I-Access to access winds project nenkcazelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ekwimeko ephawulekayo eyahlukeneyo kwiingxelo zezomthetho eUnited States. Le mithetho imisela ukuba yiyiphi inkcazelo ekhoyo ekuhleni nendlela abantu abanokufumana ngayo iingxelo ezinxulumene nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukubanjwa, neenkolelo. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile kwiintatheli, abaphandi, nakubemi abanomdla ekuboneni ukuba i-ethe jiko. Imithetho yesizwe idala indawo entsonkothile apho isicelo esifanayo sinokuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo.

Imbali Ebonisa Ukufumaneka Kwamapolisa

Phambi koo1960, ukufumaneka koluntu ngokubanzi kwiingxelo zikarhulumente kwakusoloko kulawulwa ngumthetho okanye imigaqo yombutho. I-International Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) yowe-1966 yamisela umzekelo wesizwe, kodwa yasebenza kuphela kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Amazwe aqalisa ukwamkela imithetho yawo evulekileyo kwiingxelo zonyaka ka1970 kunye noweminyaka yoo1980, ngokufuthi efuziselwa emva kweFOIA kodwa eneenguqu eziphawulekayo. Isebe lamapolisa, elalisebenza ngokuhlola kancinci uluntu, laziswa ngokuthe ngcengcelele la ngokomthetho, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokukhulula okukhulu. Ukunyuka kwequmrhuluko lwezimfo kunye nokugcinwa kwengxelo yamanani ngo- 2000 yongeze imilinganiselo entsha ngoko kubumba "urhulumente."."

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Semithetho Selizwe: Imisebenzi Evulekileyo

Urhulumente ngamnye unohlobo oluthile lomthetho ovulekileyo wengxelo, nangona isenokubizwa ngokuba yiMithetho yoLuntu, Inkululeko Yolwazi IZenzo, okanye iMithetho yaseSunshine. Le mithetho idla ngokuyila imbono yokuba iingxelo zikarhulumente ````iingxelo zamapolisa' zivulelwe uluntu lonke. Noko ke, umlinganiselo waloo mbono uyahluka-hluka. Amalungu angundoqo ala mithetho aquka:

  • Ukukhutshwa kwe "rekhodi yasekuhlaleni" - Amanye amazwe achaza igama ngokubanzi ukuquka naluphi na uxwebhu oluvezwe kwishishini elisemthethweni, ngexa olunye lulinganiselwe kwiindidi ezithile.
  • Izikhuseli--phantse zonke iirejista zale ngxelo, ezifana nezinxulumene nophando oluqhubekayo, iifayile zabasebenzi, okanye ulwazi lobuntlola. Inani kunye nobeko lwentelekelelo lwahlukeneyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ixesha elipheleleyo kunye nentlawulo – iUnited States inyanzelisa ixesha elimiselweyo lokuba abameli baphendule izicelo (ngokuqhelekileyo 10-20 iintsuku zoshishino) kwaye ivumele iindleko zokukhuphela nokulungisa. Ezinye iimali zecap; ezinye aziyichazi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iinkqubo zonyanzeliso – amagqwetha esizwe jikelele, iinkundla, okanye iikhomishini emiselweyo yokubonisa ingxubusho. Iinkqubo zesibheno zinokucotha kwaye zibe nexabiso eliphezulu.

Umahluko kwezi ziqalelo udala amava ahlukeneyo kubafaki-sicelo. Umzekelo, umcholacholi wentatheli eFlorida angalindela impendulo ekhawulezileyo, esezantsi, ngelixesha umfaki wesicelo kwi Rhode Island angajongana nolibaziseko olude kunye nentlawulo ephezulu.

