Ukubaluleka Kokukhupha Iindaba

Kwixesha apho umntu oqhelekileyo edibana nezigidi zemiyalezo ezingamawaka mihla le `kukwimixholo yendaba ethetha ngokutyiwa kwentlalo ukutyhalela phambili izaziso ezivela kwiinkqubo zeendaba `ukuvavanya imvelaphi kusuka kubuchule obuluncedo ukuya kobubalulekileyo. Ubuninzi benkcazelo, idityaniswe nesantya ehamba ngaso, yenza indawo apho ubuxoki bunokudlula khona izibakala. Ukukhupha imithombo yendaba ayiyo nje indlela yobuchule yokuzilolonga; buluhlobo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo. Xa abantu behlolisisa oko bakufunda, bazikhusela ekuxhaselweni, baxhasa ubundlola, kwaye banegalelo kwintetho yesidlangalala ephilileyo.

Izibonda azizange zibe ziphezulu. I-Misform ingaguqula ukuziphatha kwabavoti, ukukhulisela kwezobupolitika, kwaye ide ibeka engozini ubomi bomntu ngexesha longxamiseko lwezempilo yoluntu. Inkqubo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kunyulo olunokwahlula phakathi kwengxelo ethembekileyo kunye nemposiso. Ngaphandle kokuba abantu abaqeqeshiweyo ekuhloleni imvelaphi, isiseko semvume yolwazi, isiseko sokwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi.

Amandla Ngokuqonda

Uvavanyo oluthe kratya lunika abantu amandla okulawula ungeniso lwabo lolwazi kunokuba bathabathe nayiphi na i-algorithm okanye imixholo-ndaba echukumisayo ebhekiswa phambili kubo. Xa ufunda ukubuza iintshukumisa zemvelaphi, uhlole ingxelo yerekhodi, uqinisekise oko lukuthethayo, uyeka ukuba ngumthengi weendaba, uye kuthabathela ekubeni nenxaxheba kwizinto ezimelwano. Oku kunciphisa ixhala nokudideka ngenxa yokuba akusafuni kuxhomekeka kwiimvakalelo zomphumo okanye ukusabela kweemvakalelo. Endaweni yoko, unenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokufumana oko kuthembekileyo. Iinkqubo zemfundo, amaqela oluntu, kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha emsebenzini ziyaqonda ukuba ukufunda izinto azifuni kusini na.

Ityala lemibutho yeendaba

Xa abaphulaphuli befuna ukubonakala ngaphaya komdla kunye nokungabi nazintloni, imibutho yeendaba iyaphendula. Uqheliselo lokuvavanya imithombo yentengiso lubangela uxinzelelo lwemigangatho ephezulu. Amaphephandaba, abasasazi, kunye neempompo zamanani ezisoloko zivelisa imithombo elungileyo, inyani ikhangelwe ukufumana ukunyaniseka, ngelixa ezo zinqumla iimbombo okanye zisasaze iintengiso ziphelelwa kukholo kwaye ziphelelwe ngumrhumo. Ngoku olu vavanyo lokwenza iziphumo zomtsalanelo lwendaba luqinisa ukuthembeka kwebhodi. I- Independentsdiogs ezinje ngexabiso [[FLT:] u-News Lidget kunye [FLT] ne[FLD Bias/Fct Lick quence[FLT] ngoku kunika amawaka eendishowwoodsss, inika izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-onke.

Ukuba Ngabemi Abanolwazi Njengomntu Olawula Idemokhrasi

Uluntu olunolwazi oluphangaleleyo asingobunewunewu; yimfuneko yokusebenza kwedemokhrasi. Abahlali abangakwaziyo ukwahlula inyaniso nentsomi abakwaziyo ukwenza izigqibo eziqiqayo ngabathathi-nxaxheba, imigaqo-nkqubo, okanye imibandela yentlalo. I-Misformation itshabalalisa isiseko esiqhelekileyo esifunekayo kwintetho yezobupolitika. Ngokusoloko behlola imithombo, abantu bakha imaphu ethembekileyo yeendawo zolwazi, ebenza bakwazi ukubandakanyeka kwingxoxo ecacileyo kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle ngentembelo. Eli candelo lihlolisisa isizathu sokuba ibutho elizidibanisela iziphumo zolawulo, i-coshesionion, kunye nokuthemba amaziko.

