Imithetho ye-Voter ye-ID iye yaba yenye yezona mbambano zidala ingxabano kunyulo lwaseMerika, ihleli kungquzulwano lokhuseleko lonyulo namalungelo okuvota. Njengoko amaphondo emkela iimfuno ezahlukeneyo, ingxoxo engokwaneleyo, okusesikweni, kunye nesiphumo senyuswa. Ukuqonda le mithetho ngqangi (ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo ukuya kwiziphumo zayo eziluncedo) kubaluleke nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwingxoxo yezezentlalo-ntle. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olunzulu lwemithetho ye-ovoti, iimpikiswano ze-ID, kunye nezobubungqina obusekelwe kwiziphumo zayo, kunye neemfazwe ezisemthethweni eziqhubeka zibumba ikamva labo.

Umhlaba Ophakamileyo Wemithetho YeVoter EUnited States

Imithetho yeVoter ID ifuna abantu abathile ukuba banikele uchazo oluthile phambi kokuba benze ibhola yokuvota. Ezi zichaziweyo zahluka kakhulu ngokwemeko, ukusuka kwiimfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID yefoto ukuya kungabikho mfuneko ye-ID konke konke. NgokweNgqungquthela yeSizwe yomthetho we-Ofisi yoRhulumente, njengangowama-2024, amaziko angama-35 anohlobo oluthile lomthetho we-ID yomvoti, kunye ne-18 yabo bafuna i-ID yefoto. Le mithetho yethala yenza umhlaba entsokothileyo ka-voti kunye namagosa onyululo.

Imeko

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho ye-ID yale mihla kwaphumelela emva konyulo lomongameli wama- 2000 kunye nokudlula koMthetho woncedo waseMelika Vote (HAVA) ngo-2002. HAVA yagunyazisa ukuba abavoti bokuqala ababhaliswa ngeposi banike uchazo, kodwa amanye amaphondo adlulele phambili. iIndiana yaba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukumisela umthetho we-ID yefoto engqongqo ngo-2009, ukuseka amaza omthetho ofanayo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ka 2008 kwisigqibo seCrawford v. Marion Counts Counts [ ixhasa umthetho ka-Indiana [ukubekwa komgaqo-mgaqo-nka wolu. Ngoko, inani lamatyala aneemfuneko ezingqongqo likhule, ingakumbi emva konyusonyulo lonyulo lonyuso-2020.

Ubuchule Bokwenza I-ID

Imithetho ye Voter ID iwela kwiindidi eziliqela ezisekelwe kwimitya enqamlezayo kunye neendidi zolwamkelo ezamkelekileyo:

  • Imithetho ye-Id yeFoto yoMboniso we-Studic: kufuneka ibone iVoters zefoto karhulumente (umz., ilayisensi yomqhubi, ipasipoti yenqwelo-moya) ukuphosa ibhola yoshicilelo oluqhelekileyo. Abo bangenayo i-ID bangavota kwibholoti ye-eject kodwa kufuneka babuye ngeentsuku ezimbalwa ukubonisa i-ID yabo yokubala. Imizekelo: Indiana, Georgia, Texas, Tansas, Kansas, Visconsian.
  • Imithetho yeNon-Strict ID yomfanekiso:[[FT:1] IiVoters ngaphandle kwefoto ID zingavota ngokusayina i-affidavit okanye ukuba nombhali wovolo. I-odola yecandelo ayamkelwa ngaphandle kwamanyathelo awongezelelweyo kwezinye iimeko. Imizekelo: Alabama, Rhode Island, South Dakota.
  • Imithetho yeNon- Id yePhoto: eyamkelekileyo iquka ukungangeni amanqaku anjengeziko lemali, iingxelo zebhanki, okanye amaxwebhu karhulumente abonisa igama nedilesi. Imizekelo: Arizona, Ohio, Virginia.
  • [[NTL:0] Non-Strict Non Id Id Id Laws: Imikhosi engenanto ye-ID ingasayina i-affidavit okanye iphose ibhola elungiselelweyo ebalwayo ngaphandle kokuba icetyiswe. Imizekelo: Michigan (de kube lutshintsho lwangoku), New Hampshire.
  • Akukho ID efunekayo: amazwe apho abavoti bedla ngokungacelwa ukuba bafumane okanye bangatyikitya nje uchazo oluqinisekisayo. Imizekelo: iKhalifoniya, i-New York, i-Illinois, i-Oregon (i-vote- ngeposi asoloko esebenzisa utyikityo).