Ukucinezelwa Kweengxelo Zamapolisa

Ngoxa imithetho karhulumente ingafani, ezinye iimvume zokungakhutsheli zivela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Uphando Oluqhubekayo

Uninzi lwamazwe lungavumeli iingxelo eziza kutyhila ubugcisa bophando, ubungqina, okanye ubungqina kwiimeko ezisebenzayo. Oku kukhululwa kujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okuqhubekayo nokukhusela ukuthembeka kwamatyala. Noko ke, kudla ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu ukukhusela iifayile eziqhelekileyo ukuze zingahlolisiswa. Amanye amazwe, njengoColorado, afuna ukuba umntu okhululweyo abhenele ukuba oko kuyingozi kuphengululo.

Ukuba Wedwa Neengxelo Zobuqu

Ukungamkelwa kobuqu kukhusela inkcazelo yobuqu yamaxhoba, amangqina, kunye nabarhanelwayo abangakhange bagwetywe. Iingxelo ze Juvenile ziphantse zibekwe kummandla othe ngqo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Kumaphondo afana nePennsylvania, iingxelo zokubanjwa kwabantwana ziyavalwa ngaphandle kokuba umntwana ubekwe ityala njengomntu omdala. Kwezinye, njengeConnecticut, iingxelo zolutsha zinokufumaneka ngefomu ebuyiselweyo emva kwexesha elithile.

Iindlela zokunyanzelisa umthetho nokhuseleko

Iingxelo ezixubusha iinkqubo zokhuseleko, ubuchule, okanye iindlela zobuchule zidla ngokukhululwa. Oku kubandakanya imithetho elandelwayo yokujikeleza, ubuchule bokujonga, kunye neplani yokwakha. Ukukhula kwe yomzimba wekhamera yecamera [ kuyenze yanzima le nkululeko yamazwe agqithise imimiselo ekhethekileyo evumela amapolisa ukuba anqande ukuhamba phantsi kweemeko ezithile, njengaxa ebonisa indawo yokuhlala yabucala okanye umbindi wekhaya ngexesha lokukhangela.

Iingxelo zemicimbi yangaphakathi zabasebenzi

Iingxelo zolawulo, uphando lwangaphakathi, kunye nohlolo lwemisebenzi zidla ngokukhululwa okanye zifune ukuhlaziywa kwamagama abantu abadumileyo. Umbutho okhulayo wotshintsho ufuna ukuvula ezi ngxelo, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokuziphatha okubi kwabaphathi-mikhosi. Umzekelo, iSB 1421 neS16 yeKhalalian ngoku yenza iingxelo ezithile zoxolo zokuziphatha okubi okunzulu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okufumaneka kuluntu, ukubhukuqa ukhuseleko olungqongqo ngaphambili. Amanye amazwe, njengo New York kunye neMassachusetts, alandele ngeenguqu ezifanayo.

Ukufumana Inkcazelo Yezobulungisa Ekwesaphuli-mthetho: Ngaphandle Kwengxelo Yamapolisa

Iingxelo zamapolisa zinye nje kwezininzi zenkcazelo yezomthetho enxulumene nemekobume yezinto eziphilayo. Iingxelo zokubanjwa, iinkundla zenkundla, iingxelo ezigwebayo, kunye nenkcazelo echasiweyo zisoloko zilawulwa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho kwaye zigcinwe ngamasebe awahlukeneyo.

Iingxelo Zokubanjwa

Uxwebhu lweengxelo zokubanjwa lwendawo yokuba umntu wabanjwa kodwa engabanjwanga lubonise ukuba unetyala. Amanye amazwe aphatha iingxelo zokubanjwa njengenkcazelo kawonke-wonke, lo gama amanye efuna ukuba zitywinwe xa kuwiswe izityholo okanye umntu ekhululwe. Amazwe afana no-Utah no-California agqithiselwe "ibhokisi" imithetho ethintela abaqeshi ekufumaneni iingxelo zokubanjwa ngexesha lokuqeshwa kokuqala, nangona iingxelo zisekho ukuze zinyanzelelwe ukugcinwa komthetho.

