Table of Contents
Ukwazisa
Utshintsho lwesithili se-Electoral lunamandla ekulungiseni iindlela zamaqela ezobupolitika eJapan. Kude kube kukuzilolonga okulula, ukuhlaziya kutshintsha indlela yokhuphiswano, ukunyanzela amaqela ukuba aphinde ajonge ukhetho lobalo kwakhona, ukuthunyelwa kwemiqathango kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemigaqo. Ukuxube okungaqhelekanga kweJapan kwemida yengingqi enye kunye nomelo lolungelelwaniso, kudityaniswe nokutshintsha okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu, kwenza iziphumo zotshintsho olunzulu ngokukhethekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ezithi zifake impembelelo kwimibambo yakutshanje kunye nomongo wembali ukunikezela imbono ecacileyo yemaphu eluncedo eJapan.
Imvelaphi Yeenguqu Zesithili Se-Electoral EJapan
Inkqubo yonyulo yeJapan ifumene utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo. Utshintsho lonyaka we-199 lwangenisa inkqubo exubeneyo yamalungu ayintloko: 295 (kamva 289) imimandla enye (SMDs) kunye ne-180 (kamva 176) umelo lokulungelelanisa (PR) kwizihlalo kwi House of Services. Oku kusuka kwinkqubo endala yesithili eguqulwe ngokusisiseko, kunye nokuvuseleleka kwaba sisixhobo esiphinda-phindwayo sokuthetha nge-getye elibi.
UmGaqo-siseko waseJapan ufuna ukulingana kwixabiso levoti nganye, kodwa ukuhlaziywa ngokukhawuleza kwedolophu kuye kwadala umahluko othe rhoqo apho izithili zasemaphandle zinabavoti abambalwa kakhulu kubameli ngabanye kunabasedolobheni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavakalisa unyulo oluninzi oludlulileyo olungamiselwanga ngenxa ye-mopatrotion, ikhuthaza iDiet ukuba ihlaziye imida yesithili. IRedigali yenzeka malunga neminyaka eli-10, ngokufuthi ilandela iziphumo zokubalwa kwabantu. Iinguqulo zakutshanje ezibalulekileyo zasebenza ngo-2017, ukunciphisa izihlalo kwiiofisi zasemaphandleni nokudibanisa ezinye iindawo zasedolobheni. Ngo-20222, ezinye izihlalo zongezelelwe kwiTokyo kunye nokususwa kwemimandla engaphindiselanga bani.
Ezi nguqulelo azingokwenziwa nje. Amaqela ezobupolitika aphembelela inkqubo yokuhlaziya iDiet, kwaye iimaphu ezilandelayo zinganceda ekubekeni okanye zivelise iindawo zokuvula iimbambano. Ukuqonda le mvelaphi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iinguqulelo zesithili ezihamba ngayo ngenkqubo yeqela.
Imiphumo Emibi Kwimibutho Yezobupolitika
Ukukhetha Nokubeka Indawo
Xa imida yesithili itshintsha, amaqela kufuneka agqibe ukuba aphi na amatsha - ntliziyo. Amalungu adibeneyo okanye atsalwe kwakhona angaphulukana nesiseko sawo somhlaba, awanyanzelela ukuba akhuphisane kwingingqi entsha okanye acel ’ umngeni ilungu leqela elinye. Amatheko anemibutho eqinileyo yasekuhlaleni, njengeLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), asoloko ekhusela ukukhuselwa ngokuwagcina kwimimandla elungileyo, ngelixa amaqela abachasi esenokujamelana nokhetho olunzima phakathi kokuqhuba abasebenzi abaphezulu abakwizihlalo ezintsha zokhuphiswano okanye asasaze ubuncwane obunciphile.
