Isakhiwo Esingabonakaliyo Sobomi Bemihla Ngemihla: Indlela Imithetho Yoluntu Elichaphazela Ngayo Ihlabathi Lethu

Ntsasa nganye, izigidi zabantu zilandela imigaqo engabonakaliyo elawula yonke into ukusuka kwisantya abaqhuba ngaso ukuya kumthamo wencoko yabo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Le migaqo ```imithetho elungelelanisiweyo')) yimithetho ekhoyo yoluntu, kodwa isoloko ingabonwa de yaphulwe. Imithetho ecwangcisiweyo enyanzeliswe ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuya kumgangatho ophantsi weqela elithintelayo, le mithetho ibumba ilungelelanisa intsebenziswano yethu, ichaza imida, kwaye ekugqibeleni ibumba uphawu lobomi bethu. Ukuqonda impembelelo yabo asiyonto nje yemfundo; ibalulekile ekwakheni impilo, ukunyamezela.

Ukubaluleka Kwemithetho Yasekuhlaleni: Akuyomiqathango Nje

Imithetho yoluntu isoloko ithathwa njengemiqathango kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Noko ke, injongo yayo engundoqo kukwenza isiseko apho inkululeko inokuphumelela ngokukhuselekileyo. Ngaphandle kwezithethe ezimiselweyo, uluntu luhlahlelana kwisiphithiphithi, apho amalungelo omntu ngamnye asoloko esongelwa zizenzo zabanye ezingathintelwanga. Ukubaluleka kwale mithetho kungaqhawulwa kube yimisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo.

Ukhuseleko: Olokuqala

Kumgangatho wayo osisiseko, uluntu kufuneka lunike ukhuseleko lokoqobo. Imithetho yendlela ngumzekelo wencwadi. Ngokutsho kweNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ukusetyenziswa kwebhanti lokuhlala kusindisa ubomi obuqikelelwayo obuli-14,9555 ngonyaka wo-2017 kuphela. Imida yesantya, i-onqanda, kunye nokugcinwa kwe-DUI ayiyo imiqathango engekho semthethweni; yimithetho eyenzelwe ukunciphisa umonakalo. Ngokufanayo, ikhowudi yokwakha iqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo zikhuselekile emlilweni nasekoneni, ngexa iikhowudi zempilo zikhusela ukugula okubangelwa kukutya. Le mithetho isebenza ngasemva, kodwa ukungaphumeleli kwayo kuba yintlekele.

Umgaqo: Isiseko somsebenzi weNkxaso

Umyalelo uvumela intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo. Qwalasela umanyano lwabanini-khaya (HOA) olufuna imigangatho yokulondolozwa komthetho. Ngelixesha abanye benokuyijonga njengengenayo, umthetho ukhona ukugcina amaxabiso empahla kwaye wenze imekobume entle kubo bonke abemi. Unyaka 2018 ufundisiso kwi Journal of Urban Economics[ ifumene ukuba umnqophiso onyanzelekileyo u-HOA unganyusa amaxabiso empahla nge-2-4%. Umthetho wandisa ukuqokelelwa kwemiqathango yenkunkuma, imimiselo yokumisa inkunkuma, imvume, kunye nemithetho yengxolo. Le mithetho inciphisa ukhupho, ivumela abantu ukuba bahlane ngokungqubana nengquzulana.

Intlonelo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nesidima

Imithetho eququzelela intlonelo. Imithetho yokungavumelani kwemibutho yabantu kwizindlu, emsebenzini, nakwizindlu zikawonke-wonke ikhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni ngenxa yebala, ubufanasini, unqulo, okanye ubulwelwe. Le mithetho imisela ngokwesiko ibonakalisa ukuma okuhle okudibeneyo okuthi wonke umntu ufanelwe ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Imithetho yequmrhu, njengokumbekela umnyango umntu okulandelayo okanye ukungamphazamisanga ekuncokoleni, ukukhuthaza intlonelo yoluntu. Ngaphandle kwale migaqo, ukuthembana nokuthembana kwentlalo kuyadodobala.

Ukuba Ngamalungu: Imilinganiselo Yokuzichaza Kwabantu

Xa ibutho labantu libhiyozela iholide, lilandela isiko lasekuhlaleni, okanye libambelele kwimithetho ethile yokuziphatha, kuqinisa ingqiqo ye- “us.” Oku kuyabonakala kumaqela onqulo asondeleneyo, amaqela esizwe, okanye namaqela akwi-intanethi. Imimiselo enxibe, ulwimi, okanye izithethe zinceda amalungu aziva enxulumene. Uphando olusuka kwinzululwazi yengqondo yoluntu, njengomsebenzi kaHenri Tajfel kwingcamango yokwazi ukubalal, ibonisa ukuba ukuba amaqela akwizithethe ezicacileyo andisa ukuzinxiba, ukunyaniseka.