Iingxelo ezinokuthenjwa zifumaneka ngokuphandle kuba zibandakanya ukufunyanwa kwetyala enkundleni. Noko ke, kwanezi zinokutywinwa okanye zisuswe emva kwexesha lokulinda kumazwe amaninzi. I-National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ilandela le nkqubo ngokwemo karhulumente.

Iingxelo zeNkundla kunye neeDiagies

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zenkundla yelifa lesizwe igcina ii-intanethi ukuze ifumane ulwazi. Umzekelo, inkqubo kawonke-wonke yokufumana iingxelo ze-Electronic Crectronic (PACER) igquma iinkundla zelizwe kodwa izinto ezilinganayo ziyahluka. ITexas inika iPortal data kawonke-wonke, ngelixa i New York isebenzisa ii-ecourts. Ezi database zidla ngokufuna ubhaliso kwaye zingayihlawula intlawulo ngephepha ngalinye. Ukufumaneka kolwaphulo-mthetho lwasemadokisi ngokuqhelekileyo akuphelelwanga, kodwa amanye amatyala anokuchaphazeleka, imicimbi yempilo yengqondo `$juvenevenes' itywe okanye ikhutshwe yabucala.

Ulungiso nogcino-lwazi lwetyala

Ulwazi olumalunga nabantu abavalelwe entolongweni, kuquka indawo yezibonelelo, umhla wokukhutshwa, kunye nokulahlwa, kudla ngokufumaneka ekuhleni ngesebe lolungiso lwee-website zikarhulumente. Amanye amazwe avelisa iinkcazelo ezikhuphekayo ezilungiselelwe abaphengululi. IVera Institute of Justice kunye nezinye ii-projekthi ezingeyonzuzo ziqokelele ii-database ezifikelelekayo zamaqondo okuvalelwa nokuncitshiswa kwamanani abantu. Noko ke, ukungavisisani kwindlela amaphondo amacala awenza ngayo amatyala anqamlezo amazwe kwenza kube nzima ukuthelekisa.

Ukuthelekisa Iindlela Zokufikelela Kumbuso: Ukuqwalasela Ngokusondeleyo

Ukuze ubone indlela eyahlukahlukene ngayo imithetho karhulumente, khawuqwalasele imizekelo emithathu emela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zentanda - bulumko zokubonisa ukukhanya.

EKhalifoniya: Ukufikelela Ezindaweni Ezininzi Neenguqu Zakutshanje

IKhalifoniya ka-Khalifoniya i-PCRA Act yenye yezona zikhululo. Ichaza iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke ngokubanzi kwaye ibeka umthwalo kumaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze ithethelele ukubopha. Umthetho wama-2019 (SB 1421) wenza iingxelo zoqeqesho lwamapolisa kwiziganeko ezithile (ukusebenzisa amandla, ukuhlasela ngokwesini, ukunganyaniseki) ezinokutyhilwa nguwonke wonke. Umthetho olandelayo (SB 16, 201) wandisa oku ukuze uquke indivane iindidi ezongezelelweyo. Njengomphumo, iKhalifoniya iye yaba yinkokeli ekubalaleni amapolisa, kunye neengxelo ezininzi eziphumayo ngempumelelo kwimicimbi yangaphakathi. Noko ke, urhulumente usalumkela uphando oluqhubekayo kunye nemicimbi ethile.

INew York: Ukufumaneka Okuthintelweyo, Ukuvulwa Okuqhelekileyo

Inkululeko yolwazi ye-New York ngokwembali yayiquka ukuvalwa komthetho okubanzi ukwenzela iinjongo zo "zomthetho zokunyanzelisa". Ngo-2020, emva kokuqhankqalaza ngenkohlakalo yamapolisa, iNew York yaphinda yaphinda yawahlula ama-7650-a e-Ovinin Rights Law, eyayikhusele iingxelo zamapolisa ekutyhilweni. Ngoku, iingxelo zoqeqesho zithotyelwe kwiFOIL, kodwa amasebe amaninzi aye acotha ukuthobela. Kwakhona urhulumente ugcina ukhuseleko olunamandla olufihlakeleyo kwiirekhodi zamapolisa kunye namaxhoba. Ufikelelo lokufumana i-metriages bungamess alawulwa yimithetho eyahlukeneyo evumela abameli ukuba baphikise izicelo zabo ukuba bangene kuphendulo.