Ukuvuleka kwala maqela kuchaphazela indima ye kōennai `iinkqubo zenkxaso zomntu ngamnye ezisisiseko samaziko amaninzi eengingqi zezobupolitika zaseJapan. Ezi nkqubo zombutho zidla ngokwakhiwa kaninzi kangangamashumi eminyaka zidibene nemimandla ethile. Xa imida yesithili itshintsha, abezobupolitika kufuneka baphinde banxulumane noluntu olutsha, inkqubo ebiza imali eninzi nenika ixesha elininzi. Amaqela amancinane aneengcambumbu zasekuhlaleni asoloko efumana oku kunzima, ezi zishiyekelwe phantsi kwengxaki kwimimandla etsha.
Izahlulo zikwasebenzisa uluvo lokudibanisa iindlela zokufakela. Umzekelo, iqela elilindele ukuphulukana nesithili ngenxa yotshintsho lomda lingasebenzisa umfaki-nkonzo apho, likhulula ubuncwane ukwenzela izizwe ezinika ithemba. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela angajolisa amaphondo amatsha angenayo ikhusi, awajonga njengezihlalo ezivulekileyo ezilungele ukubanjwa.
Indawo ekuyo uvimba wefayili
Imali yekampeni `imali, abasebenzi, ixesha, amajelo eendaba, kunye neenkqubo zamatsha - ntliziyo , kunye namaqela anikezela ngazo ngendlela elungele ukufezekisa. Ukujolisa kunyanzela amaqela ukuba aphinde ahlolisise ukuba yiyiphi imida emitsha efuna utyalo-mali olunzima. Emva kokuba imida emitsha itsalwe, ikomkhulu leqela lenza uhlalutyo, isithili esiphezulu ngokhuphiswano kunye nokungahlawulwa.
I-LDP, engenelwayo kushishino oluzinzileyo kunye neqela lenzala exhasayo, ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango kudla ngokubangela ukutshintshelwa kobuncwane kwimimandla yasezidolophini apho ukwanda kwabemi kubangele izihlalo ezintsha. Amaqela enkcaso afana ne-Democratic Partial Democratic yaseJapan (CDP) kufuneka abeke izigxina zemimandla apho akhoyo okanye apho iinguqu zamanani abantu ziye zawaphazamisa khona iLDP. IQela le-Inpinnovation (Nippon Isno no Kai) lijolise kwimimandla yasezidololo, ingakumbi eOsaka nemimandla engqongileyo, ukusebenzisa i-redificieces kwandisa i-ekhokholo layo.
Ukwabiwa kwezibonelelo akubhekisi kuphela malunga nemali. Ixesha leMedia kunye namaqhinga okugunyazisa kwakhona. Iintlanganiso zingandisa izibhengezo zikamabonwakude kwisithili ezinemida emitsha ukuphakamisa igama phakathi kwabavoti abangaqhelanga. Izivumelwano ezisuka kumaqumrhu abasebenzi, amaqela onqulo, okanye iimbutho zezoshishino ziba nenkxalabo efuna ukudibana, njengoko zinokunikezela ngothungelwano lomvoti otsha otsalweyo.
Ukubekwa Kwendawo Komgaqo-nkqubo Nomyalezo
Ukuhlenga-hlengisa kuchaphazela ukwenziwa kwabemi besithili, amaqela anyanzelisayo ukutshintsha inkqubo yawo. Isithili esitshintsha ukusuka emaphandleni ukuya kwidolophu, umzekelo, siza kuba nezona zinto ziphambili ezingafaniyo .(imali yezolimo evela kubavoti basemaphandleni, ngoxa abavoti basezidolophini benyamekela kakhulu ukugcinwa kwemihla, izibonelelo zezithuthi, kunye nerhafu yempahla.
Izahlulo ezinemigangatho yamazwe avulekileyo kufuneka zivumelanise umyalezo wazo nomxube omtsha wabavoti kwimimandla etsalwa kwakhona. I LDP, nesiseko sayo esingokwesithethe sasemaphandleni, kwafuneka igxininise imiba yasedolophini enjenge utshintsho oludityanisiweyo[ kunye ne [FLT] abasebenzi abasebenzayo abathathi-nxaxheba kwizihlalo ezitsha ezisemadolophini. ICDP kunye namanye amaqela aphikisayo asoloko ebalazisa intlalo yoluntu, amalungelo abasebenzi, kunye nolungiso lwemiGomatila apho isanda, ukwamkela okuvutha.
Uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo lunokuba yingozi. Ukuba iqela litshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukuba lingafanelana nomvoti wesithili esitsha, kusenokususa abaxhasi balo abasemgangathweni kwenye indawo. Ukuhlenga-hlengisa kunyanzelisa izenzo eziceke kakhulu zokuzilungisa, ingakumbi kumaqela axhomekeke ekubhaleni iingcamango ngendlela engatshintshiyo.
Umanyano
Izobupolitiki zaseJapan zongeza olunye umaleko. I-LDP neKomeito luphawu oludala; iKomeito inika iqela lovota elifanelekileyo, ingakumbi kwimimandla yasedolophini nenkxaso eyomeleleyo yeSoka Gakkai. Ukudibanisa icandelo kungachaphazela ixabiso lalo mdibaniso. Xa imida emitsha yenza izihlalo zokhuphiswano apho abaxhasi bamaKomeito bedityanisiwe, i-LDP ingakhetha ukungaziphathisi, endaweni yoko ixhase iKomeito nominee ukuxhasa kwenye indawo.
Kwicala lenkcaso, ukuphinda-phinda imigaqo kusoloko kunyanzelisa umanyano. ICDP, iQela lobuKomanisi laseJapan, namanye amaqela enkcaso maxa wambi aye avuma ukumisa umlandeli omnye kwisithili esithile ukunqanda ukwahlula ivoti echasene ne-LDP. Ukuphinda utsale iimaphu kungayinceda okanye ithintele ulwano olunjalo. /ukuba imida emitsha iyahlula indawo, intsebenziswano iba nzima ngakumbi.
Amaqela amancinane afana noReiwa Shinsengumi okanye iNtlalo-ntle yeQela leDemocratic ajongene neengxaki. Izihlalo ezihleliweyo zingawashiya ngaphandle kwesithili esinokuphumelela, ziwanyanzelela ukuba athembele ngokupheleleyo kuludwe lwePR. Impendulo ecwangcisiweyo isenokubandakanya ukwenza izivumelwano zolwahlulo lwangaphambi konyuso okanye ukudibanisa uluhlu ukuchaza ulwahlulo.
Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Lokuhlaziya Kwakutshanje
ISicwangciso soMsebenzi weNkqubo
Utshintsho lwangonyaka ka-2017 olusekelwe kubalo lwabantu lwangonyaka ka-2017, lolona lubalulekileyo lubalulekileyo kumashumi eminyaka. Lwanciphisa izihlalo ezili-10 ngokuyintloko kumaphondo asemaphandleni lwaza lwadibanisa izihlalo ezilishumi kwizikhululo ezintlanu: iTokyo yafumana izitulo ezi-5, i-Chiba 2, Saitama 1, i-Kanagawa 1, kunye ne-Aichi 1. Olu tshintsho lwabonisa ukuba abantu bahamba ngakwikomkhulu nakumazwe akufuphi.
I-LDP yaphendula ngendlela elungele ukusetyenziswa. Iingcali zeqela lamajoni zafumanisa ukuba yeyiphi i-atyractates ejongene nomngcipheko omkhulu. Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni eyadityaniswe, abanye abamisitho be-LDP barhoxa kunokuba bacel ’ umngeni kwilungu leqela labo. Kwizihlalo ezitsha ezidalweyo zasedolophini, i-LDP yaqesha abaza kubhalisa iintambo zobulali--odwa, amalungu endibano yasekuhlaleni, okanye amanani aziwayo asuka kushishino okanye kumajelo eendaba. Iqela lakwali likwathi xhamlanisa umbutho walo neKomeito eTokyo, apho uKomeito anceda ukhuthulo olukhuselekileyo kwimimandla emininzi.
