Isiseko Sokubonelela Ngoluntu

Imali exhaswa ngurhulumente yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kulawulo lwale mihla, ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu kungenisa imfundo, unyango, izibonelelo, neenkqubo zentlalo. Kodwa ngokuhambelana nale mali ingumsebenzi onzulu obalulekileyo. Indlela oorhulumente abayabela ngayo baze bayiphathe ngayo le mali ichaphazela ukuthembana kwabantu, ukuthelekisana, kunye nempilo yezentlalo-ntle, kunye nempilo yedemokhrasi iyonke. Xa imali isetyenziswa kakubi okanye ibekwa ngaphandle kokugwetywa, ukugxeka kuyakhula, yaye abemi bayayeka ukuququlunqwa. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuphatha imali ngendlela efanelekileyo kukhuthaza inkcukuthelela nenkqubela yebutho labantu.

Imali kawonke-wonke ayingombandela nje womthetho; inyanzelekile ukuba imele ibe yeyokuziphatha. Ababhatala baphathisa umvuzo wabo onzima kurhulumente ngolindelo lokuba uza kusetyenziswa ukuphucula intlalo-ntle yesizwe. Oku kuthemba makuhlonelwe ngeenkqubo ezicace gca, ukusasaza okulinganayo, nokuziphendulela kwimigaqo-mthetho engqongqo, iingozi zemali zikawonke wonke ezinokuba sisixhobo sokuxhasa kwezobupolitika, inkunkuma, okanye kwanokonakala.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxhasa Uluntu

Kutheni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibaluleke kangaka kwimali kawonke-wonke? Impendulo ixhomekeke kwisivumelwano soluntu phakathi korhulumente nabemi. Idola ngalinye elichithwayo liyisithembiso sokufeza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Xa eso sithembiso sophulwa, inkcaso yebutho labantu iyangqubana. Inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke inceda:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Gcina intembeko kawonke-wonke: Abami basengozini enkulu yokuthobela iimfanelo zerhafu kunye namanyathelo karhulumente okuxhasa xa bekholelwa ukuba imali isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Irensive Failness:[ Ulwabelo lwentlalo luthintela ukubanjwa kwelungu kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba uluntu oluphantsi lufumana isabelo salo esifanelekileyo sobuncwane.
  • [[UMTHLOBO: 0] Imvume esebenzayo: Imigaqo ecacileyo yendlela yokuziphatha inciphisa ubuqhetseba kunye nokulahlwa, inyusa ifuthe lemali yomhlawuli werhafu ngamnye.
  • Ulawulo-lawulo-lwazi oluvunyiweyo: uthathelwa phambili neenkqubo zemali ezicacileyo zinika abemi amandla kwaye zikhuthaza ukubotshwa kweso sivumelwano.

Uphando olusuka kwi ECD lubonisa ukuba amazwe aneenkqubo zobunyani obunamandla boluntu atyekele ekuthembeni urhulumente nakunyuko lwezoqoqosho oluzinzileyo. Imali kawonke-wonke ayiyonto yolonwabo; iyimfuneko efunekayo ekulawuleni ngempumelelo.

Imigaqo engundoqo kwiNkxaso kaRhulumente

Ukuze baguqule imigaqo yokuziphatha, oorhulumente kufuneka balandele imigaqo esisiseko. Le migaqo inika isiseko sokwenza izigqibo ezinceda amagosa ajonge inkxaso enzima xa efuna ukuxhasa inkxaso yemali.

Umbuzo

Amagosa karhulumente kufuneka aphendule ngezigqibo zawo zenkxaso-mali. Ukuphendula kuthetha ukuba abenzi besigqibo bangabizwa ukuba bathethelele indlela eyabelwe ngayo imali kwaye bayisebenzise ngayo, nokuba kukho iziphumo zokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali. Izixhobo zolawulo olusemthethweni, uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo, kunye nokuvavanywa komsebenzi kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kokuphendula, kwaneenkqubo ezizimiseleyo zingaphenjelelwa ekungabini nampumelelo okanye kucalucalulo.