Umahluko ubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Kumatyala angqongqo e-ID yefoto, ukufumana i-ID ngokunempumelelo kuyimfuneko ekuvotelweni/ukusetyenziswa okulula kwabanye, kodwa ngumqobo obalulekileyo kwabanye.

Iimpikiswano Ezingathethekiyo

Ingxoxo yesizwe engaphezulu kwemithetho ye-ID engquzulanayo ijikeleze amaxabiso amabini: ukuthembeka konyulo nokufikelela okulinganayo. Icala ngalinye linikela ugcino-lwazi, ii-asecdotes, kunye neengxoxo ezinemigaqo.

Ityala le-ID yoMvoter: Ingqibelelo yokhetho kunye nokuthembana

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukufuna uqwalaselo lumlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wokukhusela impumelelo yonyulo. Bakhomba ubungozi bokuvota ngokufakelwa kwe-(-apho umntu othile ephantsi kwegama lomnye ($aye anokuba bubuthathaka obunokwenzeka. Ngelixesha iziphumo ezibhaliweyo zinqabile, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba kwanobungozi obuncinane bufuna umthetho wokukhusela. Ingxelo yokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Ingxelo yama-2019 ephawulwe yiLifaste Foundation ephawulwe ngaphantsi kwekhulu lamatyala akhoyo. Bathi, xa besazi ukuba iimeko ezininzi zobuqhophololo zikhutshelwe ngaphandle kootho lwezigidi zezigidi zamavoti, kodwa bathi ivela ityala lokungalawuleki. Ukuthemba kukawonke kunyuswa, bachasana, bayazi ukuba ii-votaciota ezininzi zemihla ngemihla, ukuthenga imali e-ase-achneachne, ukuqinisekisa imali, ngoko kufuneka kunyuke ukusetyenziswa kwe-edrap, ukusetyenziswa konyuso, ukupheka konyuso, ukusetyenziswa konyuso kunyulwa

Ityala Elichasene Nesibhengezo: Ukucinezelwa Nokudimazeka

Abachasi baphikisa ukuba imithetho ye-ID ekhoyo isombulula ingxaki engazange ibekho ngexesha lokwenza entsha. Uphando olukhulu, kuquka uhlalutyo olubanzi lonyaka-mali owe-2012 olwenziwa liZiko loBululami, lwafumanisa ukuba ukuvota akufumaneki rhoqo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba injongo yokwenene yemithetho ye-ID engqongqo ayikukuthinteli kodwa ikwenza kube nzima ukucinezela okulula kumaqela asekuhlaleni axhasa iqela elinye labantu abaza kuvota. Uhlolisiso oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba inani elincinane labavoti, abantu abadala, ukufumana abantu abaphantsi, abafundi, nabantu abakhubazekileyo, kulula ukuba babe ne-i-i-i-i-i-i-ithroous. Umzekelo, uhlolisiso oluyi-20222 oluthelekelelwayo ngeYunivesithili eliziweyo, elingekho semthethweni, eliziziziziziito ezibizayo (ukufumana abafundi abambalwa, ukujikeleza kwe-DV, ukuthatha isiqinisekiso, ukuthatha ixesha lokusebenza kwemali, i-ogqweqwenga, i-elwa kwemali yabemi abahlala nakusetyenziswayo

Ubungqina obuxhotyisiweyo bokuqhatha nokujika

Kukho impikiswano ephambili. Zombini ezi macala zicaphula amanani okuxhasa iindawo zazo, kodwa ubungqina buxhomekeke kwicala elinye.