Phezu kwazo nje ezi nguqulelo, unyulo lonyaka ka-2017 lwabona iLDP iphulukana nezihlalo ezithile kwimimandla yasezidolophini kwiCDP nakwamanye amaqela aphikisayo, ngenxa yokunganeliseki buBuphathi bomphathiswa Shinzo Abe. Unyuso alukhange luzenzele uncedo oluzenzekelayo; kunoko, lwanyanzelisa iLDP ukuba isebenze nzima kwindawo entsha yokhuphiswano.
Ulungiso lweNkcaso: CDP neIshin
I-Gaqo-siseko se-Democratic Parti yeJapan, eyakhiwa ngo-2017 ukusuka kwindawo eyayisakuba yiDimocratic Party, yafumana ithuba kwingingqi ejoliswe kwidolophu ebomvu. Izihlalo ezintsha zaseTokyo zazisoloko zikwimimandla enezitsha, ezikhululekileyo. Abavoti beCDP bagxininisa apho, abaquququzeleli abanemigangatho enamandla ngokubhekiselele kukhuseleko lwentlalo kunye nohlaziyo lwemithetho-siseko. KwiChiba neSaitama, iqela elidibaniswe neqela lamaKomanisi kunye namanye amaqela ukuphepha ukwahlula i-LDP vhoti, ubuchule obuye baphumelela.
Nipton Ishin no Kai, ozinziswe eOsaka, watshintsheka. Iqela lanwenwela ukusuka kwisiseko salo ukuya kwezinye iindawo zasedolophini, ingakumbi kummandla weKansai kunye neenxalenye zeTokyo. Ukudityaniswa kwezihlalo ezongezelelweyo kwimimandla yesixeko esiminyeneyo ezidlalwa ngamandla ka-Ishin: iqonga le-fiscal Conficialism, utshintsho lolawulo, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwe-cul. Iqela lasebenzisa izihlalo ezibomvu eOsaka iOsaka Prefecture ukuqhuba abaqhubi abaqhutyele bempumelelo kunyulo lwendibano yasekuhlaleni, lidala umjelo wepolitiko.
Ungquzulwano: Ungquzulwano lwasedolobheni
Asizizo zonke ii-redicurent ezinempembelelo efanayo. Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni efana noTohoku noKyushu, ukuncitshiswa kwesihlalo kwamaqela anyanzelekileyo ukwenza ukhetho olunzima. I-LDP, elawula le mimandla, idla ngokubona ii-ccumpints zidityaniswa kwisithili esinye, ezikhokelela kwisiqalo sohlobo phakathi kweqela. Kwezinye iimeko, i-LDP yabaleka abantu abaninzi abaza kuvula isithili esitsha, esikhulu, isebenzisa uluhlu lwayo lokulinganisa okulungeleleneyo ukuhlalisa zona. Amaqela amancinane afumana asemaphandleni edifidi engx kakhulu ngenxa yokuba aphulukana kwane nemimandla embalwa apho ayekhuphisana khona.
Iingingqi zasedolophini, ngokwahlukileyo, zabona ukhuphiswano olunzulu. Kwizithili ezisandul' ukudalwa eTokyo, i-LDP, iCDP, iKomeito, ne-Ishin zonke zalwela ukuvota. Ulwando kwizihlalo aluzange luqinisekise ukuba naluphi na ulawulo lweqela; endaweni yoko, lwadala ulwahlulo olungakumbi, ukhuphiswano. Oku kunyanzelisa amaqela ukuba anikele imali eninzi ekulungiseni nasekubusweni kwe-medipopu, kunyusa iindleko zephulo.