Ukubonakala kwelinye icala

Iinkqubo zemali kufuneka zivuleke ukuze kuhlolwe uwonke-wonke. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo kubandakanya ukwenza amaxwebhu oqingqo-mali, ukuqokelelwa kweengxelo, kunye neengxelo zenkcitho ezifikelelekayo. Kwakhona kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo zezigqibo zenkxaso-mali zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo. Intlangano exhasayo i-International[ iphawula ukuba amajelo athe athe ngqo emali ayinto ebangela ukunganyaniseki. Xa abemi bebona apho imali ihamba khona, bangaba netyala kwaye banikele kwiziphumo ezingcono.

Equity

Imali kawonke-wonke kufuneka yabelwe kakuhle, iqonda ukuba uluntu lwahlukeneyo luneemfuno ezahlukeneyo. I-Equity ayithethi ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kwabo bonke; kunoko, kuthetha ukuba oovimba abalungelelanisiweyo ngokulinganayo ukuhlangabezana nokungafezeki kwembali okanye iimfuno ezicinezelekileyo. Umzekelo, isithili sesikolo esifumana imali ephantsi kufuneka sifumane imali eninzi kunelinomntu otyebileyo ukuze afumane iziphumo ezifanayo zemfundo. Inkxaso-mali kawonke wonke isebenza ngokuvala iingcambutho kunokuba yandise.

Ingqibelelo

Izigqibo zokubonelela kufuneka zikhululeke kwiingxaki zenzala, ukunyoba, okanye ingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ingqibelelo ifuna ukuba amagosa karhulumente abeke okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwenzuzo yobuqu okanye inzuzo yeqela. Lo mgaqo usoloko ufuna uqeqesho olungqongqo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, iingxelo zemfazwe, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa ezinamandla. Ihlazo elinye elibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali linokuphelisa iminyaka emininzi yemigudu yokwakha intembelo.

Imbali Nendaleko Yemithetho Yokonga Uluntu

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha esiyisebenzisayo ukuxhasa imali kawonke-wonke namhlanje ingumphumo weenkulungwane zendaleko. Kwiinkulungwane zangaphambi kwexesha langoku, imali kawonke-wonke yayidla ngokuphathwa njengempahla yobuqu yabalawuli, ikhokelela ekuxhatshazweni okusasazekileyo. IMagna Carta (1215) yayilinyathelo lokuqala lokuphendula, iqinisekisa ukuba ukumkani akanakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafu ngaphandle kwemvume yolawulo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, intsebenziswano yedemokhrasi yaqhubela ekubeni ithathe inxaxheba ekuqingqeni imali.

Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ukunyuka kolawulo lukarhulumente olungoonontlalo-ntle kunye neenkqubo zophicotho-zincwadi olusemthethweni. Umthetho ofana noMthetho woHlahlo-mali noManga e-Union ye1921 wadala i-Ofisi yokuphendula ityala yoRhulumente ukuba yongamele inkcitho karhulumente. Kutshanje, ukutyhalela phambili kwehlabathi lonke urhulumente ovulekileyo kuye kwakhokelela kwinyathelo elinjengelo Open Government Administration sharters, apho amazwe angamalungu afaka khona ukubonakala, ukuphendula, nokuthabatha inxaxheba ekubonelweni kwemali.

Naphezu kwale nkqubela, iingxaki ziyaqhubekeka. Ukuntsonkotha kwemali yale mihla, impembelelo yokuphembelela, kunye nesantya sokuthengiselana ngemichiza kusenokufihla indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali. Ukuqonda le mbali kusinceda siqonde ukuba sifikelele kude kangakanani (nexesha elingakanani umsebenzi osele ukho)

Iingxaki Ekuxhaseni Uluntu

Kwanaxa kukho imigaqo engqongqo, ukuxhasa inkxaso kawonke wonke yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuzaliswe yimiqobo.

