeka komkhosi phakathi kobukho bomgaqo-siseko kunye nokunyaniseka kwezobupolitika. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba ngumthetho okanye isifungo somgaqo-siseko kuphela esibophelele, kwaye nasiphi na esinye isifungo esingeso simele singangqubani nomsebenzi ongundoqo wokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko.

IiCeremonies eziQhagamshekileyo neziFikelelekayo

Ukunikezelwa kwale mihla kuya kuzabalazela ukuvalwa. Ngoku imimandla emininzi inikela isifungo ngeelwimi ezininzi, inikela ukutolikwa kolwimi lwezandla, okanye iqinisekisa ukuba indawo ekwiziphene ifumaneka kubantu abaneziphene. Ezinye izithethe ziquka ithule okanye ukufundwa kweSifungo sobuGqirha. Olu tshintsho lunceda ukuba isifungo simanyanise ixesha labo bonke abemi, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo.

Kukho ukunikezelwa okunesiphumo okuye kwavela, ngokukodwa ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19. Ngo-2021, amagosa amaninzi aseburhulumenteni nawasekuhlaleni athatha izifungo zawo, kunye nomsitho ohlala usongelwe kuluntu. Ngoxa abanye besithi oku kunciphisa ukuthotyelwa, abanye bakuncoma ukufumaneka okuthe kratya. Imisitho yenyani isenokuba ngumgangatho ofanelekileyo, ingakumbi koomasipala abancinane abanemali elinganiselweyo.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iindawo Ezincinane Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekisa kwi-United States, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukufunga kukungalawuleki kwehlabathi lonke. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba iinkokeli zawo zifunge kumgaqo-siseko wazo, umlawuli, okanye isibhalo sonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, umlawuli waseBritane ufunga ukuqinisa ulandelelwano lwamaProtestanti, ngeli lixa uMongameli waseFransi efunga ukukhusela imigaqo yeRiphabliki. IGarhente yaseKhanada ifunga kukumkanikazi, kunye noMphathi-mikhosi waseJamani ukufunga ukukhusela uMthetho osisiseko. Le misebenzi isebenza ngokufanayo: ukuqinisa igunya, ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi, ukuphumeza izivumelwano ekuhleni, kunye nokwenza iqhina phakathi kwenkokeli nomthetho.

Ngokukhethekileyo, i-U.S. ibeka isifungo sayo ekuqaleni komsitho wokunikezelwa, okubonisa ukuba igosa alimele naliphi na igunya de isifungo siphele. Oku kubonisa inkolelo yamaMelika yokuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho, okanye kwanomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko. Urhulumente kunye nezifungo zasekuhlaleni zinesifungo esifanayo: amagosa asekuhlaleni afumana igunya lawo kubantu nakumgaqo-siseko, kwaye elo gunya lixhomekeke ekufezeni kwabo isifungo ngokuthembeka.

Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Isifungo somongameli kunye nezigqibo zakhe kwiphondo nakwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni singaphezulu kakhulu kunezo zingekho ngqiqweni. Ziyisiqinisekiso esithe ngqo sokuziphendulela ngedemokhrasi, imbopheleleko engokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuthembana kwabantu. Ngamaxesha onke xa igosa elisandul'ukufunga liphakamisa isandla salo liphinda lamazwi angokwembali, liqinisekisa kwakhona umgaqo osisiseko wokuba urhulumente ukholose, kungekhona ilungelo. Esi sifungo sikhumbuza igosa elisemthethweni kunye noluntu lonke ngesithembiso esingummiselo wokukhonza ngengqibelelo nokugcina umGaqo-siseko okhusela inkululeko yethu.

Kwixesha lolwahlulo olunzulu lwezobupolitika, isifungo simi njengesithethe esimanyanisayo esigqitha ucalucalulo. Sidibanisa inkokeli enyuliweyo ukusuka kuMongameli wase-United States kwibhunga elincinane ledolophana kwisibopho esifanayo sokulawula umGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda intsingiselo yesifungo sobumongameli kunye norhulumente wakhe kunye nabalinganiswa basekuhlaleni kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni bagcine iinkokeli zabo benobutyala kwaye baluxabisa ulungiso lwedemokhrasi lwamampulanisi. Ukuba ububukele umongameli kumabonwakude okanye ubukho kwibhunga elincinane ledolophana lengi, khumbula oko ukunikela kwakho ngesithethe esiphilayo esiye saqhubeka nesizwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali nakusiseko esisemthethweni sesifungo, bona iziko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe lohlalutyo lweQumrhu II kunye .S. iirekhodi zembali zokunikezelwa kwendlu yecawa[. Kwinkcazelo engolawulo lwezifungo zomgangatho karhulumente, iiwebhsayithi ezininzi zemithetho-mthetho zinika uluvo lwazo lwe-statory, olufana noluthi [[FLT:]P] Pennvan lufungo oluyintellia.