Ingcamango yamandla karhulumente isekelwe kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente zorhulumente, apho igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye noorhulumente bengingqi. EUnited States, eli candelo liququzelelwe kuMphetho-mda weshumi elinesiThandathi, ogcina onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente karhulumente karhulumente okanye awalelweyo. Esi siseko sinika isindululo esithe xa sithelekiswa nemithetho yezobugcisa elungelelaniswe abantu abakhethekileyo, uqoqosho, namaxabiso enkcubeko. Ukuqonda indlela asebenzisa ngayo la mandla kunika ubuchule obubalulekileyo kwimisebenzi esebenzayo yolawulo lwaseMelika, iprojective, kunye nokunxibelelana okuqhubekayo phakathi komanyano nolwando lwezizwe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya kaRhulumente

Amandla esizwe afumaneka kumgaqo wolawulo olubini ofakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. [[FLT: 0] ISinyuso seNgqomo se-Tenteth ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba amandla anganikezelwanga eUnited States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga kumazwe, agcinelwe kumazwe ngokulinganayo, okanye kubantu. Le ndawo igcina ifumana isiseko esisemthethweni soko kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ulawulo" -- "igunya elingundoqo"") elinguwo onke amazwe angagunya lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo. Oku kunika igunya elibanzi livumela ukuba kusebenze kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo njengomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, imfundo, ezothutho, ezobugcisa, kunye nobudlelwane boluntu, ngaphandle kwemvume yoluntu oluthe tyaba.

Noko ke, amandla karhulumente akaphelelanga. ISupremacy Claus iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, okuthetha ukuba xa urhulumente norhulumente bengquzulwano, umthetho karhulumente jikelele uyalawula, ngokuqhelekileyo (umthetho-owona uququzeleli weBhunga wawusebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lozimele-mthetho nolawulo lorhulumente lumi phantse phantse wonke umzekelo wokwenza umthetho wesizwe kwaye udala ibala elinamandla lokukhuphisana ngomthetho nowezobupolitika.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Yamandla Karhulumente Ikwinkqubo Yomanyano

Ubuchule boorhulumente bokumisela imithetho yabo bunceda kwimisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi:

  • Ukuzinza kwengingqi ehlala: abamisi-mthetho belizwe basondelelene nabantu kwaye bangathetha ngenkxalabo yengingqi ```````Amalungelo amanzi' kwimpuphuma yeNtshona okanye kwinkanyamba elungele unxweme lweGulf-] ngokunempumelelo kune-omatiloshe ekude.
  • Izakhono zomsebenzi wobupolisa: Njengoko iJaji Louis Brandeis iqatshelwe, amatyala angasebenza njenge "oomatshini bolawulo-melo," ukuzama iinkqubo ezinolwazi ngaphandle kokubeka umngcipheko kuhlanga lonke. Impumelelo yovavanyo olunempumelelo . . . . . olufana notshintsho lwentlalo-ntle okanye iinshorensi yempilo `ukuze yamkelwe ngamanye amazwe okanye kumgangatho wezwe.
  • iiChecks kuMandla oManyano: ugunya lombuso unika isixa sokuzimela kwingingqi yengingqi, ukulondoloza isangqa sokwenza izigqibo kunye nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kurhulumente wesizwe ongomnye.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Isivumelwano kunye nokukhutshwa: Amazwe akhuphisana kubahlali, amashishini, kunye netalente ngokunikezela ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo zolawulo, izakhiwo zerhafu, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Olu khuphiswano lungaqhubela phambili ubuchule kunye nophuhliso kulawulo.

Imimandla Eyintloko Apho Amazwe Amisela Ngawo Imithetho

Ngaphaya kweUnited States, amazwe aye asebenzisa amandla awo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nazi iindawo eziliqela eziphambili apho ukubekwa kwemithetho kukarhulumente kuye kwaba nempembelelo enkulu.

Ukwenziwa komthetho nokubuyiselwa

Enye yemizekelo emikhulu yamandla karhulumente kwinkulungwane yama-21 kukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwe-cannabis ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwezamayeza kunye nokuzonwabisa. Ukuqala ngomthetho we-curecul-mon yaseKhalifoniya ngo- 1996, amatyala aye aphelisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuvalwa kwerhafu phantsi komthetho we-Substances Act. Colorado neWashington yaba ngamazwe okuqala agunyazisa ulo olusemthethweni lokuzihlaziya ngo-2024, ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwemveliso, ukusasaza, kunye nokuthengiswa kwemali. Ngokweemali enikwe lisebe le-Obama, phantse isibini samazwe alandele intengiso, angenisa amawaka ezigidi zerhafu yerhafu, ngexa umthetho we-Rhovisi ye-Ramsmeterniat ngexesha lokusebenza kwemithetho ye-Rogn, i-gconflkn i-agever i-moner, i-moduracce i-moner, i-modurati yegoring, i-mo yoluvo elungelelathi yegunya elisebenzayo, i-og.

