Umhlaba wenkqubo kawonke-wonke awufane ube yimpumelelo ecocekileyo, esengqiqweni yoninzi. Endaweni yoko, libala lemidlalo elikhuphiswano apho izilangazelelo ezicwangcisiweyo ziphembelela ukuphembelela impembelelo, ngokufuthi linyanzelisa abenzi bemithetho yemeko-bume ukuba bathengise imigaqo enzima. Ukusuka kwimithetho yemeko-bume ukuya kwimithetho yerhafu, iminwe yamaqela ejongene nemigaqo-siseko enzima yenkqubo enkulu. Ukuqonda indlela asebenza ngayo la maqela, ubuchule bawo, kunye norhwebo olungenakuphepheka oluyilwayo luyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda amandla okwenyaniso olawulo. Eli nqaku linwebela ulwalamano olubalulekileyo, lunika ukujonga nzulu kwiintlobo zenkqubo, iindlela, iinjongo ezichazwayo ezichaza amandla awo, kunye nentengiso olunento ecacileyo.

Yintoni Amaqela Anomdla?

Amaqela anomdla (ayaziwa nangoku ngokuba ngamaqela oxinzelelo, amaqela olawulo, okanye izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo) alungelelaniswe ngabantu okanye imibutho efuna ukuphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke ukuhambisela phambili umdla okanye ityala. Ahlukene kumaqela ezobupolitika kuba engathathi nxaxheba kwisebe; kunoko, azimisele ukumisela izigqibo zabo basemagunyeni.

Amaqela anomdla afumaneka ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka:

  • Amaqela enzala yezoqoqosho – La malungu amela amashishini, imibutho yabasebenzi, unxulumano lorhwebo, kunye nemibutho yezobugcisa. Imizekelo iquka iChunga lorhwebo lase-U.S., i-American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), kunye ne-American Medical Association.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amaqela enzala yePublic - Ezi zithethelela izinto ezijolise kwinjongo yokunceda uwonke-wonke, njengokhuseleko lwemekobume, amalungelo abathengi, okanye inkululeko yabemi. Imizekelo yi-Sierra Club, Public Citizen, kunye ne-American Liberation Union (ACLU).
  • Amaqela eemfundiso zendalo – Ezi zikhuthaza iseti ethile yeenkolelo okanye intanda-bulumko, njengeetanki ezinamasuntswana aqhelekileyo (umz., iLifa lemveli Foundation) okanye imibutho eqhubela phambili ye-adocacy (umz., Sheng On.org).
  • Amaqela aneziqu ezibini ezibini - Ezi zijolise kumbandela omxinwa, okhethekileyo, njengamalungelo emipu (Intlangano yesizwe), amalungelo okuqhomfa (FARAL Pro-Choice America), okanye impilo-ntle yezilwanyana (Abantu abanobuNtloko be-Athoniatic Treatment of Animals).
  • Amaqela enzala yeGovernment – Ezi zimela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, njengeNational Gunyammants Association okanye uManyano lweSizwe lwamaCities.

Amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo athetha ukuba ibala lemidlalo lizaliswe ngamazwi akhuphisanayo, ngalinye lisebenzisa ubuncwane balo ukuze lidlulisele isigidimi salo.

Ukuphenjelelwa

Amaqela anomdla asebenzisa uludwe lwamacebo okubumba inkqubo. Ezona ndlela ziphambili ziquka ukutsala, ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali yephulo, ukurhwebelana, ukuqokelela iingca, namaphulo eendaba.

Ilaving

Ukurhwebelana limigudu engqalileyo yokuphembelela abaququzeleli bomthetho, abalawuli, okanye abanye amagosa karhulumente. Abangenisi bobuGcisa badibana nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, banikela uphando kunye nogcino-lwazi, umthetho ogunyazisayo, kwaye banikele ubungqina ekuchotshelweni. Lo mcimbi ukhuselwa phantsi kwelungelo lokuKhulula uLawulo lokuququzelela urhulumente. Ngokweemo evela kwiZiko lomthetho, inkcubeko lokuqhubela phambili eUnited States, ukuchitha intshumayelo emalini engaphezulu kwama-R3,7 ezigidi nge-2023 kuphela [openthis)]. .