ITexas: Fee-Heavy kunye neNqamzane

UMthetho karhulumente karhulumente weTexas ka-TPIA ufuna ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente aphendule ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo, kodwa avumela ukubotshwa kwexesha elichithwayo lokufumana nokubuyisela iingxelo ngezantsi. Ukuquka iingxelo zamapolisa. UGeneral waseTexas Attorney angalawula enoba iirekhodi azivumelekanga na. Oku kuqhelisela ukuba abafaki-zicelo bajongene noqikelelo oluphezulu lwezicelo ezinkulu. ITexas ikwanodidi olukhethekileyo "lothule" lolwazi olunxulumene neenkonzo ezibalulekileyo nokhuseleko. Ngoxa iirekhodi zokubanjwa zidla ngokubanziwa nguwonke wonke, urhulumente akanazo ii-data obusemgangathweni beencwadi zamapolisa, yenza kube nzima ukucela izicelo ezibanzi.

Ucelomngeni Ekufumaneni Ugcino - lwazi Lwezobulungisa

Nangona kukho imithetho engqongqo ebhaliweyo, ezi zinto zichaphazela iintatheli, abaphengululi nabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Uthutho olutshintshayo noqeqesho

Abasebenzi be-arhente badla ngokungakuqeqeshi ukubekwa komthetho ovulekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimpendulo eziguquguqukayo. Isicelo kwisebe elikhulu lamapolisa aselugcinweni singasingathwa yi-oyile yeerekhodi ezinikezelweyo, ngoxa i-ofisi ye-ofisi encinane yomphathi-mikhosi kwingingqi esemaphandleni isenokuba ayinayo inkqubo ecacileyo. Oku kwahluka-hlukeneyo kusenokuphumela ekulibaziseni okungekho ngqiqweni, izicelo ezilahlekileyo, okanye ukukhanyelwa okusekelwe kwiinkcazelo eziphosakeleyo zokungahlawulwa kwabantu.

Imiqobo Yobugcisa

Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa asaxhomekeke kwiirekhodi zamaxwebhu okanye kwi-software ezingakwaziyo ukuphengululwa. Kwanaxa kukho iirekhodi zamanani, zinokugcinwa kwiifomati ezingafikeleleki lula (umz., i-PDFscan yeengxelo ezibhalwe ngesandla). Ixabiso lokufaka iingxelo ezindala lisenokuthintela, kwaye imithetho karhulumente inqabile ukucela abameli ukunikezela iirekhodi kubume obusemngciphekweni womatshini. Amanye amazwe, njengoWashington, adlulise imithetho evumela imigangatho yogcino-data oluvulekileyo, kodwa ukuphumeza kuthatha kade.

Iindleko Eziphezulu NeeWaivers

I-Foes ingangumqobo omkhulu. Ngelixesha amazwe amaninzi evumela abameli ukuba bahlawule kuphela iindleko ezithe ngqo zoqhamo, abanye bavumela ukubotshwa ngexesha labasebenzi. Isicelo esinzima singasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ngamakhulu okanye amawaka eerandi. Imithetho engorhulumente embalwa inika abahlawuli abazenzekelayo bemirhumo yezicelo zenzala kawonke-wonke, kwaye iintatheli zimele zisebenzise isebe eliphethe imigaqo-mthetho ukuze zithethe ngemirhumo ephantsi. IKomiti yezemali yeFreedom of the Press[FLT]