Impembelelo Yokwazi Okuphosakeleyo

Ukungaqondi kakuhle asiyompazamo ingenabungozi. Inokuba neziphumo ezichaphazela abantu kunye nabantu. Ukuqonda impembelelo yayo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kushukunyiswe imigudu eqhubekayo yokulwa nayo.

Ukwahlulwa Kwentetho

Enye yezona ziphumo zichuliweyo zenkcazelo ephosakeleyo kukukwazi ukuhlukanisa abantu. Ngokuchanekileyo iziphumo ezisoloko zibangela iimpendulo ezingokweemvakalelo, ezibangela uqinisekiso: abantu bafuna kwaye bakholelwe ulwazi oluqinisa iimbono zabo ezikhoyo. Imithetho-mithetho yeqonga yezentlalo-ntle ikhulisa le miphumela ngokufumisa abasebenzisi bayo abahambisana nezilangazelelo zabo kunye nonqakrazo lwangaphambili, ukwenza amagumbi eentloko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ntshukumo zibangela ukuba kube nzima ngabantu ukuvuma iimbono eziphikisanayo, kunye nesiseko esinesiseko esifunekayo kwingxoxo yedemokhrasi. Kwimeko-ntle yendalo, kwaneenyaniso ezibhalwe kakuhle zinokulahlwa njengendawo ejikelezayo.

Iingozi zempilo yoluntu nengozi yehlabathi lokwenene

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa indlela enokuba yingxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke ngokukhawuleza ngayo. Izibhengezo zobuxoki ngonyango, ukugonya kunye nezindlela zokudlulisela amayeza zakhokelela abantu ukuba balahle icebiso eliqinisekisiweyo lezamayeza, izibhedlele ezininzi kunye nokubulala abantu. Ngokufanayo, ubugcisa bokulwa ne-antigine-yoccine ibangele ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezinokuthinteleka njengesimungutha. Indleko yemali yezonyango engekho mthethweni eqikelelweni kuqikelelweni wamawaka ezigidi ngenxa yokuphelelwa kwemveliso, ukuhlahlela ezibhedlele, nokufa ngaphambi kwexesha. Ngaphandle kokuchaphaza, ukungazinziswa kwenzululwazi yemozulu kubangela ukufuduka komhlaba, kunye nokunganyaniswa kwemithetho yemithetho yokhetho kuthotholo kuthel'uhla ukholo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuncipha Kokholoso Eziko

Ukuchanabeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwinkcazelo ebubuxoki okanye elahlekisayo . "nokuba ingezopolitiko, inzululwazi, okanye imali" ikholosa kungekuphela nje kumajelo eendaba kodwa kuwo onke amaqumrhu axhomekeke kwintembelo kawonke-wonke: urhulumente, iiyunivesithi, iinkampani, kunye neengeniso. Xa abantu bengenakuvumelana ngezibakala ezisisiseko, baba ngabajongeli-themba kwaye abangeneli. Oku kuvula umnyango kwiingcamango zozungu kunye nezibongozo zegunyaziso. Ukubuyisela intelelo kufuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo ekucaceni, ekunyanisweni, nasekufundeni, nakwimfundo kulo lonke icandelo loluntu.

Ukusasazeka Kolwazi Oluphosakeleyo

Ukuvavanya ngokunempumelelo imithombo yeendaba, kuyanceda ukuqonda indlela inkohliso esasazeka ngayo kwasekuqaleni. Izinto eziliqela zobugcisa nezoluvo zidityaniswe zibangela oko abaphandi bakubiza ngokuba “kukungalungelelani kwenkcazelo.”

