Ukwazisa: Ingxaki Ekhoyo Kwindawo Ephakamileyo Yomanyano

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni noorhulumente besizwe kunye norhulumente worhulumente luphawu oluchaza inkqubo yesizwe neUnited States. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ubeka imiyalelo yamandla phakathi kwamagunya esizwe naworhulumente, ngokungenakunqandwa ishiya indawo yokukhuhlana, ukutolika, kunye nengquzulwano. Oorhulumente bendawo(_iiindawo, iirejistanti, iiklasi, kunye neebhodi zesikolo) zisoloko zifumanisa ukuba zibanjiwe phakathi kwemiyalelo karhulumente wawo kunye nemiyalelo yamaqumrhuluneli karhulumente. Le ngxoxo ayiyiyo nje ingcamango; ibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi, iphembelela inkqubo kawonke, kwaye ivavanya imida yomthetho kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke. Ukuqonda imida yemida yengingqineno apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abafundi, ababandakanye abemi, abahlali bemi.

Imeko Engokwembali: Ilifa Lengxabano

Ukuze aqonde amandla emfazwe yanamhlanje, umntu kufuneka aqonde kuqala ukuba uxanduva phakathi komgangatho karhulumente ludala njengeriphabliki. Lo mGaqo-siseko ka-Supremacy Claus umisela umthetho wesizwe njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kodwa uLawulo lweSimi se-Tentel olugciniweyo olunganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe okanye abantu. Oku kuqukuqela kuye kwabangela impikiswano kumhla wokuqala wohlanga.

Ingxaki Yokuphelisa Ukutya Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Ngonyaka wama-1830, ilinge lika-Carolina lokwaphula umthetho karhulumente lakhokelela urhulumente kumngcipheko wokupheliswa. Ingxaki yabonisa indlela urhulumente anokuthi alicel ’ umngeni ngayo igunya lorhulumente, amisele umzekelo kwiimfazwe zamva. Imfazwe yamakhaya ngokwayo yaba yingxabano epheleleyo, ulawulo lukarhulumente lulawula amalungelo karhulumente okugcina ubukhoboka. Ezi ziganeko zabonisa ukuba nangona amazwe ebenokuxhathisa, urhulumente unoburhulumente ubungangamsha bomthetho kunye nomkhosi.

IMbutho yamaLungelo yaBami: Ukuchasa koLolongo

Ngaphezu kwenkulungwane kamva, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwakhona bachasa igunya likarhulumente elilawulayo .=ngoku lingaphezulu ityala. Ngoo-1950 nangoo1960, izixeko zaseMazantsi kunye namazwe avukela imithetho yeNkundla Ephakamileyo namalungelo abantu. IiRhuluneli zazimi ezingcangweni zendlu yesikolo, kwaye amapolisa asekuhlaleni anyanzelisa ukuhlaliswa kwemithetho yoburhulumente. Ungquzulwano lwakhokelela ekumiselweni kwamajoni orhulumente kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokukhutshwa kwentlukwano. Eli xesha labonisa ukuba ukuchaswa kwasekuhlaleni kunamandla kodwa ekugqibeleni kubonakalisa ukuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lungawo onke amalungelo omgaqo-siseko xa kusengozini.

Ukuvela Kwezixeko Ezingcwele

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kuye kwavela uhlobo olutsha lwemfazwe kumthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo. Izixeko ezingcwele `````````````````''''''''' ezilawula ukufuduka''''''' ezilawula imfazwe.' Ezi mfazwe zidla ngokuba zizinto ezincinane. Uxanduva oludla ngokukhula xa ulawulo lomongameli lutshintsha izinto eziphambili. Umzekelo, ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, isisongelo sokungagunyazi kumthetho kwimithetho engcwele yasekuhlaleni sikhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni olawulo lwasemthethweni kumgangatho wokusebenzisa imali. [[FLTLD]] Brennan Center yeJaji yeJaji yeJaji[FLT] ibhale eziqhubekayo ezi zinto zingapheliyo, hayi okokuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kulawulo loluntu kulawulo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke olukhoyo.