Iingxabano Ezingokwasemthethweni Nexesha Elifanelekileyo

Xa isicelo sikhatyiwe, umfaki-sicelo angafuna ukubhenela kwiqumrhu elilawulayo okanye kwityala lenkundla. Oku kunokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Imibutho encinane yeendaba nabantu ngabanye abanqabileyo ukuba babe noovimba bokuyichaza. Kwanaxa iinkundla zilawula ukubhenela kokutyhilwa, abameli basenokubhenela, ukugqithisa. Amatyala aphezulu e-profile, afana nokumangalelwa kwemipu efuna ukudubulana kwamapolisa, aye aphumela kwizigqibo ezithenjiweyo zomgaqo wemo kodwa athathe iminyaka emininzi ukusombulula.

Indima Yabacholacholi - Njeliso Namaqela Abalawuli

Abacholacholi becala ekusebenziseni iirekhodi ezivulekileyo ukubhenca ukuziphatha okubi nokugcina amapolisa enoxanduva. Uphando olukhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwamapolisa ukunyanzelisa, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, kunye noqeqesho lwangaphakathi luxhomekeke kwizicelo ezizingisileyo zikawonke-wonke. Iintlangano ezingancediyo zengeniso ezifana uMcuck Rock[ kwaye iZiko lobuGciphelo-bucala [FUMGO]] [[FLT]]] ibonelela izixhobo kunye nokhokelo lwezicelo ezizikhundla zamapolisa athene ngazo, izicelo ezidityaniweyo, kunye nemithetho efana ne-Colordoless.

Utyekelo Lomgaqo-nkqubo Neenkcubeko Zexesha Elizayo

Zininzi izinto ezibangela ukuba abantu bafumane inkcazelo engokwaphula umthetho.

Ukwanda Kokubonisa Ubuchule Boqeqesho Lwamapolisa

Njengoko kuphawulwe ngeKhalifoniya naseNew York, amatyala akhulula izikhuseli zentsimbi zangaphambili ukwenzela iifayile zamapolisa. Amatyala afanayo avezwe kumazwe alishumi elinesibini. Iintlangano ezifana ne-Dominican Liberties Union ye- abameli bemigangatho yesizwe. Noko ke, amaqumrhu amapolisa akhuphisana ngezi nguqu enkundleni, aphikisa amalungelo amagosa ayimfihlo.

Iindawo zogcino-lwazi ezisemgangathweni

Oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba bafaka umnikelo kwii-data ze-intanethi ezingenisa i-data yolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkqubo ye-FBI ye-SIDING CRIMEING (UCR) kunye nenkqubo yeSizwe seNgxelo-ngxelo esekelwe kwiSizwe (NIBRS) inika iingxelo zesizwe, kodwa amaziko akwindawo yomgangatho karhulumente asoloko enikela inkxalabo efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo nengenazinzo. Amanye amazwe, njengoVirginia noKentukezeki, asungule iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezivumela uwonke ukuba uphengululo lwengxelo ebanjwa kunye namatyala enkundla. Ezi zikolo zinganciphisa umthwalo wesicelo seFOA nganye kodwa zinyusa nemibalelo engakumbi ngokuphathelele ucoselelo kunye nogcino lweziqumrhulu.

Ukulungelelanisa Imbonakalo Nemfihlo Kwixesha Lamanani

Ukubekwa kwemivo kwamapolisa neengxelo zenkundla kuye kwazenza zalula kakhulu ukufikelela nokugqithisela. Noko ke, zikwadala iingxaki ezintsha zobumfihlo. I-website ze-Mugshot ethi emva kokuba iphumile imifanekiso kunye nokukhutshwa kwetyala ikhuthaze imithetho ekwimimandla efana neTexas ne-Oregon. Ukulahlwa kogcino-lwazi lwezigebenga kwiinkampani zabucala kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ucalucalucalulo kwizindlu nasemsebenzini. Abaqululeki bemithetho balwa ngokugcina iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke ngenene ngoxa bekhusela abantu kwingozi ezingeyo. Iziphengululo ziquka imithetho engqongqo ethetha ngokutsha ngemisebenzi yobuqu, imidabambo eseleyo ehlala kunxibelelwano, kunye namalungelo akhuthazwe ekulandweni.