Into enxulumene nemeko yeyoku [[FLT: 0] ukunyanzelisa ukuzingisa . Ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa, umahluko omkhulu wokhetho kunyulo jikelele lwamashumi amabini ananye wasala malunga 2.06 ukuya ku1 (ukuya kwidolophu), leyo iNkundla ePhakamileyo isawufumana umGaqo-siseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba inzuzo zasemaphandleni zihlala zikhona, okuchaphazela indlela amaqela anika ngayo oovimba phakathi kwemimandla.
Iintsomi Zokhetho Lwexesha Elizayo
Utyekelo lokukhupha igrafu lwexesha elide
Abemi baseJapan bayaqhubeka bencipha kwaye bekhula, imimandla yamasixeko enjengeTokyo, iOsaka, neNagoya ikhula kancinci ngexesha imimandla ekwindawo ezibucala iphela. Ukubalwa kwabantu abangama-202020 kwakhokelela kwenye isangqa, okuncedayo kunyulo lweenqanawa jikelele lwama-2025. Olu tshintsho longeza izihlalo ezi-5 eTokyo kunye nenye kwi-Aichi, i-Kangawa, iSaitama, ne-Chiba, ngoxa kususwa izihlalo ezihlanu kwimimandla yasemaphandleni kunye nesinye kwezinye ezintlanu.
Kumaqela ezobupolitika, oku kuthetha ukuba amaqhinga kufuneka athathe ityala ngokukhulayo ngokokhetho lwasedolophini nasemadolophini − umfana (ngomlinganiselo), owahluka-hlukeneyo, kwaye uxhalabele ngakumbi izindlu, ukunyamekela abantwana, kunye nezibonelelo zamanani. Iipali ezisilelayo ukulungisa imiyalezo yazo kule miba ziya kuphulukana nezihlalo ezikhulayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, iinqaba zasemaphandleni zisahlala zibalulekile. Abamisi-mthetho abaninzi bamela izithili ezinciphayo kodwa ezisekhuselekileyo ngenxa yokunyaniseka kweqela kunye neenkqubo zomthengisi. Amaqela eentshaba aye azama ukungena kule mimandla, kwaye ukudityaniswa kweenqaba akuyitshitshitshitshi into yokuba, ziphulukana nezihlalo ezimbini, ziqhubeka zinikela ingqalelo kumandla azo ezixekweni.
Kunokusetyenziswa Ezinye Iinguquko
Kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo ngotshintsho olusisiseko lokhetho. Ezinye izifundiswa nabezobupolitika baye bacebisa ukufuduka baye kwinkqubo epheleleyo yolungelelwaniso, okanye ukudibanisa ii-SMD nesithili esikhulu esinamalungu amaninzi. Abanye baxhasa ukunciphisa inani elipheleleyo lezihlalo ezisezantsi zendlu ukusika iindleko nokuphucula ubuchule. Ukugawula kuphela akukwazi ukucombulula imiba enzulu yomelo.
Xa utshintsho olunjalo lunokwenzeka, banganyanzela amaqela ukuba awatyele phezulu amacebo awo. Ukufakwa kwesixhobo kungathatha indawo ephantsi kunoluhlu lwamaqela aphezulu. Ulwabelo lwezibonelelo lungatshintsha ukusuka kumaphulo esithili ngasinye ukuya kwizibhengezo zesizwe kunye nenkqubo. I-LDP, ewazi kakuhle umdlalo we-SMD, ingalahlekelwa zezinye iinzuzo zayo ezicwangcisiweyo.
Ngoku, ulwandiso oludityanisiweyo luqhelekile. Iintlanganiso kufuneka zijonge hayi imida kuphela kodwa kwakhona nenani elisebenzayo lamaqela [ kwisithili ngasinye. Utshintsho kulwakhiwo lwesithili lungatshintsha umqobo wokuphumelela/ezinye izithili ziba “icandelo" lokukhuphisana, ngexa ezinye zihlala zidibene. Uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lwale misebenzi lusembindini ekucwangciseni kweqela phakathi konyulo.