Ukwanda koMkhosi we-Voter I ampersonation

Izifundo ezininzi kunye nophando lukarhulumente lugqibe kwelokuba uvoti akakho. Ingxelo ebanzi yowama-2007 yeBrennan Center ifumene amaqondo okuqhatha phakathi ko 0.00004% kunye no-0.09% evoti aphoswe. Ufundo lonyaka we-2014 kwijenali UMthetho wokhetho [ uvavanywe ngaphezu kwewaka lezigidi zezigidi zovotezi ngaphaya konyulo olulishumi elinesibhozo kwaye ufumanise kuphela amatyala athembekileyo okufakelwa. Kwanabaxhasi abafana neLifa leLifa lemveliyo bayavuma ukuba inqabile, kodwa baphikisa ukuba iindleko ziphezulu ukuba zithenjiwe. Noko ke, uvumelo olunamandla phakathi kwabaphandi abazimeleyo luthiwe yidilesi ye-ovotartrensitioki.

Ukulinganisa Impembelelo Ekuhambeni Ngezikhewu

Uphando olukhoyo lweziphumo zemithetho ye-ID evotiweyo luvelisa iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo kodwa ezikhathazayo. Ufundo olunempembelelo kakhulu, lwe Brennan Center ngo-2016, lufumanise ukuba imithetho ye-ID engqongqo incitshisiwe ngeencam ezi-2-3 zeepesenti kunyulo jikelele, kwaye ngomlinganiselo we 5-6 yeenqaku zabavoti abancinane. U-2018 ufundisiso ku-[FLT:] IMelika Ezoqoqosho: I-APPPPPPP,[[ I-Appliquence Melika Economic Journal [[12] I-FLT] i-AP] isebenzisa i-data ecacileyo ye-Texas ithelphects [[3] i-tective protocomstings, ithelse projective projectives provieology (ience-type) ecacileyo i-ethenjing).[2] kunye ne-Aftoog.[204]

Iziphumo Ezahlukileyo Kwimilingo Yobomi

Uhlolisiso oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba ukunqongophala kwe-ID akusasazwanga ngokulinganayo. Isikhungo sovavanyo sika-2012 yafumanisa ukuba i25% yabemi base-Afrika-i-Amerika abafumana i-ID yemifanekiso yovota yayingekho kurhulumente, ithelekiswa ne-8% yabemi abamhlophe. Ukufika kunye nobudala zizinto: i15% zabo bafumana imali engaphantsi kwama-R35 000 ngonyaka, ngokunciphindiweyo kwe-4% yaloo ndawo ifumana kuyo. Abafundi kunye nabakhulileyo basoloko bengenayo i-ID okanye bengenawo amaxwebhu afunekayo ukufumana enye. Ezi zinto zithetha ukuba uhliso oluphantsi oluphantsi lungaguqulela kumawaka e-cranchranchvsch kufutshane nonyulo-Pitsk.

Uhlalutyo lomgangatho karhulumente kunye nocelomngeni olusemthethweni

Ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ye-ID yomvoti kwahluka-hlukene kakhulu, kwaye iinkundla ziye zadlala indima ephambili ekubumbeni imida yazo. Ngaphaya koko zizifundo ezingundoqo.

Indiana

Umthetho wefoto engqongqo we-ID, owamiswa ngo-2005, wawungowokuqala wohlobo lwawo. Yasinda kucelomngeni lweNkundla Ephakamileyo [ku-[FLT]][FLT]ford v. Marion Countion County Board[ [2008], kunye neNkundla elawula isi-3 [iNkundla engazange ibeke umthwalo womthetho-omzimgaqo-siseko kumavota. Uluvo lwamaninzi, olubhalwe nguJajistens, lwaphawula ukuba inzala karhulumente ekuthinteleni ukuqhatha nokunyuka kwentembelo ekufumaneni i-ID. Ngoko uphando, lufumaniseluthiwe lungaphucukile kwi-Intilan emva kokuphunyezwa komthetho, ingakumbi i-Pronsor, kodwa i-out i-od i-offse i-ocet.