Uphando Ngetyala Kungquzulwano OlukwiNtlangano

1. Ukuhlaliswa nokuhlanjululwa

Izixeko ezingcwele ezifana neSan Francisco, iNew York, neChicago ziye zamisela imithetho ethintela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuba ubuze ngemeko yokufuduka okanye ubambe abantu kwimimandla ehlala abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Le migaqo isekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni amele agcine intembelo kumazwe afudukileyo ukuze alwe nolwaphulo-mthetho owenziwe ngabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo ijongene nomthetho olawulayo onokuba umthetho wezentengiselwano uyakwazi ukuphelisa imigaqo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni, nokuba urhulumente wengingqi unokusebenzisa imibandela ethile ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzelisa uluntu. Isiphumo sisenzo sokulwa kwetyala, kunye nezinye iinkundla ezixhasa ulawulo lwe-Impmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpse kunye nabanye abalawula ukuba urhulumente urhulumente urhulumente unegunya elibanzi ekufudukeni kwabantu abafuduki.

2. Ukwenziwa komthetho kwe-Marijuana kunye nokuLawulwa

Imfazwe ekhoyo kwinkalo yecannabis imela enye yezona mfazwe ziphambili zale mihla. Nangona i-Guant Direfed Substances Act ilwandisa umyango njengeSedyuli I yeziyobisi, amaphondo angaphezu kwama-20 kunye neSithili saseColumbia zigunyazise ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokwezonyango okanye ezokuzonwabisa. Oorhulumente bengingqi basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenzise izigcawu ezisemthethweni: umthetho uvumela ukuthengiswa nokulinywa, kodwa abameli besizwe bagcine igunya lokuhlasela abasebenzi bemi be-State. Uhlalutyo oluno lwe-FObama lubala ukhokelo lwedeprioreat, indlela abalusebenzisa ngayo ulawulo lwelizwe kwimithetho eqinileyo, kodwa abalawuli be-Curmp neBiden bamele bavumelane mvume womthetho womthetho phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nomthetho-Rhulumente. [[FLT: 0]

3. Imithetho yokusingqongileyo nokuhlaziywa koluntu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bezama ukumisela ukhuseleko lwemekobume olungaphaya kwemilinganiselo karhulumente, ingakumbi xa urhulumente wesizwe eqokelela imithetho esemva. Ngokomzekelo, iKhalifoniya, ixesha elide iye yasebenzisa igunya layo phantsi koMthetho we-Ceoc Air Act ukumisela imilinganiselo eqinileyo yokukhupha igesi yezithuthi, ezinye izixeko ezisebenzisa imilinganiselo engqongqo yasekuhlaleni. Ezi zinto zingabangela iingxaki ezisemthethweni kumaqela eshishinini kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo aphikisayo ukuba i-Ceac Air Act iphelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ngokufanayo, amadolobha afana nePortland kunye ne-New York aye avala ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo kwizakhiwo ezintsha ukudambisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu, kodwa kujongeneembono zokumangaliswa kwegesi ezimanyeneyo kunye nezisongelo ezigunya-orhulumente. Oku kubandakanya apha akuthethi ukuba amagunya asemthethweni asemthethweni asemthethweni kodwa kwamazwe asebenza njengeedemokhrasi xa imigangatho ye-othority i-ographical.

4. Ulawulo lwemipu

Umthetho we-ankile lelinye icala lemfazwe eqhubekayo. UMthetho wesibini woHlaziyo, njengoko utolikwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo i-Dialior of Columbia v. Heller (2008) kunye uMcdald v. Chicago[] [2010], ukhusela umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo. Noko ke, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bazama ukumisa imilinganiselo engqongqo kunemithetho evumela ukuvinjelwa kwezixhobo, amaphephancwadi aphezulu, okanye afuna ixesha lokulinda. [kumazwe amaninzi, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho ecacileyo yemipul, ukukhutshwa kwemida. Xa isixeko sifumana isombululo, ityala lisoloko lingena kumthetho wenkundla yezomthetho okanye ukugqwenga.