Impembelelo yenkqubo yeQela
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuhla kwezithuba ezithe rhoqo kwimimandla yasezidolophini kusenokukhawulezisa ukuhla kwesiseko se-LDP sasemaphandleni. Inkxaso yasemaphandleni yalo mbutho iyaluphala kwaye iyancipha, kwaye ngaphandle kwempumelelo efanayo kwizihlalo ezitsha zasedolophini, ivoti ye-LDP ingehla. I-CDP ne-Ishin ime kakuhle ukubamba i-petroli, ngexa iKomeito ihlala iliqabane eliphambili le-LDP kwizixeko apho uthungelwano lonqulo lusavota khona.
Amaqela amancinane anjengeReiwa Shinsengumi, afumana izihlalo ezintathu ngo-2021 ngokubhenela kwintsha kwaye ehluthwe yimigqomo, angabona amathuba kwimimandla emitsha yasedolophini. kodwa ajongene nemiqobo ephezulu yokungena eSMDs. Ukuvuleka okuvula kakhulu, izihlalo zokhuphiswano zingawanceda ukuba ayakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo kwimithombo ephumelelayo.
Enye intsingiselo kumandla onyusiweyo wombutho womanyano . Ukuba ukuhlaziya kunciphisa naliphi na iqela amandla okuphumelela uninzi, iintetho ezidibeneyo ziba ntsokothe ngakumbi. Umanyano lwe-LDP-Komeito luzakuhlala lukhona, kodwa inkcaso isenokufuna ukwenza izivumelwano ezibanzi ukuvavanya. Ukuvuleka kungenza naluphi na uqhekeko okanye ukuqinisa iivoti zixhomekeke kusasazo lwezwe labaxhasi.
“ Ukulungisa eJapana akungokuba ngamanani emephu/i-i-i-aspashapes kumntu ngamnye ongumcuphi kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, ukusuka kwikomkhulu lesizwe ukuya kutsho kwizixhobo zeseyile zasekuhlaleni. Amaqela aqhelanisa ngcono nezi inguqulelo ngalawo asindayo naphumelelayo.” — Kenji Okamoto, isazinzulu sezopolitiko kwi Wasde University.
Isiphelo
Utshintsho lwesithili se-Electoral lungumsebenzi ophambili kwi-Phondo ye-Japan. Banyanzela amaqela ukuba aqhubeke efumana kwakhona imvume yokubhalisa abangenisi, ukwabiwa koovimba, iindawo zolawulo, kunye neendlela zokulungisa ezisetyenziswayo. Ukusuka emaphandleni ukuya kwizihlalo zasedolophini kwishumi elidluleyo kubangele amathuba kunye nomngcipheko wamaqela amiselweyo afana ne-LDP kunye nabacebisi beCDP kunye ne-Ishin. Njengoko izimvo zabemi ziqhubeka zisenza utshintsho, amaqela kufuneka ahlale ekhaliphile, esebenzisa uhlalutyo lwedata-driven kunye nolungelelaniso lwentlangano ukuqhuba imaphu yomatshini abahambayo.
Impembelelo yokulungisa ihamba ngaphaya kokuba iqela liphumelele kwisihlalo esinikiweyo `iphembelela uphawu lomelo, uhlobo lweenkqubo eziphucukileyo, kunye nozinzo lwenkqubo yeqela ngokwalo. Kumntu nabani na ofuna ukuqonda imicimbi yezobupolitika yamaJapan, ukunikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kwimida yesithili asikokuzikhethela; kubalulekile. Unyulo lwexesha elizayo luza kuvavanya ukuba amaqela afunde kangakanani ukuguqula ubuni kunye notshintsho lwejiko lwendawo lube luncedo olucwangcisiweyo.
]]] `Inqaku elisekelwe kuhlalutyo lwenkqubo yokhetho lwamaJapan kunye nohlolo lwetyala ukusuka kunyulo oluqhelekileyo 2017 no-2021.
Iziqinisekiso zangaphandle: [[FLT: 0]