I-Georgia

IGeorgia yadlulisela umthetho we-ID ongqongqo ngo-2006, ifuna kuqala i-ID karhulumente ekhutshelweyo kodwa kamva yanda ukuquka amakhadi e-ID e-voti. Umthetho wacelw'elwa phantsi kweCandelo 2 lamaLungelo, kodwa iinkundla zawuxhasa kakhulu. Ngo-2021, i-Georgia yawisela umthetho iBhili 202, i-Intekoste eqinileyo yokungachongi (imvume yokuqhuba okanye inombolo ye-ID yorhulumente) kwaye yanciphisa ukufikelela kwebhokisi. Lo mthetho wavusa impikiswano yesizwe kwaye wafaka imiqathango yesizwe kunye nemiqathango yemithetho yephondo. Amadabi asemthethweni ayaqhubeka, kunye nesebe elicekisa iinxalenye ezicelw'i-SB2. Uhlolisiso lucebisa ukuba imithetho ye-Georgia inikela imigca emide nasezantsi yoluhlu loluhlu loluhlu loqhagamshelwano loluhlu loqhagamshelwano lonyaka ka-20182020202020.

I-Texas

Umthetho we-ID ongqongqo waseTexas, oye wadluliselwa ngo-2011 (SB 14), wawufuna enye yeentlobo ezisixhenxe ezikhethekileyo ze-ID , ukuphendla ii-ID zabafundi nezinye iintlobo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo. Kwaba nesiphumo esimanyumnyezi: uhlolisiso lwango 2016 lwafumanisa ukuba abavoti abangaphezu kwama-60 000 ababhalisweyo babengenayo i-ID efunekayo. Noko ke, umthetho wabethwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente njengokwaphula imithetho engqongqo ye-Voing Rights Act, kunye nomthetho weNgqungquthela weNyaka ethi inenjongo yokulwa norhoxiso oluncinane. U-Texas wanyanzelwa ukuba bakhulule umthetho, uvumela ukuba uvoti-omatisi ngaphandle kwe-ID ukuba batyikitye i-afithi. Noko ke, lo rhulumente uyaqhubeka ukunyanzela imithetho engqongqo ye-ovotiventiya, kunye nokurhoxiweyo ekhutshwe nge-antensitive.

Umntla Carolina

I-Id yomvoti waseMntla Carolina ibonakalisa isibonda somthetho. Ngo-2013 imo yephondo le-Id ye-ID engqongqo ekwi-Omnibus njengenxalenye yemali enkulu yonyulo. Ngonyaka ka-2016, inkundla yezicelo yawisa umthetho, ichaza ukuba yayijolise abavoti base-Afrika “ngokuthe ngqo” ngokumisela uvota kwangoko. Ngokumisela ubhaptizo lwangaphambili kunye nobhaliso olunye lwemini olunye lwe-ID. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho icelele ugcino-lwazi olukwindlela yokuvota ngohlobo lomthetho ngaphambi kokuba iqhube umthetho, ikhokelela ekufumaneni ucalulo lwe-dock. Emva kokulwa okude, uguqulelo lwangoku lwe-ID yomthetho waseNorth Carolina (oludluliselwe ngo-20182018 kunyaka odluleyo) luhlala luhleli endaweni yocelomngeni oluqhubekayo; kwinkundla senkundla se-2023, isithili sibondalphicosha i-acringx'ix'ex'ix'.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Nekamva Lokufumaneka Koomatshini Bokuthumela Imali

Ingxoxo yomvoti ye-ID ayikagqitywa. inkqubela-phambili entsha kwezobugcisa, imithetho, kunye nemithetho yenkundla iyaqhubeka ilungisa ummandla.