Urhwaphilizo

Ukunganyaniseki kusesona sisongelo sibonakalayo sokuxhasa imigaqo-mali. Kunokuthatha uhlobo lokunyoba, ukunyoba, okanye ukukhetha ngokukhetha kwizivumelwano. Kumazwe anamaziko abuthathaka, ukunganyaniseki kusenokuba yinto exhobisayo, kuphambukisa izigidi zeerandi kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iWorld Bank iqikelela ukuba ngaphezu kwewaka lezigidi zezigidi zemali ihlawulwa ngokunyotywa nyaka ngamnye. Ukulwa oku, imithetho enamandla elwa nokonakala, ukulwa nako ukuzimela kwe-judiary, kunye nokukhusela impempe.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika

Inkxalabo yezigqibo zezezobupolitika zizezendalo, kodwa xa iinjongo zexeshana zezobupolitika zingaphezulu kweemfuno zexesha elide zoluntu, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha iyachaphazeleka. Abezobupolitika bangayalela imali kwimimandla ejingayo ukuphumelela ivoti, okanye bavumele imisebenzi yezilwanyana ngengenelo kawonke-wonke ethandabuzekayo. Le pork-barrel yokuchitha inciphisa ukufaneleka nokusebenza. Ukumisela iikhomishini zoqingqo-mali ezizimeleyo nokufuna iinguqu zexabiso lokufakela intlalo-mali kwizobupolitika ezinyulukileyo.

Isantya sokutsala uvimba

Akukho rhulumente unemali epheleleyo. Xa uqingqo-mali lunzima, kufuneka kwenziwe ukhetho olunzima. Iingxaki ezikhoyo kufuneka zivele xa kuxhaswa iprojekthi enye kuthetha ukusika enye, – ngokomzekelo, ukuxilonga ngemfundo. Ezi zigqibo zifuna uphando olucacileyo kunye neseti ecacileyo yezinto eziza kuqala ezisekelwe kumaxabiso kawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo zokuthelekisa uqingqo-mali zinokukunceda ukulinganisa ushishino kunye norhwebo.

Ukungabikho Kobandakanyeka Kuluntu

Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba abafuni ukuhlawula izigqibo zemali, basenokungabi namdla okanye bangathembani. Ukugaxelelwa phantsi kunciphisa ulawulo kwaye kuvumela uqheliselo olubi ukuba lukhule. Abemi abaninzi abanalo ixesha okanye ubuchule bokuqonda uqingqo-mali oluntsonkothileyo, bekwenza kube lula ngamagosa ukufihla iindleko ezithandabuzekayo. Oorhulumente kufuneka banciphise imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwii-ofisi zikawonke wonke, ukushwankathela uqingqo-mali, namaphulo emfundo yezentlalo.

Imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukubonelela ngeNkcitho yoLuntu

Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kufuna indlela edityanisiweyo edibanisa utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nenkcubeko. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zifunyenwe zisebenza kwimo ezahlukeneyo.

Uhlolo Loluntu Nokuthatha Inxaxheba Kuhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ukuncedisa abemi ekuboneni iimali ngokuthe ngqo kwenza abantu bathembeke kwaye kuphucula iziphumo zoqingqo-mali. Ukuncedisa ekuqingqeni uqingqo-mali (PB) kuvumela amalungu oluntu ukuba acebise kwaye avote kwiiprojekthi, kubanika inkcazelo yokwenene ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali. Isixeko sasePorto Alegre, eBrazil, sayisungula le ndlela ngoo 1980, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphuculweni kweenkonzo zikawonke wonke nasekuncitshisweni kobuqhetsele. Namhlanje, i-PB iye yamkelwa kumawaka kamasipala emhlabeni wonke, ukusuka eNew York ukuya e-Seoul. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iPB yandisa ulwaneliseko ngurhulumente kwaye ikhokelela ekubiweni koovimba bemali abafanelekileyo.