Imali yeCandelo

Amaqela anomdla afuna ukuphembelela unyulo nge komiti yezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs) kunye nee-PACs ezinkulu, ezinyusa zize zichithe imali ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2010 kwi . ICIII-United v. iFederal Comment Commission[[[[FLL:1]]] isusa imida kwinkcitho ezimeleyo ekhoyo ngemiqathango yemibutho nangamaqumrhu, ekhokelela ekunyuseleni kwemali ngaphandle kwemali. Amaqela ngoku angachitha intengo epheleleyo kwizibhengezo, iposi, kunye namanani angaphandle, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokutyhilwa okupheleleyo kwemiqathango yawo. La mandla avelisa izindululo ezicacileyo zabenzi benkqubo yokuqulungela izilangazelelo-demo-demokhrasitiki. I-odmisttion i-eactive projectives.[3][3]

Uqikelelo

Xa amaqela esilela ukufikelela iinjongo zawo ngomthetho, adla ngokubhekisa kwiinkundla. Amaqela abonakalisa umdla asebenzisa intelekelelo ephepha. Afaka i-acius curiane ("umhlobo wenkundla") imifutshane, kwaye axhase imingeni engokwasemthethweni okanye ekuxhaseni imithetho. Umzekelo, iSivumelwano seSizwe seNtlalo yabantu abanombala ococekileyo (NAACP) esisetyenziswe ekususeni izikolo ezitshaye kumthetho Brown v. Board yemfundo[. Kutshanje, amaqela emekobume i-bume bendalo athe afaka i-Advectory Agency i-Altection yokhuseleko lokukhusela imouseal Application ukunyanze umoya ococekileyo kunye nemimiselo yamanzi. Umthetho ukuvumela amaqela ukuba aphumele inkqubo yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ekwiminyaka engamashumi amane.

Uphazamiso lwe Grassroot

Amaphulo abandakanya ukukhuthaza abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba badibane namagosa anyuliweyo, bangene kwiintlanganiso, basayine izibongozo, okanye bavote kumanyathelo okufaka izicelo. Inkqubela kubugcisa bamanani ibangele ukuba iingca eziphucukileyo ziqokelelwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinciphe. Amaqela ayakwazi ukusebenzisa uluhlu lwe-imeyili, i-media yezentlalo-mbini, kunye nezibhengezo zokubhengeza ukuze aqhube abaxhasi kwisaziso somzuzwana. Impumelelo yeqela leTea Party, i-Black Lives Confect zombic ibonakalisa amandla okhuphini lokuguqula intetho yezobupolitika. Noko ke, amaqela aneziququze kakuhle ngamanye amaxesha angene kwi "astratuling, , ," apho enza imbonakalo ephosakeleyo yemibutho lengca ngexesha elingekho mthethweni ngenkampani.

Imithombo yezopolitiko noluntu

Amaqela anomdla afaka imali eninzi ekulungiseni uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngezibhengezo, ngokushicilela, ngokukhupha ii-op-eads, kunye namaphulo onxibelelwano olukhuthazi. Ngokubeka imibandela ngendlela elungileyo, angakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke ngokwezikhundla zawo kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika ukuba athathe inyathelo. "Indawo yolawulo" ingxelo esetyenziswa ngabachasi boMthetho wesikhathalelo esinempembelelo enkulu ephawulekayo kwingxoxo yenkqubo. Amaphulo e-Media ayasebenza ngokukhethekileyo xa edityaniswa nokuququzelela nokupheka.

Urhwebo lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke

Impembelelo yamaqela enzala anyanzelisa ukurhweba ngenkani. Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka balinganise iimfuno zokukhuphisana, banike oovimba abanqabileyo, balinganise iziphumo zexesha elifutshane nxamnye neziphumo zexesha elide. Ezi zilandelayo ziindawo ezingundoqo apho ezi zixhobo zokurhweba zibonakala khona.