Ulwandiso Lwemithetho Yomthetho

Uphando lweziteshi zezentlalo-ntle lulungele ukuganana, lungachananga. Imithetho yazo ecwangcisa okuqulethwe lunqano lokunqakraza, ukwabelana, namagqabaza qha, kwaye olunemiba exhobisayo okanye olusekelwe kuloyiko lusoloko lusebenza ngcono kunengxelo eyinyaniso. Uphando lwangonyaka ka-2018 olusuka kwi-MIT lufumanise ubuxoki kwi-Twitter esasazekileyo “inkulu, ngokukhawuleza, inzulu, kwaye ibanzi ngakumbi kunenyaniso kuzo zonke iintlobo zolwazi." Uyilo lwale nkqubo luthetha ukuba kwanomlinganiselo omncinane wokulahlekisa ungafikelela kwizigidi ngaphambi kokuba abalondolo bemeko babe nethuba lokungenelela.

Iikhampuni zentlokoma namaqampu esihluzi

Xa iqonga lobuqu lisondla ngokwendlela yokuziphatha komsebenzisi, ngempazamo benza amaqampu ecebo lokucoca ulwelo − ulwazi olubonisa kuphela ukudityaniswa kweenkolelo zomsebenzisi ezikhoyo. Kula maqampu, iingcamango zobuxoki zingasasazeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngaphandle kocelomngeni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abasebenzisi bangaqala ukuthemba imithombo abangafanele bavele kuba nje bebonakala rhoqo. Ukuphuma kwigumbi lesandi kufuna umgudu wobulumko: ukulandela iingxelo ezahlukeneyo, ukusebenzisa ezinye iindaba abaququzeleli bomgangatho ophezulu kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Indima Yabaqheliseli Ababi

Asiyiyo yonke inkohliso eyenzeka ngengozi. Amaphulo karhulumente adityanisiweyo, amasebe ezobupolitika, kunye neefama ezingenisa ingeniso-ngeniso” eziyila nokusasaza iingxelo zobuxoki ngabom ukuphembelela unyulo, ukuhlwayela ukungavumelani, okanye ukuvelisa ingeniso yentengiso. Ukwamkela olu maleko wenkohliso yeqhinga kwenza uvavanyo olungxamise ngakumbi. Audiences kufuneka zingabuzi nje kuphela ucoselelo lwento kodwa kwaneentshukumisa eziphambili kwimpapasho yayo. Izixhobo ezifana izikhokelo zokwazisa iKomiti yenkululeko yoxinzelelo ziyakwazi ukunceda abacholathi-ndaba bafumane imvelaphi.

Ii-ases kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendaba

Ukuqonda indlela ekhawulezayo yokusebenza kwengqondo esetyenziswa ngabo bonke abantu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuphuculwe uhlolisiso lweendaba. Ingqondo yethu ifakwa ngocingo ukuze isebenzise iindlela ezimfutshane zokuqiqa, yaye ezininzi zezi zinto zisenza singakwazi ukwamkela inkcazelo ephosakeleyo.

Uqinisekiso

Ukuqinisekisa kukufuna, ukuchaza nokukhumbula ulwazi olungqina iinkolelo zomntu ezikhoyo ngaphambili. Xa ufunda inqaku leendaba, umntu onotyekelo olunamandla lwezobupolitika uza kusebenzisa ngaphaya kolwazi oluxhasa icala labo aze alahle ubungqina obuphikisanayo. Ukoyisa ukungqina kudinga umgudu wequmrhu: phambi kokuba ukholelwe ibali, zibuze ukuba ungayamkela kusini na ukuba liyaphikisana neembono zakho. Funa imithombo enesidima ngokuntlukwano, kwaye zimisele ukuhlaziya iinkolelo zakho phambi kobungqina obungafihlisiyo.