Uphicotho-zincwadi nolawulo

Uphicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo lulityala loxanduva. Lubona ukungahambelani kwemigaqo, ludimaza ukukhubazeka, lunika izincomelo zokuphucula. Imiphico-zincwadi kufuneka iqhutywe yimizimba ekhululekileyo ekungeneni kwezopolitiko, njengamaziko aphezulu okuphicotha-zincwadi. Ukongeza kuphicotho-zincwadi lwemali, uvavanyo lomsebenzi luvavanya ukuba iinkqubo zokupapasha ziphumeza iziphumo ezicetyiweyo. Iziphumo zophicotho-zincwadi ngeefom zefom ezamkelekileyo zinika amandla abemi kunye neentatheli ukuba babuze imibuzo enzima.

Imigaqo-sikhokelo ecacileyo kunye nemigangatho engundoqo

Oorhulumente kufuneka bamisele ukulindela ngokokuziphatha kwiinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo. Ezi zikhokelo kufuneka zigqume yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho efunyenweyo ukusuka kwimiqathango yezemali ukuya kwiphulo lemali. Kufuneka zinxibelelane ngokucacileyo nawo onke amagosa kawonke-wonke kwaye zinyanzeliswe ngokungaguqukiyo. CD Icebiso lobuLuntu [ inika umgaqo obanzi, ugxininiso lwesithethe sengqibelelo kunokuba igxininise nje kwimithetho.

Imfundo noqeqesho

Imigaqo yokuziphatha ayinakuthathwa lula; kufuneka ifundiswe. Ukuqeqesha rhoqo amagosa karhulumente ngemibandela enjengemilo yomdla, ukuvuthelana impendulu, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezingokokuziphatha kunceda ukwakha abasebenzi abaxabisa ingqibelelo. Uqeqesho kufuneka lunyanzeleke luze luhlaziyeke minyaka le. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zemfundo yezemfundo yasekuhlaleni zinokubanceda abemi baluqonde indlela ezisebenza ngayo iimali zikawonke-wonke nendlela abanokuba nembopheleleko ngayo kumagosa.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka ekukhuthazeni iNgxowa-mali kaRhulumente

Izixhobo zamanani zinika iindlela ezintsha ezinamandla zokucacisa nokuziphendulela. Xa zisetyenziswa ngobulumko, ubugcisa bunokuvala umsantsa phakathi koorhulumente nabemi, nto leyo eyenza iindleko zemali zibonakale zivulekile yaye zisebenza kakuhle.

Vula Udidi Lwedata

Uqingqo-mali lokupapasha, izivumelwano, kunye nenkcitho kwiifomati zomfanekiso womatshini zivumela abaphengululi, iintatheli, kunye nemibutho egadileyo ukuba bahlolisise iipateni zokuchitha imali. Ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo lungatyhila ii-omalies . njengezivumelwano ezinkulu okanye imali equkuqela kwimimandla ethile. Ugcino-lwazi lwe-U.S.gov iqonga kunye ne-UK’s data.gov.uk i-exluplure le ndlela yokusebenzisa ingeniso.

Izixhobo Zokunikela Kunxibelelwano

Amaqonga amanani enza abemi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxubusho zoqingqo-mali ezivela naphi na. Izixhobo ezifana neConsul, iDecidim, kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano zivumela ingxelo yexesha lokwenene, ukuthobela ingcamango, kunye nokuvota ekuchitheni iinjongo eziphambili. La maqonga akwayila ingxelo yegalelo likawonke-wonke ekunokusetyenziswa ukubeka amagosa etyala ngokutyeshela ukhetho loluntu.

Ukujonga nokubulala

Ubugcisa beblockchain bunika amathuba okufumana iingxelo ezithintelweyo zentengiso, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ukuphambukisa imali. Ngoxa kuvela, imisebenzi yomqhubi wenqwelo-moya kumazwe afana ne-Georgia ne-Estonia ibonise isithembiso sokulandelela imali kawonke-wonke. Ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule bungasetyenziswa ukufumanisa iipakethi ezikrokrelekayo kugcino-lwazi, ukuyeka ukuqhatha okunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba lunyuke.

Imfundo yamanani

Oorhulumente bangenza izifundo ze-intanethi, ukunxibelelana kwemifanekiso nemidlalo ukuze bafundise abemi ngemali yoluntu. Umzekelo, "iimfaniso ezimandundu" zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bazame ukulinganisela uqingqo-mali lwentengiso, bavelise ukuqonda okuthengwayo. Ukwanda kolwazi lwemali phakathi kwabantu kubangela ukuba kubekho unyulo oluthelekeleleyo olufuna imigaqo-mthetho.