5. Impilo yoluntu ihlaliswa ngexesha le-COVID-19

Isifo se-COVID-19 savelisa ungquzulwano olungathethekiyo phakathi kokhokelo lukarhulumente kunye nemiyalelo yasekuhlaleni. Ekuqaleni kwemeko yamanqam, urhulumente worhulumente wakhupha iingcebiso ezingabopheleliyo, lo gama amazwe kunye nezixeko zasebenzisa izindululo zokuvala amagqubuthelo, kunye nokuvala ishishini. Iimpikiswano zavela xa amagosa karhulumente esizwe ayephikisana ekuhleni ngemilinganiselo yempilo yasekuhlaleni, kwaye xa amaphondo ezama ukuthintela amadolobha ekumiseni imithetho engqongqo. Imithetho yavela phezu kwegunya leedolophu kunye nesebe lezonyango lokumisela imiqathango yesizwe ukubeka imiqathango engaphaya kwegunya okanye imiyalelo karhulumente. Le nkonzo yophando lophando-ntle yoluntu [[FLT]] ibalase kwimithetho karhulumente kunye nakumandla engxamisekileyo yolungele ulungeleno lwe-gronga yomanyano kunye noncedo lwasekuhlaleni loluntu ukuba lungamele lwawongamele lwawo omabini.

ISisakhelo esingokwasemthethweni nesomGaqo-siseko soNxulumano

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba kuvele iimfazwe zasekuhlaleni kufuneke ujongo kwimigaqo engundoqo yomgaqo-siseko. I-Supremacy Classia (Artle VI) iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ulawula ulawula urhulumente ongqubanayo okanye umthetho wasekuhlaleni, kodwa kuphela xa iKhompathiswa isebenza kumagunya ayo adwelisiweyo. iyakwazi ukumisela xa umthetho wesizwe ukhulula imimandla okanye urhulumente wengingqi. Inkququ iyakwazi ukuveza (injongo yalo iChona ichaza ngokucacileyo) okanye xa isithi (umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho ufanele ungabi nandawo yemithetho engqubanayo ngokwenene neenjongo zikarhulumente). Noko ke, ulawulo lweshumi lolawulo lwe-Demigrand nomthetho wolawulo lwezwelo-ograin, ingakumbi xa uzama ukuzama urhulumente okanye urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente woluntu.

Imfundiso Echasene Nomyalelo

Isiseko sokhuseleko olusemthethweni loorhulumente basekuhlaleni yimfundiso echasene nolawulo lweziko loluntu. Le mfundiso ithathwe kumatyala afana ne- Printz v. United States (1997). INkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba urhulumente akanakunyanzela urhulumente okanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba alawule iinkqubo zolawulo lwamagunya. Le mfundiso ibisemgangathweni kwimicimbi yesixeko engcwele, apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bengafuni ukunyanzelela ukunyanzelisa umthetho wezwe olawulayo. Ngokufanayo, amaziko aye aphumelela ekuthinteleni imiyalelo karhulumente ukumisa imvelaphi phantsi koMthetho kaBrady. Abachasi-omatilo-mthetho banikela isiseko esiqinileyo somthetho we-Ecumistiki, kodwa abawuthinteli urhulumente woluntu ekunxibeleleni okanye ekusebenzeni kweenzeni kwemisebenzi yalo mithetho.

Iinjiko eziManyeneyo kunye neemeko

Enye intsebenziswano enkulu yempembelelo karhulumente kukuchitha amandla. Urhulumente wesizwe anganyanzela iimeko kwintlawulo nakumazwe, ngokunempumelelo enyanzelisa ukuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe .Ifakelele iimeko zicace kwaye zinxulumene nenjongo yemvume. Eli lungiselelo lisetyenziselwa ukunyanzela imithetho yobudala bokusela (South Dakota v. Dole) kunye nokunyanzela amagunya engcwele. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke imida kwiimeko ezinxulumene nemithetho-mthetho karhulumente, njengoko kuboniswa kwinjongo yokunika imvume. NFIB v. Selius[[[FLT:] [20]], apho iNkuhla kwesongelo sokukhupha umngcipheko sokuxhasa imali eninzi.