Ubuchule kunye nokujoliswe kuko

Amanye amaphondo ahlola ezinye iindlela zokwalatha, njengoqinisekiso lwe-elektroniki ngee-database zomqhubi okanye iziphawuli ze-biometric. Ii-ID zamanani kwi-cell phone zinganciphisa imiqobo ekugqibeleni, kodwa ukutholwa kucotha kwaye kunyuse inkxalabo yabucala. Okwangoku, ukuvota okuzenzekelayo (AVR) kunye neenkqubo zokuvota kwi-intanethi ziyakhula, kukwenza kube lula kakhulu kubavoti ukuba babhaliswe baze bafumane i-ID ngexesha elinye. Amazwe athe asungula i-AVR, enjenge-Oregon ne-Coloradow, anikela ingxelo ngexabiso eliphezulu lokubhalisa nokufikelela okufanelekileyo. Noko ke, i-AVR ayikuvumeli ukusetyenziswa kwe-ID kwimithetho yokuvota okanye apho kuyimfuneko.

Izindululo zoMthetho womanyano

IKhomishini iqwalasele ityala ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukumisela okanye ukulinganisela iimfuno ze-ID. Umthetho we-Ofisi (H.R. 1) ku-2021 kunye no-2023 uquke amalungiselelo okufuna ulawulo olungelulo i-ID kunye nokwandisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo nolulo suku olunye. ISimiselo sikaJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adrivement Act sijolise ekubuyiseleni iinxalenye zemithetho yamaLungelo e-Ofish enziwe yabuthathaka yiNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT]] uShelby County isigqibo, esathi tha isicwangciso somthetho wokuzimisela amatyala ngokucalucalulo. Awugqithisileyo kwiBhunga localulo. Awukho umthetho odluliselwe kwiBhunganiso olwahlulayo, kodwa lumele ulwahlulo oluqhubekayo: Decrat'iths ngokugqugqiyo lwe-Riphabliki, lobupoliti jikelele.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, intsingiselo ukususela ngo-2020 ibikuwo omabini amanqanam othintelo kunye nolwandiso. Ngokwe Brennan Center, phakathi kweJanuwari 2021 noApril 2023, amaziko amisela imithetho engama-29 eyenza ukuvota kube nzima, uninzi lwamatyala okudibanisa iimfuno ze-ID ezingqongqo okanye ukususa iibhokisi. Okwangoku, amazwe angama-25 adlulisa imithetho eyandisa unikezelo, njengobhaliso oluzenzekelayo kunye novoti yandisa uvota kwasekuqaleni. Isiphumo singumhlaba wovota owedwa apho amavayo axhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimeko yawo yokuhlala.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa

Imithetho ye-Voter ayiyonto ilula elungileyo okanye embini, imela ukuphuma kwemiqathango emibini esemthethweni: ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lukhuselekile kwaye luyafikeleleka. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukuqhatha kwevota akuyonto inqabile, ngelixesha imithwalo ebekwe yimithetho ye-ID engqongqo incipha ngokungenakulinganiswa kubemi ababuthathaka. Kodwa uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwemeko yemeko yokuthembeka, kwaye amaMelika amaninzi axhasa ii-ID. Isisombululo asiko ekususeni zonke ii-ID zokuhlola, kodwa ekuklabeni iinkqubo ezinciphisa imiqobo: ii-ID ezikhululekileyo nezifikelelekayo, iiyure ezinwetyele ii-ids, iselula i-id ikhutshwa, kwaye ezinye iindlela eziqinileyo ezifana novoti-vti. Amazwe amaninzi axhasa imilinganiselo enjalo e-Illino, njengoko kulungiselela ii-ID ze-illinote, ii-pidemode yokhuseleko zengxoxo ze-emodemodeli. Njengoko abafundi besamkela ngamandla asebenza kunye nolawulo lobunyani, anokuvuma ukuba abafundi bobabini banyanise.

Ukukhangela okubhekele phaya, jonga ubuncwane obusuka kwi Brennan Center yeJaji, i-[FLT] American Liberties Union of Longfault Project , i[FLT] umanyano lwamaZwelo lwamaZwe eSizwe lweMmandla yeMgaqo-siseko [[FLT]:5], neNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gawulayo ye-Gazelo-. Le mibutho inikezela-ukuhlola kunye noluvo lwamazwe kwimfuno ye-voti ye-ovoti.