Indima yeekhamera zomzimba

Iikhamera zomzimba zifumaneka ngoku, kodwa ukuphathwa kwazo ngokwasemthethweni njengeerekhodi zikawonke-wonke akukhange kushunyanwe. Amanye amazwana achaza ukubekwa kwenyawo njengengxelo kawonke-wonke, ngelixa amanye eyiphatha njengehekisi okanye engayivumeli. Ukhokelo lomanyano olusuka kwiSebe leJaji lukhuthaza ukuba amasebe abonakale ngokucacileyo, kodwa imigaqo yasekuhlaleni yahluka ngokubanzi. Imanyano yesizwe yokhuselo lokhuselo lwe-CMFLT imemelele imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba isantya sigcinwe kwaye sifikeleleka ukwenzela iinjongo ezisemthethweni.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kwabacelayo

Enoba uyintatheli, umphengululi okanye ummi oxhalabileyo, ukuqonda le nkqubo kunokuliphucula impumelelo yakho.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ichaza iziko elilungileyo. Iingxelo zamapolisa zibanjwa lisebe lamapolisa elazenzayo. Kwingxelo zokubanjwa, intolongo yasekuhlaleni okanye i-ofisi ye-ofisi yomphathi-mikhosi zinokuba nento efunekayo. Iingxelo zenkundla ziphathwa ngumabhalane wenkundla.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jonga umthetho werekhodi yombuso wakho ovulekileyo. Jonga umbhalo womthetho, ukukhulula, kunye nesakhiwo sentlawulo. Amazwe amaninzi apapasha isikhokelo seFOIA. Inkululeko yolwazi yelizwe [[FLT:] igcina urhulumente- ngokovimba wezwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Bhala isicelo esicacileyo, esingqalileyo. Kuphephe ulwimi olungacacanga. Quka uluhlu lwemihla, amagama, amanani, kunye nendlela oyikhethayo. Igxininisa ukuba ucela iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke phantsi komthetho worhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lungela ukulibazisa nokukhanyela. Landela ngokubhala. Gcina iirekhodi zazo zonke iileta. Ukuba uyakhanyelwa, cela ukukhululeka okukhethekileyo nokubhena ukuba kuyafuneka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Funa uncedo. Intlangano njenge Komiti yaBabhengezi ye Freedom of the Press inika imigca eshushu kubacholacholi. Izahluko zobulali be American Liberies Union zinganika icebiso elisemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Imithetho karhulumente yeengxelo zamapolisa nenkcazelo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kucace gca kwaye kumele kubekwe ityala. Noko ke, umahluko ongaphaya koorhulumente uthetha ukuba amalungelo okufikelela anokuhluka ngokubanzi. Utyekelo lukukuko ukufumaneka lula ngakumbi, ingakumbi kwiingxelo zoqeqesho lwamapolisa nokusetyenziswa kweziganeko zonyanzelo, kodwa imiqobo ebalulekileyo isekho kuhlobo lokukhulula, imiqathango, nemiqobo esebenzayo. Ukuhlala waziwe ngemithetho ethile yorhulumente ethile nokusebenzisa imigaqo engcono xa kuncedwa abemi kunye neentatheli ekufumaneni iirekhodi zikawonke. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka bukho ukusetyenziswa kwakhona koomatshini bokusebenza nokugcina iprojeto kunye nogcino-data, abaxhasi kufuneka bahlale bephaphile ukuze bakhusele ilungelo lo gama kukhuselwa izilangazelelo-mfihlo ezifanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo awululangalungiswangalungiswangako, kodwa ukhuseleko oluluthiyo luhlala lubalulekile kulawulo lwe-demo-demokhrasi.