Inkcitho

Inkqubo ayichaphazeleki rhoqo kwiqela elinye; imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi idala abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo. Umzekelo, isigqibo sokwandisa ukubhobhoza kwe-oyile kunxweme kunganceda iinkampani kunye nabasebenzi kodwa abalondolozi bemekobume kunye noluntu oluselunxwemeni. Abaphathi-nkqubo kufuneka baqhube le mfazwe, ngokufuthi benze ukhetho oluxhasayo olunamandla, amaqela alungeleleneyo asebenza, afumana izilangazelelo ezincinane nezilungelelanisiweyo. Le misebenzi ichazwa ngokudumileyo yinzululwazi yezopolitiko iMancur Olson [[FLT:]] iLogic of Cooperation Action[, ephikisayo ukuba amaqela amancinane, aphezulu, aluncedo kakhulu ekulungeleni ukulungele ulungiso, nakusasazwa, naxa kuboniswa umdla omkhulu kwezepolitiko.

Indawo ekuyo uvimba wefayili

Amaqela anomdla akhuphisana kungekuphela nje ngenxa yeziphumo ngokomthetho kodwa kwanemali karhulumente. Ukurhweba ngeembasa, irhafu, okanye inkxaso-mali ingaphazamisa imali kawonke-wonke kwezinye iimfuno. Umzekelo, inkxaso yemali yefama ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wempempempe elungeleleneyo yemali ekhutshwayo egcina iimali ezifumana imali ezinceda abavelisi abambalwa kwindleko yabahlawuleli-mali kunye norhwebo lwehlabathi lonke. Ukurhweba ngentengiso kuphakathi kokuxhasa ushishino oluthile lwemali nokugcina impumelelo. I-Congresganizaalal Bactal Bactal kunye ne-Accounting Office yeRotable Office ne-octive Office yoRhulumenters inika ibonelela iinters ezinjalo, kodwa iingcebiso labo abafumana iindleko ezikhoyo eziluncedo eziluncedo eziluncedo eziluncedo ezingelelwe kwingcinezelo zezobupolitika [GA:] [GA]]

Iinjongo zexesha elide

Amaqela anomdla asoloko ebeka phambili impumelelo ekhawulezileyo, nezisombululo ezizinzileyo. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu abasebenzi anganyanzela ukunyuka kwemali ekhawulezileyo, enokubanceda abasebenzi namhlanje kodwa anokuthi akhokelele ekulahlekelweni ngumsebenzi ukuba abaqeshi baya kuba basebenzi okanye bafuduka. Ngokufanayo, amaqela emeko-bume asenokukuchasa ukuthomalalisa okungakhawuleziyo kokukhutshwa komoya, okunokuthi kubambezele inkqubela. Abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka bahlolisise ungxamise ungxamise iimfuno zangoku nxamnye neengozi zeziphumo ezingalindelekanga zexesha elizayo.

Ukuphendula ngedemokhrasi

Kukho ukurhweba okusisiseko phakathi kwempembelelo yenzala kunye nokulingana kwedemokhrasi. Xa inkqubo yeziphumo zokwenziwa yimali namandla entlangano, umgaqo "womntu omnye, ukuvota omnye" ululama. Abalawuli basenokuvakalelwa kukuba amazwi abo aphunyukiswe ziinjongo ezikhethekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxekweni nasekujikeni okusezantsi. Utshintsho olufana nemida yemali yezemali, iimfuno zokubona ngaphaya kwemali, kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke-wonke yonyulo luzama ukuphinda lulungelelanise inkqubo, kodwa bajongene nenkcaso enzima evela kumaqela angenelwayo kwimo yomgangatho. IZiko lophando lubhale inkxalabo ekhulayo ngendima kawonke yemali kwezobupolitika [[FLT:] [FT:] [FLT] [FG] Iziko lophando oluncinci].[FON]

Imisebenzi yefreyimu edityanisiweyo

Abaphengululi baye bavelisa iingcamango eziliqela ukuze bachaze indlela amaqela anomdla asebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

I-Plarumiism

Ingcamango ye-Pluralist, enxulunyaniswa noRobert Dahl, ithi idemokhrasi iqondwa kakuhle njengokhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi. Kule mbono, akukho qela linye lilawulayo ngenxa yokuba amandla asasazekile, kwaye amaqela awahlukeneyo aphumelele kwimibandela eyahlukileyo. Urhulumente usebenza njengomxhasi, ongenisa iintetho phakathi kwezithendeleko ezikhuphisanayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ubuninzi buqinisekisa ukuba ukhuthazo oluninzi luvakala, ukunqanda ulawulo olunabantu abaninzi.