Iintlobo zemithetho yoLuntu: Ulawulo olunempembelelo

Ayiyo yonke imithetho enobunzima obufanayo okanye imvelaphi efanayo. Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo kusinceda sihambe kakuhle size siqonde xa kufuneka zitshintshe.

Imithetho esesikweni: Ibhalwe kwaye Inyanzelwe

Imithetho yenkcitho (] idityanisiwe kumthetho, inkqubo, okanye ummiselo. Iquka imithetho yasekuhlaleni (umz., imithetho yeleash yezinja), imimiselo yorhulumente (umz., i-iimpeansing), kunye nemithetho yezotywala (umz., imigaqo yokukhusela indalo). Le misebenzi iquka umgaqo wonyanzelo olucacileyo: intelekelelo, izalathiso, okanye kwaneempatho. Imithetho yomgaqo-mthetho yemithetho yemithetho yesithethe icace kakuhle kwaye isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke. Isoloko idalwa ngeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, njengemivhotho okanye umthetho wesixeko. Imizekelo iquka imithetho eyahlula indawo yoshishino kunye nesantya.

Imithetho Engacwangciswanga: Engabhalwanga Kodwa Enamandla

Imithetho ekwimo engabhalwanga elawula ukuziphatha kwabantu. Iingcali zezentlalo zidla ngokwahlula phakathi kwemijelo yemibutho (izithethe zosuku ngalunye ezifana nokutya ngezitya) kunye [[FLT:]]] kunye [[FLT]]] kunye nomlinganiselo othe kratya [[[FLT]] [iiiinqabelo lokuziphatha okuhle] (imilinganiselo eqiniswe ngokunzulu efana nokwahlulelwa kobusela okanye ungqubano). Le mithetho ifundwa ngokhuphiswano oluqhelekileyo nolunyanzelo olungoluthiweyo, ukugqwala, ukuhleba, okanye ukulungisa. Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezininzi, kujongwa njengomntu ongowodwayo. Oku kumele ukungagotyiwa komthetho wokungagonywa komthetho wobuqu nokwethulelo olungenantluvo olufanelekileyo.

Imithetho Yolungiselelo: Ulawulo lwamaqela

Izikolo, iiklabhu, imibutho, nemibutho yonqulo nganye inemimiselo yayo yemithetho. Umthetho wokunxiba wesikolo, imigaqo yendlela yokuziphatha, okanye imfuno yeqela lezemidlalo yonke iyimithetho yoluntu esekelwe kumongo okhethekileyo. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukufikelela iinjongo zentlangano nokugcina impucuko yayo. Ngokomzekelo, imigaqo yokubeka imbeko kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi ngumthetho osesikweni oneziphumo eziqatha zokuqhatha, ebonisa ukuzinikela kwequmrhu kwingqibelelo yemfundo. Imithetho yequmrhu idla ngokubhalwa nokunyanzelwa kwemiqathango yebhulo esesikweni neyongacwangciswangacwangciswanga; ixhomekeke kakhulu ekuthengeni kwezithethe ukuze iphumelele.

Imithetho Yoluntu Yamanani: Ingqungquthela Entsha

Ngokunyuka kwezithuba ze Internet, udidi olutsha luphumele: imithetho yamanani yoluntu. Iiplatform njenge Reddit, amaqela e Facebook, kunye neeseva zeDasmard zinemigaqo-nkqubo yazo yobungcathu, ikhowudi yehambo, nezithethe. Le mithetho ilawula intetho, ulwabelano, kunye nokusebenzisana komsebenzisi. Ukruphiso lungaphumela ekususweni kweposi, ukuvalwa komsebenzi wexeshana okanye ukugxothwa okusisigxina. Ucelomngeni lokumisa le mithetho ngaphaya komhlaba wonke, abemi abangenagama baye bakhokelela kushishino bonke abangaphakathi. Impumelelo yemithetho yamanani ingumbandela wengxoxo eshushu, ingakumbi kumacala okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo okuyingozi.

Indlela Imithetho Yoluntu Ebuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla: Ukusuka Kwilanga Ukuya Kwilanga

Impembelelo yemithetho yasekuhlaleni isasazeke ngokubanzi, ichaphazela phantse phantse mzuzu ngamnye womhla wethu.