Uxanduva loMasipala woMgaqo-nkqubo we-CPF

Iziphumo zemfazwe yasekuhlaleni zidlulela ngaphaya kozinzo lwayo. Okokuqala, ludala ukungaqiniseki komthetho okunzima kumashishini, abantu, kunye namagosa kawonke-wonke. Xa isixeko sigqithisa umthetho onokuthi ukhutshwe ngurhulumente okanye umthetho karhulumente, abanikeli-mali kunye nabemi abanakuxhomekeka kuzinzo lwaso. Umzekelo, imijelo yomjuxuzo kumazwe apho urhulumente ehlala engekho semthethweni kwicandelo elinolwamdla, ngokufuthi ungakwazi ukungena kwimisebenzi yebhanki okanye izihlalo zerhafu.

Okwesibini, umthombo womoya ngumba obalulekileyo. Omabini amacala achitha izigidi ngemali, ephambukisa imali evela kwiinkonzo ezingundoqo njengemfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nezibonelelo. Ii-ofisi zikaMaya kufuneka ziqeshe amaqela asemthethweni ukukhusela imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ngoxa amaqumrhu ancedisa ubuchule bokuvavanya urhulumente kunye neenyathelo lasekuhlaleni.

Okwesithathu, ukudideka kwabantu [[[FLT: 0] kunciphisa ukuthembana kurhulumente. Xa abemi bebona uomatiloshe bejongela phantsi umbutho karhulumente, okanye urhulumente wesizwe esongela ukugodlela imali yohola wendlela ngaphezu kwegunya lasekuhlaleni lokuzimela, basenokungawuthembi umthetho. Oku kunokunciphisa wonke umthetho kuze kunciphise ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi.

Okwesine, ungquzulwano lungakhokelela kulwahlulo lwemithetho edityanisiweyo . Kukungabikho kwemigangatho efanayo yesizwe, umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho yasekuhlaleni uvela, ukwenza i-ifficiencies. Ishishini elisebenza kulawulo oluninzi kufuneka lisebenzise imithetho emininzi eyahlukeneyo kwinto yonke ukusuka kwintlawulo encinci ukuya kutsho kwimiqathango yeplastiki. Ngelixa abanye bephikisa leyantlukwano ikhuthaza uphuhliso, kwakhona idala imithwalo evumelanisiweyo.

Ekugqibeleni, ungquzulwano lusoloko lunyusa uphazamiso oluphangaleleyo . Amazwe angagqithisa imithetho yokukhulula ukulinganisela igunya lasekuhlaleni .Imeko ekhawulezileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje malunga nomvuzo omncinci, ikhefu ehlawulwayo, kunye nemithetho echasene nohlanga. NgokweNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures[ emfutshane, amakhulu eendleko yelahleko aziswa minyaka lento, inika uphawu lokuxinezeleka okunga nje kuphela phakathi koorhulumente bongingqi norhulumente, kodwa kulwalamano lwezwe ngokwalo.

Iindlela Zokwenza Isigqibo Nentsebenziswano

Phezu kwako nje ukukhutshwa kohlobo lwengquzulwano, kukho iindlela ezivunyiweyo zokunciphisa ingxabano kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni noorhulumente bamarhulumente. Ezi ndlela zifuna ukwenziwa kwezopolitiko, ubuchule obusemthethweni, kunye nokuzimisela ukwabelana ngolawulo.

Ukufikelela kweSizwe nakuMgaqo-siseko

Enye indlela kukucacisa imida elawulayo ngomthetho. IKhomishini ingamisela imithetho echaza ngokucacileyo umlinganiselo wokukhulula kwesizwe, ukushiyela igumbi izinto ezintsha zasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, i-Majuana Freedom ne-Opportunity Act iya kususa ii-cannabis kuMthetho we-Substances Ogustrated, ukuphelisa ingxabano engokwasemthethweni phakathi korhulumente nomthetho worhulumente. Ngokufanayo, utshintsho olubanzi lokufuduka lungamisela imigangatho ecacileyo enciphisa imfuneko yemithetho yesixeko esingcwele.