Iziphumo ZeDunning-Kruger

Le mbono ichaza indlela abantu abanolwazi olulinganiselweyo kummandla abasoloko bebaxanduva kakhulu ngayo, ngelixesha iingcali zityekele ekujongeni intsebenziswano yabo. Kwingxelo, umntu onamaphephandaba angenamsebenzi angaqiniseka ngokugweba ukuthembeka komthombo othile ngaphandle kokwenza uphando olunzulu. Ngokuchasene noko, umntu onobuchule obunyanisekileyo angathandabuza ukugxininisa ulwazi lwabo. Ukukhuthaza oku kungalingani kukhuthaza ukuthobeka kwaye kukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa koludwe olucwangcisiweyo kunokusebenzisa iimvakalelo xa ehlola imithombo.

Umthombo wenkxaso-mali ecacileyo

Abantu basoloko bexhomekeke kwizalathiso zomgangatho ophezulu wobunyani, njengewebhsayithi ejongeka ngobuchule, igama ledadi, okanye unxulumano olubonakalayo nempapasho ekhoyo. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zinokusetyenziswa lula, zinokusetyenziswa ngokulula. Abadlali bayakwazi ukuxelisa indlela eyakhiwe ngayo indawo ezifanelekileyo eendaba, ukusebenzisa iilogo ezifanayo, okanye ukuthenga imida ekhoyo yamaphephandaba aphelelwe lixesha. I-heurics “ndiyivile ngawo, ngoko kufuneka zithembeke” xa umatshini uphonswe zingcinezelo zemali, uxhunyulo, okanye ukufunyanwa ngokungqalileyo liqela lenzala epheleleyo.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokukhupha Iindaba

Iindawo zokukhupha iindaba zifundisa, ziphindaphindwa. La maqhinga alandelayo angasetyenziswa nakwesiphi na isiqwenga seendaba, enoba sidityaniswe kwi-intanethi, kwi-injini yokukhangela, okanye kwisixhobo sokukhupha iindaba zesithethe.

Hlola Ingxelo Yomthombo

Yiphande imbali yempapasho, ubumnini, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yomhleli. Khangela iphepha elicacileyo elithi “Malunga Nethu” elichaza umsebenzi wokukhupha ingeniso, imithombo yemali, kunye nemigangatho ye-ogxamesi. Imibutho edumileyo yeendaba idla ngokuba nenxaxheba kunxulumano lobugcisa olufana ne American Press Institute okanye i-International Fact-Ceting Network. Sebenzisa iinkcazelo ezifana iMedia Bias/Fact Arch / ukubona apho umthombo uphelela khona kwimimandla yezobupolitika nendlela ethembekileyo ekuyiyo ekungqikelelweni kwayo.

Khangela Ubungqina Obusisiseko

Amanqaku anokuthenjwa anxulumene okanye akhankanya imithombo esisiseko (iincwadi ezikhoyo okanye ezithiywe ngabadala, uphando lolutsha, iirekhodi zodliwano-ndlebe lokuqala, okanye iirekhodi ezingqalileyo. Ukuba ibali leendaba lithetha ngenkalipho kodwa liquka imithombo engachazwanga okanye ezinye iingxelo zosasazo njengobungqina obungaqinisekiyo, yijonge ngobungqina. Landela umzila: ukuba inqaku lithi “ufundisiso lufunyenwe,” nqakraza kulo fundo. Ukuba ufundo alufumaneki ngokukhululekileyo, khangela ukuba inkampani yophando inendawo yokushicilela. Ijelo lobucukubhede lithobela umthetho wobunyani: ukuba awukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyafuna ukuqiniseka ukuba uphakathsa, iqhalo alikulungelanga ukulungela ukwamkela.

Umahluko Oninzi Onokucinywa

Musa ukuthembela kumthombo omnye wolwazi olugxekayo. Ukukhangela uphando olunye lwezibhengezo ezahlukeneyo ezingundoqo ezineembono ezahlukeneyo zomhleli (umz., i Associated Press, Reuters, BBC, NPR, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal). Ukuba ibali libonakala kuphela kumanxuwa angenaluxanduva, kunokwenzeka ukuba alithembeki. Naxa iiprojekthi ezininzi zinikela ingxelo ngolwazi olufanayo, thelekisa ukudiza kunye nolwimi ukuva iintsontela ezichuliweyo.