Ukusebenzisana Nolwalamano

Ukusuka kwixesha esibulisa ngalo ummelwane, sisebenza phantsi kwezithethe zasekuhlaleni. Ukuxhawulana, amaza, okanye “imithetho elula esetyenziswayo engobuhlobo nokuvuma. Emsebenzini, imithetho emalunga nentsonkothe yomyalelo, imigaqo yesimilo sentlanganiso, kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-imeyili ilawula indlela esisebenzisana ngayo. Xa sihamba nowonke-wonke, umthetho ongabhalwanga wokuphepha ungqamaniso kwizithuba ezixineneyo unceda abantu bagcine imvakalelo yokuba bazimele bodwa. Le miqathango inciphisa ixhala kwaye yenza uqhutyelwano lwendlela oluthe ngqo. Xa bephuka, omnye umntu uthetha ngokuvakalayo kwimfonomfono yabo kwithala lncwadi elithulileyo, nto ebangela ukungaphithiyo nokungquzula.

Izithuba Ezihambayo

Intshukumo yomzimba ilawulwa kakhulu yimithetho yoluntu. Imithetho ye-Noisenti isebenzisa ii-crosscams, iibhayisekile zilandela uphawu lwendlela, kwaye abaqhubi bathobela izibane zezithuthi. Le mithetho isoloko ikhobokile kangangokuba sithobela ngaphandle kokucinga. Imithetho yokuzibophelela igqiba enoba uhlala ecaleni kwefektri okanye kopaki. Imithetho yengxolo ilawula xa ungakwazi ukubeka i-onki yakho okanye ufumana iqela. Kwanokubekwa kwemiqondiso yesitrato kunye nokumiswa kwebhasi ngumphumo wemithetho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ukuba Ngumntu Onjani Na Abantu Nekratshi

Imithetho ingakhuthaza ingqiqo enamandla yokufumana ingingqi yoluntu. Ukwenza inxaxheba kwigadi yoluntu, ukubambelela kucwangciso lokuphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona, okanye ukugcina izithethe zasekuhlaleni ezifana nomthendeleko wedolophu kuqinisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Xa amalungu oluntu edibene alandela imithetho ekhuthaza ubuhle, ucoceko, okanye umbhiyozo, ayazingcazela ngemeko-bume yawo. Umzekelo, ukubeka imithetho engqongqo kunye nokuyila kwiindawo ezifana neSanta Barbara, eKhalifoniya, ukulondoloza i-mente ekhuselwe ngokukrakrakra abahla. Olu phawu, lukhuthaza ukukhenketha nokuzisela, ukwenza i-emo. Ngokuphikisana noko, xa imithetho ibonwa njengeyo evela ngaphandle okanye enganakwabandle, abahlali beziva bengenamdlamzele yaye becaphukile.

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho

Imithetho yoluntu inempembelelo engqalileyo kwintlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho. Izifundo zerhafu yemibutho yerhafu kunye nezibonelelo zempahla, eziphembelela amaxabiso amakhaya. Ilayisenisi kwaye ivumela ukulawula amashishini, ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo yomgangatho kodwa kwakhona idala imiqobo yokungena. Imithetho emalunga nokutyela ngaphandle, ukurhwebelana kwezitrato, okanye ukumisa imoto ingenza okanye yaphule urhwebo lwasekuhlaleni. Izifundo ezingama-202020 ukusuka kwiBrookings Instition zifumanise ukuba imithetho engqongqo kakhulu yeendawo zokuhlala nokuqhuba iziphumo, ukuphazamisa ukuhamba kwezoqoqosho. Kwelinye icala, imithetho efake imigaqo entle emalunga nogcino-omatilo-nteli embali isenokunyusa ukhenkeko kunye namaxabiso empahla.

Impilo Nokhuseleko

Imithetho yempilo kawonke-wonke iphakathi kweyona ithena ichaphazela kakhulu. Ukusebenza kwale mithetho kuxhomekeke ekuthembekeni kwabantu bonke, ekuthintelweni kwemiqathango yesikolo, ekutshayelweni kwemiqathango ecacileyo, ekuhlolweni kwemiqathango yokutya, ekuhlolweni kwe-levenkile, nasekuhlolweni kokhuseleko lokutya okungacwangciswanga. Kukhobo konke kunciphisa izifo kunye nomonakalo wokukhukuliseka. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, imithetho yoluntu enxulumene nokuthintelwa kwebutho labantu, ingcaciso yeminya yemisw umgangatho ofana nentlangano yezempilo yomhlaba, igxininisa ukuba ukusebenza kwale kuxhomekeke ekumathelweni kwentlalo-ntle, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho epheleleyo.