Esinye isisombululo sesakhiwo kukuphucula inkqubo yomanyano yomanyano. Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano anganika abahlaseli okanye afake ii-arhente zokuqonda norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, avumele ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, iSebe leMicimbi yeSahlulelo seProject Safeare Hoveholations, liye lakhuthaza iindlela zokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ezisebenzisanayo phakathi kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni nabatshutshisi.

ULawulo oluPhawulweyo loLuntu noLwamaGama

Unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo phakathi kwamagosa asekuhlaleni kunye namagunya esizwe lubalulekile. Iintlanganiso zengqungquthela, amaqela omsebenzi adibeneyo, kunye neenkqubo ezisesikweni zokuhlola zingathintela ukungaqondani kunye nolwakhelo lokuthembana. Xa ulawulo olutsha luthatha iofisi, ufikelelo lwangaphambili koomatiloshe kunye namaqumrhu aphezulu ephondo lungagudisela. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, ulawulo lweBiden lwaseka iminxeba esoloko ikhona kunye neerhuluneli kunye needolophu ukumisela intlanganiso yoluntu, ukunciphisa ukhuthuko olubonisa iimpendulo zangaphambili.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke Nobungqina

Abahlali ababuqondayo uburhulumente baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuxhasa izisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Izikolo, ijelo-ndaba, kunye nemibutho yezentlalo-ntle ingakhuthaza ulwazi ngendlela oorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente noorhulumente abasebenzisana ngayo. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba urhwebo lubandakanyekile . Ulawulo lomhlaba kunye nokulingana kwe-orhulumente, banganyanzela ukuba kwenziwe imithetho elungelelanisayo. Amagosa oluntu apho achaza izizathu ezibangela ukukhuphisana kwemithetho angaziphelisa ingxwabangxwaba kwaye abangele inkxaso yoluntu.

Ukuphepha Ulwimi Ngesisombululo Senye Impikiswano

Asiyonto yonke impikiswano efuna ukupheliswa enkundleni. Ukungavisisani nokulungisa kungacombulula ungquzulwano kwiimeko ezinika imvume, ukukhawuleziswa komthetho, kunye nezinto eziphambili zokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zihamba phambili. Amanye amaphondo amisele iindawo ezichasa izigqibo zesigqibo eziphakathi korhulumente neziphakathi kwamasebe asekuhlaleni. Ukunikezela ngohlobo olunjalo kwiimfazwe ezikhoyo zengingqi zengingqi zelizwe kunganciphisa umoya ojikelezayo kwaye kuvelise iziphumo ezithe zakha.

Isiphelo: Ukupheliswa Kweentsomi ZeFederalism Yanamhlanje

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni norhulumente worhulumente lunamandla ngokwemvelo. Ukungavisisani asiyomiqondiso yenkqubo eyaphukileyo kodwa kunoko ayimbonakaliso yedemokhrasi yobuninzi apho kukhuphisana amava amaninzi ukuze aphenjelelwa. Uphando lwahlola `kusuka kwizixeko zengcwele ukuya kuqiniswa ngokusemthethweni, ukusuka kulwandiso lwemeko-bume ukuya kulwahlulo olumandundu-ninzi "ukuchaphaza okubangelwa yintlupheko olusuka kumaxabiso anzulu abekwe: ukuzilawula, ukulawulwa korhulumente, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nokhuseleko loluntu.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ezi meko zinika amathuba atyebileyo okuhlola imigaqo yolawulo, imida yegunya likarhulumente, nokubaluleka kokudityaniswa kwesizwe. Ngokuqonda iingcambu zembali, izakhiwo zomthetho, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zemfazwe yasekuhlaleni, abafundi banokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba abangakumbi kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokuzilawula ngokwabo. Ekugqibeleni, usukelo asikokuphelisa ingxabano.