Uphando lwetyala kwiNgxowa-mali yoLuntu

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ifundisa indlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yokuziphatha ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Uqingqo-mali olunenxaxheba ePorto Alegre, eBrazil

Ukususela ngo-1981, uPorto Alegre wavumela abemi ukuba bagqibe ngokungqalileyo indlela yokusebenzisa inxalenye yoqingqo-mali yesixeko. Le nkqubo yakhokelela kwinkqubela ephawulekayo kucoceko, imfundo, kunye nezindlu, ingakumbi kummandla ohlwempuzekileyo. Ukulungelelanisa umgangatho wolawulo nowoluntu kwakuphezulu, kwaye umlinganiselo worhwaphilizo lwemali uhla. Umzekelo uye wakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali ehlabathini lonke kwaye ucatshulwa yiWorld Bank njengoqheliselo olungcono lokulawula ngokuqulukileyo.

Urhulumente Ovulekileyo EUnited States

Iqaliswe ngo-2009, i-U.S. Umba wokuQala woRhulumente ojolise ekwenzeni urhulumente achithe imali ecace ngakumbi. Ngomgangatho ofana no-USAStyling.gov kunye nokusekwa koMsebenzi woRhulumente Ovulekileyo, inyathelo elandisa ukufikelela koluntu kugcino-lwazi kwizivumelwano, izibonelelo, kunye nemali-mboleko. Ngelixesha imingeni isala `````ekugqibelela kogcino-lwazi nokusebenza''''. Inyathelo lokuthatha inyathelo licwangcise uphawu lwebhedreji elibonisa ukuba mhlophe korhulumente emhlabeni wonke.

Imisebenzi yophuhliso loLuntu eKhanada

Urhulumente wesizwe waseKhanada uye wasungula iindlela zemali ezisekelwe kwintsebenziswano esekelwe kwimibutho yoluntu lomthonyama, uthetha ngembali ephantsi kwemiqathango. Ngokusebenzisa ubuncwane obusekelwe kwintswelo kunokuba busekelwe kubemi bodwa, le nkqubo ijolise ekuvaleni izithuba kwizentlalo, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, kunye nemfundo. Isiphumo sibe kukunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezithe tyeleleneyo kunye nomanyano olunamandla phakathi koorhulumente kunye nezizwe zokuqala.

Ukumiswa kolu phawu eUnited Kingdom

INgxowa-mali yeSizwe yoLuntu ye-UK ifuna ukuba abafaki-zicelo babonise indlela imisebenzi yabo eya kunceda ngayo abantu abahlukeneyo nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Izigqibo zokuxhasa inkcitho zenziwa ziikomiti eziquka abameli boluntu, zinciphisa ubungozi bokubanjwa ngabaphezulu. Iziphumo zerekhodi yoluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu kuphumelel

Ukwakha Isithethe Sokuxhasa Ngoburhulumente

Inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke ayiphunyelelwanga ngenkqubo enye okanye ngobugcisa; kufuneka ukuzimisela okuqhubekayo kwingqibelelo, ukubonakala, kunye nokuganana kwabemi. Oorhulumente kufuneka baqaphele ukuba imali kawonke-wonke ilukholo olungcwele, hayi icebo elifanele ukusetyenziswa ukuze kuzuze izobupolitika. Ngokusebenza kwemigaqo yendlela yokuziphatha kwicandelo ngalinye lomjikelo wemali (ukusukela ekuhlolweni) ukuvavanya u-$s-we ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlawula irhafu kusebenza kakuhle. Inginginya, ngokwenxalenye yabo, kufuneka ihlale ithelekele ithekile, isebenzisa izixhobo zokukhanyisa ukuze ibambe ityala. Kuphela ngoxandumiso esineyo sinokukha inkqubo ekufanele ngokwenene ukuthenjwa yiyo.