I-Elitism

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ingcamango ephambili ithi amandla ajoliswe ezandleni zenani elincinane labantu abazizityebi, iinkokeli zeshishini, kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla abanxibelelene kakuhle. Abahlalutyi bobuninzi babonisa ukuba asingawo onke amaqela anezinto ezifanayo okanye anokufikelela. Ufundo oludumileyo luka C.Wright Mills, [[FL:0] uGunyaziso lwamandla olu-Elite, lwathiwa ukuba uthungelwano oluncinane lweshishini, umkhosi, neenkokeli zezobupolitika zenza izigqibo ezithethsath''.

Imfundiso Yokhetho Loluntu

Ingcamango yokhetho lukawonke wonke isebenzisa indlela yokuqiqa ngokwezoqoqosho kwindlela yokuziphatha yezobupolitika, iphikisa ngelithi abenzi benkqubo, njengabo bathabatha inxaxheba kwiimarike, basebenza ngokwabo. Le mbono ibonisa ukuba amaqela anomdla asebenzisa kakubi inkqubo yezobupolitika ukufumana "amalungu" – iinzuzo ezikhethekileyo ezingafumanekiyo ngokhuphiswano olukhululekileyo. Abaphengululi abakhethwayo ngabantu ngokubanzi babalaselisa isiganeko so "ukuqengqeleka," apho abaxhasi bemibutho yokurhwebi bevota ukukhusela iprojects zemi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiziphumo zemithetho engekhoyo.

Uphando lwetyala lamaqela anika umdla

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ecacileyo icacisa indlela impembelelo yeqela elinomdla eguqulela ngayo kwimithetho yehlabathi yokwenene yokurhweba.

ISizwe seNtlalo-ntle (NRA)

I-NRA yenye yezona qela linamandla kwimbali yaseMelika. Ngentsebenzo ebanzi, igalelo lephulo, kunye namalungu aqhutywa ngamandla, iye yakwazi ukuvala okanye ukuthoba imipu emva kokudubula kobuninzi. Impembelelo ye-NRA ibangele ukurhweba okuzingisileyo phakathi kwamalungelo esibini oMgqomo kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Emva konyaka ka2018 Parkland ukudubula, umbutho ujongene nesiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi semali, kodwa impembelelo yayo ende kwimithetho yemipu ihlala icacile. Ukuphumelela kweqela ekulondolozeni ukufikelela kompu kufake isandla kumlinganiselo ophezulu wemipu, sekunjalo nayiphi imiqathango yomthetho enzima.

INgxowa-mali yokhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EDF)

I-EDF ithatha indlela esekelwe kwintengiselwano yezorhwebo, idla ngokusebenzisana nemibutho encedisanayo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha i-cap kunye ne-trades. Impembelelo yayo yanceda ekulungiseni ulungiso lomthetho womoya we-1990 kunye nenkqubo yemozulu elandelayo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ngokusebenza ngaphakathi kwinkqubo, i-EDF ilwamkele uhlengahlengiso olulibazisa kakhulu ukuphuma komphunga. Ukurhwebeshelwa kuphakathi kokufikelela inkqubela ephezulu nokugcina ukuthembeka ukutyhalela utshintsho olukhulu. Ubuchule be-EDF bubonisa indlela amaqela amele aqhube ngayo uxinzeko phakathi kwabasebenzi abanobuchule bokubumba umthetho nabangaphandle abanokufuna ukutshintsha inyathelo.

AARP (Imanyano yaseMelika yabantu abathathe umhlala-phantsi)

UARP ngumbutho omkhulu wamalungu omkhosi oxhasa abantu abadala baseMerika, ingakumbi kwiNtlalo-ntle kunye neMedicare. Amandla awo okutsala aluncedo ekulondolozeni iingenelo nanjengoko iminyaka yobudala kunye nemali yokuthembeka ijongene nentengiselwano. Impembelelo yeqela ibalaselisa ucelomngeni lokukhusela abahlali bangoku nokuqinisekisa ukuxhaswa kwexesha elide kweenkqubo. IARP ngamanye amaxesha iye yachasa utshintsho oluza kudala iingenelo, lwenze kube nzima ukuphendula kwiimeko zemali.