Uphanda Inkcubeko Yombhali

Ababhali. Uphando olukhawulezileyo lombhali lungatyhila imvelaphi yabo yemfundo, iimpapasho zangaphambili, kunye nezinxulumaniso. Intatheli egqumathelisa impilo kufuneka ibe nengxelo echanekileyo yengxelo yelo bhanti; umhlaziyi wezopolitiko kufuneka acace ngako nakuphi na ukungqubana kwenzala. Lumka amanqaku ngaphandle komdla okanye abhalwe nguhlobo “umbhali othe akakwazi ukuqinisekiswa. Kwakhona jonga kumhla: amanqaku amadala ajikelezayo njenge “entsha” anokuba lulahlekiso kakhulu.

I-Akhawunti ye-AP

Zonke iingxelo zineqondo elithile localulo-calucalulo , akukho nto efana nobundilele obupheleleyo. Injongo asikokufumana umthombo ongacaciyo, kodwa kukuqonda indalo kunye nomlinganiselo wobuqhetseba. Imvelaphi ecace gca malunga nokungaguquguquki komhleli (umz., umhlathi obhalwe njengoluvo) uthembeke kakhulu kunalowo ozenza ngathi akathathi cala xa etyhibela ucwangciso olufihlakeleyo. Izixhobo ezithi ziphawule i-AllSIDES kunye ne-Media Bias/Fact, zinganceda ulwelo lwakho lolwazi. Noko ke, zisoloko zifunda iindlela zokuchaza indlela ezizihloko.

Izixhobo nezibonelelo zoqinisekiso

Ukuzixhobisa ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kuyenza icace inkqubela yovavanyo lweendaba. Ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zezixhobo ziye zaphumelela kubafundi abaqhelekileyo nakubaphengululi abanobuchule.

I-website ezichaphazelekayo

I-Majongg i-conic-computment-computation commap iquka Snopets, FactCC.org, kunye [ iPolitict[. Zisoloko zikhupha iinkcazo zentsholongwane, zilandelela ucoselelo lwenkcazelo yabetho lwezopolitistiki namanani kawonke wonke, kwaye zinika iinkcukacha zeziphumo zazo. Abaninzi bangamalungu ehlabathi i-ICctalct-Chectived Nenet, ezifuna ukunamathela kwikhowudi yemigaqo. Inqaku elinye okanye ezimbini zezi ndawo kwaye yenza umkhwa wokukhangela iinkcazelo phambi kokuba zisabelana.

Izihlomelo Zomkhangeli zincwadi Nongeniso

Izihlomelo ezifana ne-New Savestad zifaka ngqo kumkhangeli wakho kwaye zibonise ireyithingi yokuthembana ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano kwi nkcazelo yentlalo-ntle kunye neziphumo zokuphendla. Ijelo le-Media Bias/Fact Linika iplagi enika ireyithi yenani lokungalinganiyo lokubonisa ingcaciso kunye nenyaniso yamawaka emithombo. Ezi zixhobo zinikela umongo okhawulezileyo ngaphandle kokuba zifune ukuba ushiye iphepha. Ziluncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekuhloleni imithombo odibana nayo kumaqonga angafikeleliyo imiqondiso yokunyaniseka, enjenge-Reddit, i-Twitter, okanye i-Tik Tok.

Phendulela uphendlo lomfanekiso kunye noqinisekiso lwevidiyo

Ulwazi oluphosakeleyo ludla ngokuthatha uhlobo lwemifanekiso esetyenziswayo, iividiyo eziphelelwe lixesha, okanye izixhobo eziboniswa ngobuxoki. Izixhobo ezifana no Google Imifanekiso Eguqukayo Uphendlo, i-Tineye, kunye ne siseko se INVID- Wevertist in zikuvumela ukuba ufake okanye ucofe uqhagamshelwano kumfanekiso okanye ividiyo ukuze ubone apho ivele khona ngaphambili. Oku kungatyhila ngokukhawuleza ukuba umfanekiso “wangoku” uthathiwe kwelinye ilizwe kwiminyaka edluleyo. Ukwazi iziqalelo zokuphendla umfanekiso womva kungoku kungokobubuchule obuphezulu bobunyani bomthengisi wesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi kulwazi olunophuhliswayo.