Ucelomngeni Kwimithetho Yasekuhlaleni: Xa Iinkqubo zihamba-hamba

Akukho nkqubo yemithetho egqibeleleyo. Uluntu lujamelana neengxaki ezizingisileyo ezinokudodobalisa ukufaneleka nokusebenza kwemithetho yalo.

Ukuxhathisa Ukuguquka

Imithetho emiselweyo isoloko ingasebenzi. I-NIMBY (Ayikho kwiNqanawa Yam yeYard) ixhathisa inkqubela-phambili yezindlu ezintsha, kwanaxa uluntu lufuna iiyunithi ezinokufikeleleka kakhulu. Ngokufanayo, izithethe zesithethe zoluntu zisenokuphelelwa lixesha ngezantsi (umzekelo, imithetho yegumbi lokuhlambela elicacileyo elikhupha abantu ngabanye abatsha. Utshintsho lunzima kuba imithetho ikhuselwe; abantu baye bafaka ipropati yemo yendalo kunye noloyiko olungaziwayo. Utshintsho olunesiphumo lwengingqini lufuna ukudityaniswa kwengxoxo, iimpikiswano zedata-drivedn, kunye nokuphumeza ngokuthe ngcembe.

Izinto ezingafaniyo ezinyanzelwayo

Imithetho ilungile nje njengokuba isebenza, kodwa ukunyanzelisa kusenokungangqinelani okanye kungabi nabulungisa. Uphando olukwimida yeenqwelo-moya, umzekelo, lusoloko lubonisa ukungalingani kobuhlanga emkhosini. Ngokufanayo, izikhalazo zengxolo kwingingqi ezizizityebi zidla ngokuphendulwa ngokukhawuleza kunakwezo zihlwempuzekileyo. Ukunganyanzeliswa komthetho ngokwawo kuyayiphelisa intelekelelo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho impucuko engangqubaniyo. Ingingqi yenginya ifuna ukuba kubekho imbono entle, ekhanyayo, engqibelelweni, kwaye isoloko ikho, kuquka ulawulo olufana neebhodi zohlalutyo zamapolisa okanye abahloli abazimeleyo bokugcina imigaqo-mthetho.

Ulwalamano kunye nomelo

Imithetho eyenziwe liqela elilawulayo ingasilela ekuncedeni abantu abambalwa. I-HOA imithetho ethintela imiqathango yokuvala iimpahla ingachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abahlali abafumana imali ephantsi bezama ukugcina iindleko zezemali eziluncedo. Ukuthintela ukugcinwa kwezindlu ezininzi zosapho ngokunempumelelo kushiya abantu abatsha kunye nabaqeshi. Ukuquka iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka ziquke amazwi asuka kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu. Ukuthelekisa uqingqo-mali kunye noluntu zibhodi zoludwe lwezixhobo ezinokunceda. Umgaqo “Umba othe tyelwe ngaphandle kwethu” ungundoqo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwale mihla.

Ukungavunyelwa kwamapolisa nolawulo lobundlobongela

Imithetho emininzi ingathintela ubuchule bokwenza izinto, urhwebo, kunye nenkululeko yobuqu. Amashishini amancinane asoloko ezama ukumelana nexabiso lemvume, ilayisensi, kunye nohlolo. Abanini-khaya basenokungakwazi ukuseka amapali yelanga ngenxa yeminqophiso engqongqo yomnqophiso wobume. Ukugqithisa kungakhokelela ekulawuleni ukudinwa, apho abantu bangahoyi okanye baphephe inkqubo. Ukufumana umlinganiselo phakathi komgaqo oyimfuneko kunye neteyipu ebomvu engayimfuneko kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Ingcamango “yokulawula ngokufanelekileyo” ukusuka kubameli bemithetho kawonkewonke-wonke yemithetho elungelelanisayo okanye elawulayo ingozi.

Umahluko wobugcisa

Ubugcisa obutsha budla ngokudlula imithetho ekhoyo. Ii-drone ziphakamisa inkxalabo yemfihlo (njenge-Airbnb) eziphazamisa iimarike zezindlu kwimizi-zominyaka enjenge New York neBarcelona, apho imimiselo yehotele ingasebenzi. Iinkampani ezincedisayo njenge Uber neLyft zicela imithetho yokufaka iteksi kumgangatho wendlela yokusebenza. Ii-Drone ziphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba imithetho yangoku iqale ukudibana. Ingingqinelwano mayibe yemithetho ehlaziyayo ukuze ihlasele ulwano oluluko ngelixanduva.

Imigaqo yokukhuthaza imithetho elungileyo yoluntu

Ukumisela imithetho ephucula ubomi bemihla ngemihla kufuna umgudu wequmrhu nokusebenzisana.