Ishishini Lezamayeza

I-transport yonyango lwamayeza, emelwa ngamaqela afana ne-PRMA, ichitha amakhulu ezigidi minyaka le ekungeneni nasekunikezeleni inkxaso yephulo. Impembelelo yayo iye yanxulunyaniswa namaxabiso aphezulu eziyobisi, amandla karhulumente alinganiselweyo, kunye nezixhobo ezigunyazisayo ezinyuselayo ezisebenzisa umbane omnye. I-nterfo iphakathi kokuqalisa (ngengeniso ephezulu) nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okufikelelekayo kumayeza. Ngo-2022, uMthetho we-Inflatiation Reduction uquka amaxabiso aphantsi aphantsi kwemiqathango yeziyobisi, kodwa ulawulo olude lwamandla onyango lwezamayeza lubonisa indlela ekunzima ngayo ukoyisa inkcaso. Intengiselwano ihlala iyingxoxo ephakathi kwinkqubo yezonyango.

Imigudu Yabafundi Nabafundisi

Ukuqonda impembelelo yamaqela anomdla kubalulekile kubafundi bembali, benzululwazi yezobupolitika, nabezentlalo.

  • Zinike abafundi ukuba benze uphando ngeqela elinomdla, bahlolisise usukelo, iindlela kunye nempembelelo yenkqubo yabo. Kufuneka bachaze iintengiso ezibangelwa kukukhuthaza kwelo qela.
  • Iingxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo ngemixholo efana nethi "Ngaba amaqela anomdla ayayinyusa okanye ayithobe idemokhrasi? okanye "Ngaba kufuneka anyanzeliswe ukuba akhuthaze abafundi ukuba basebenzise ubungqina bezo ziphumo?
  • Sebenzisa imisebenzi yemfaniso apho abafundi badlala indima njengeqela labameli, abangenisi-zintlu, abamisi-mthetho, neentatheli ukuze bazibonele ngokwabo uthelekisano kunye nabarhwebi.
  • Mmeme umzalwana otyelele iindwendwe kwimibutho yoonongendi (okanye iimbono eziphikisanayo) ukuba axubushe ngomsebenzi wakhe aze aphendule imibuzo yabafundi.
  • Zichazele iziganeko ezikhoyo, ucele abafundi ukuba balandelele umthetho baze bachaze ukuba ngawaphi amaqela azimisele ukuwufuna okanye awuchase.
  • Hlola indima yemali kwezobupolitika ngokuhlolisisa inkxaso-mali evela kwimithombo engeyoyaparti njengeOpensecrets. Ukuba abafundi bachaze ingxubusho phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwemali neziphumo zemithetho.

Iingcinga ezimaxongo ziphambili: Abafundi bafanele bafunde ukubuza ukuba ngubani ongenelwayo kwimigaqo ethile, omazwi akhe angakumbi, nowenziwe waphantsi.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yamaqela anomdla kwimigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke yokurhweba ngedemokhrasi ayilungile okanye ayilungile ngokwemvelo; luphawu olusisiseko lolawulo lwedemokhrasi lwale mihla. Amaqela anika umelo kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo, anika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kubenzi benkqubo, kwaye anike abanikeli bemi imvume. Kodwa akwaneemfuno ezithelekisayo, agqwetha izinto eziphambili, kwaye avavanye inyathelo lokuqala lolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuphawula ezi zinto zimbini zibangela ukuba abafundi nabafundisi basondelele kumbandela nge-controgram. Isitshixo asiko ukuphelisa amaqela anomdla – kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala ivulekile, icace, kwaye isabela kwimdlalo kawonke. Njengabemi, ukuqonda oku kungumqathangowo wokuqala kubamba amaqela kunye nabenzi benkqubo abaphendula ngentengiso abayenzayo.