Ukwakha Isithethe Esineembono Ezimanyumnyezi

Imigudu yokulinganisa imithombo yeendaba ibalulekile, kodwa kufuneka kubekho utshintsho oluhlala luhleli ukuze kubekho impembelelo.

Ukufudusela Kwimfundo Ukufunda Nokubhala

Izikolo zinembopheleleko yokufundisa ukufundwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa ukususela ebuntwaneni. ICurcula kufuneka iquke izifundo ngendlela yokuchonga okuqulethweyo okuxhasweyo, ukwahluka phakathi kweendaba kunye noluvo, ukuqinisekisa imithombo, nokuqonda iimvelaphi ezingqinelanayo. IFinland, egqalwa ngokubanzi njengenkokeli kule ndawo, iqalisile ukudibanisa ufundo lwezixhobo zekhompyutha kwizifundo zesizwe ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka elidluleyo kwaye iye yabona ukuhla okuhambisanayo ekungachaneni nenkohliso. Amanye amazwe ayakwazi ukutshintsha iimodeli ezifanayo. Uqeqesho kufuneka luqhubeke lukhokelwa njengemigangatho nemichiza nenkqubo emitsha.

Iindawo zokusebenza zoLuntu kunye neNxibelelwano yoLuntu

Amathala eencwadi, amaziko asekuhlaleni, kunye namaziko aphezulu zindawo zendalo zokusebenzela iingxelo. Abantu abadala abaninzi abayifumananga imfundo yolwazi oluqhelekileyo kwaye balangazelela ukhokelo. Ukufumana i-News View Express” apho abathathi-nxaxheba baqhelisela ukuchitha intelekelelo kunye nokulungisa inyani kwimeko yoluntu kungayiphelisa inkqubo kwaye kwakhe ugcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni. Ukuncokola kukawonke-wonke kukwawuqhelisela ngokusoloko ubuza “Uyazi njani?"

Imbono Engumzekelo

Abazali, abafundisi, kunye nabaphembeleli banempembelelo egqithisileyo kwindlela yolwazi yabo babazileyo. Ngokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngendlela abaqinisekisa ngayo iindaba, ukwabelana ngesemva-koovimba bakhangela indlela yabo yokukhangela inyani, kwaye bengavumi ukuhambisa okuqulethwe yimodeli, ezimodeli zimisela imilinganiselo esesikweni. Xa amanani ahloneliweyo evuma ukuba ayephosakele emva kokuhlola umthombo, kukhuthaza abanye ukuba benze okufanayo ngaphandle kokuhlazeka. Ukhokelo olusebenzisa ijelo lwezimfakela-ndaba luluhlobo oluzolileyo kodwa olunamandla lokuthatha inxaxheba kwiqumrhu loluntu.

Isiphelo

Kule nkathi yobuninzi bolwazi, ukuvavanya imithombo yeendaba asiyombopheleleko. Impilo yedemokhrasi yethu, ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye nengqibelelo yentetho yethu yasesidlangalaleni ixhomekeke kubemi abakwaziyo ukujika indlela yolwazi ngobuchule nangokuthandabuza. Ngokuqonda iindlela zokuchana, ukuqonda iingcamango ezigqwethekileyo, ukwamkela iindlela zobuchule, kunye nokuxhasa imfundo yolwazi lwamajelo-ndaba kuwo onke amanqanaba, sinokuguqula indlela esizisebenzisa ngayo iindaba. Ngamaxesha onke sinqumama ngaphambi kokwabelana nabanye, ngalo lonke ixesha sihlola umthombo, ngalo lonke ixesha sifundisa omnye umntu ukwenza okufanayo, siqinisa intsingiselo yethu yebutho labantu abanolwazi. Oku akuyo nje imigaqo yobuqu yobuqu; ngumsebenzi esimele siyenze omnye umntu.