Inkcitho yoluntu

Imithetho esebenzayo yileyo abemi bavakalelwa kukuba yiyo ekhoyo. Iidolophu zingaqhuba iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, zidala ii-internet zovolo okanye zisebenzise igalelo lokuqokelela igalelo. Ukuqokelela uqingqo-mali, apho abemi bakhetha ngokungqalileyo indlela yokusebenzisa inxalenye yoqingqo-mali kamasipala, baye baphumelela kwizixeko ezifana nePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kwaye ngoku kwizixeko ezininzi zase-US. Xa abantu bencedisa ekuyileni imithetho, batyekele ngakumbi ukuyenza kwaye bangayicaphukeli.

Ukuveliswa Kwemfundo Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

Imithetho kufuneka iqondwe. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka banikele inkcazelo ecacileyo, efikelelekayo malunga nemithetho nemithetho, ngokunjalo ngeelwimi ezininzi neefomati. Izikolo zingafundisa uluntu imfundo equka ulwazi olusebenzisekayo ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Amathala eencwadi kunye namaziko oluntu angafumana indawo yokusebenzela. Ukubonisa ngaphaya komgaqo ongasemva kwemithetho kuyalwandisa uthemba. Umzekelo, ukuchaza ukuba isantya sihlisiwe ngenxa yenani elikhulu leengozi zabahamba ngenqwelo-moya ezikhuthaza ukuthobelana kuneempawu ezilula.

Yakha Ulungelelwano Nempinda

Imithetho eqinileyo yophulwa njengeemeko. Iziko kufuneka zakhe ubuchule bokuzihlaziya nokuzihlaziya rhoqo. Iirejista zemini eziphuma ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwexesha elibekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba zihlaziyelwe ngokucacileyo. Iikomiti zokuzinzisa ikhowudi zingayihlaziya imithetho rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa. Iingcali ezitshintshayo kwinzululwazi yentlalo, ucwangciso lwedolophu, kunye nomthetho zinganika uluvo kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Ukuzingela kukwathetha ukuvumela iinkqubo zomqhubi okanye iziqhubi zeemeko ezikhethekileyo, ezinokuvavanya ukufikelela okutsha phambi kokusebenza okupheleleyo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula nokuziphendulela

Xa imithetho yophulo, kufuneka kubekho iziphumo, kodwa ezo ziphumo kufuneka zibe zezobulungisa kwaye zilungelelane. Iinkqubo zobulungisa ezitshayelelayo, ezijolise ekulungiseni umonakalo kunokuba zohlwaye onile, zinokuba luncedo kwizenzo ezincinane zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimiba elawulayo efana nehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa, imibutho ezimeleyo yoogadayo iyimfuneko. Imithetho yoluntu kufuneka inikezele nakwiirhintyelo ezinika ingxelo yempendulo `abameli kufuneka babe nendlela yokuchaza iingxaki kwaye babone ukuba inyathelo lithathiwe. Ukuphendula kwetyala kwakha ngokomthetho, okusisiseko sokuthobela ngokuzithandela.

Isiphelo: Imithetho Esiyikhethayo Lihlabathi Esakhayo

Asiyomithetho yoluntu engekho ngqiqweni evela ngasentla; zizigqibo ezidibeneyo zabantu abazama ukuphila kakuhle kunye. Ukusuka kumgaqo olungileyo wokumisa uphawu ukuya kukhuseleko olunzulu lomthetho wamalungelo abantu, le mithetho idala iimeko zokhuseleko, ucwangco, intlonelo, kunye nobulungu. Ayifanele ukuba ime ngamaxesha onke, kwaye ayifanele ibe zizo. Impilo yoluntu inokulinganiswa ngomgangatho wemithetho yayo kunye nenkqubo abayenza ngayo baze banyanzele ngayo. Njengabemi, sinalo omabini ilungelo nembopheleleko yokuqhubana nezo nkqubo zokuthetha, ukuphulaphula, nokulungisa izakhiwo ezingabonakaliyo ezikhokela ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Xa zisenziwa, azisinyanzeli; asisinyanzeli kunye; ziyasinika amandla ukuze siphile kunye.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo lwentlalo-ntle yemithetho, ubuchule bokwenza uphando olusuka kwi[FLT:] iManyano yeMali yeMelika yeSocial. Ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo kucwangco nokwenza imithetho, tyelela iziko lobuGcisa leSizwe kwiGwangciso-Mbali yeNdawo-wonke[[[FLT:]]]]. Ukuqonda impembelelo yemithetho ebeka imithetho ekwizindlu nokungalinganiyo, bona iingxelo ezisuka kwi- i-ISPT] i-Intectiontion [[FLT:]]]