Ujikelezo lwemililo

Ulawulo lwemipu ye-Athom yemipu yenye indawo apho amandla karhulumente esetyenziswa ngamandla. Ngoxa isiHlanzo sesibini siqinisekisa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, amazwana ahlala ebanzi ukulawula imipu phakathi kwemida yawo. Amazwe anjenge California, New York, New Jersey, kunye neMassachusetts amisele eminye yemithetho yemipu engqongqo, kuquka imvelaphi ebanzi, ukuhlasela ukuvalwa kwezixhobo, imida yezixhobo, imida yemiqathango yezixhobo, kunye nemithetho ebomvu evumela ukususwa kwemipu yexeshana kwimida yabantu abathenjiweyo. [kunye i-Foctive, [1] [200], kunye ne-Alaskaskaston i-Alavet , i-RGroupt, ne-Rhovern, i-offa, i-eced Revidentine ye-R.[2] ingul, inguMvulo yomthetho elawula yephondo, i-R.[2] kunye ne-E.[2] i-E.[2]

Imigangatho yemfundo kunye neNgxowa-mali

Imfundo ngokwesithethe iye yaba ngumsebenzi wesizwe nowasekuhlaleni. Ama-Massachusetts amisela imigangatho yofundo, iimfuno zokufundisa, iziqinisekiso zoqeqesho, iimfuno zokuphumelela, kunye noorhulumente bokuvavanya. Kwakhona alawula ukwabelana kwengonyama ngenkxaso yemfundo, ngokufuthi ngemigaqo entsonkothileyo efuna ukulingana ubuncwane kwiingingqi ezityebileyo nezihlwempuzekileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaMassachusetts abhaliswe kumgangatho ophezulu wemfundo kunye nobuchule bomfundi, ngenxa yokuzirhoxisana, ngenxa yokuququzelelwa kweemfundiso ezinzima kunye nemigaqo yokuziphendulela ityala. Amanye amazwe, njengoTexanduva, aye aphembele iintengiso zemali ezisetyenziswayo kwiimeko zokuxhasa abantwana. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo abonisa indlela yokukhetha isikolo, kuquka izikolo zolawulo lwemfundo, kunye neengxelo zemfundo. Okwangoku, ukuphikisana kweengxoxo zemfundo ze-LB, ii-CPromistiki, kunye neengxelo zembali zembali zezemfundo zemfundo zemfundo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezikhoyo.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

IKhalifoniya ivelise njengenkokeli yomhlaba wonke kulawulo lwemekobume, isebenzisa amandla ayo esizwe ukumisela imilinganiselo egqitha lee iimfuno zikarhulumente. Phantsi koMthetho we-Ceal Air, iKhalifoniya inandipha umenzi ongaqhelekanga osuka kwi-Ndebe yeNtlalo-bume ye-Arhente evumela ukuseka imilinganiselo yayo yezithuthi ezitsha ezikhutshwayo, "iizithuthi ezithenjiweyo ezithe zathathwa ngamaphondo alishumi elinesibini. Ngonyaka wama-202222, iKhalifoniya yafumana [[FL:0] EPA] uvumelwaniso lwayo oluphezulu [ [ngendlela] oluqhubela phambili lwayo lweChec Cars II, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zonke izithuthi zabakhweli belizwe elinamandla zibonise indlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo ngorhwebo lwelizwe lonke, kwaneethenjiso lwelizwe.

Inkqubo Yonyango

Amandla esizwe phezu kwe-inshorensi yezempilo athe kratya, aquka ulawulo lwe-inshorensi, ulawulo lwe-Medicaid, ulawulo lwempilo yoluntu, kunye ne-inshorensi yonyango. Umzekelo obalulekileyo ngumthetho wokulungisa impilo yaseMassachusetts ka-2006, owathi wafuna phantse bonke abemi ukuba bafumane i-Medicaid, ewufake intelekelelo encinane kubantu abadala abafumana ingeniso ephantsi, kwaye useke i-inshorensini yombuso. [[3] Lo mthetho wasebenza njengeplani yemali ye-mali ye-Afford Carence Act, edluliselwe kwimibango yempilo yonyaka ka-20. Emva kokuba i-A yanika igunya lokunyusa i-Micaid kwimibangezobuncinci kwiNkupheko ye-A. [iendla yokwenyu-G][10] i-ethelela iziphumo zemali ezikhoyo ze-off.[10], i-off.[11] kunye nezinganye i-ogcustom], i

Imida Nocelomngeni Kulawulo Lwelizwe

Phezu kwako nje ukuba negunya lorhulumente, imikhosi emininzi ingasikela okanye ilawule ukwenziwa komthetho kukarhulumente:

  • Intengiselwano engaphezulu: Xa iBhunga limisela umthetho okwindawo yonke, imithetho karhulumente kuloo ndawo ikhutshwayo. Umzekelo, amaziko akanako ukulawula ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya, ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo, okanye ukuvaleka kolawulo ngenxa yokuba umthetho we-ovential ulawula. Ukhuthuzo lungachazwa, njengaxa ucetyo lwemithetho yequmrhu lubanzi lubanzi kangangokuba alushiyi kumgangatho wokudityalwa.
  • Impinda yeJudicial: imithetho yeRhulumente ingabethwa ngenxa yokwaphula umGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ngaphaya kweMigaqo yesibini yokuHlaziya nokukhupha isisu, iinkundla zenzile imithetho karhulumente ethetha ngokukhululekileyo, yezorhwebo, yokhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nesiseko senkqubo esifanelekileyo. Imithetho karhulumente ethwele umthwalo phakathi kwezorhwebo okanye icalucalucalulo ngokuchasene nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho ezingaphandle yelizwe ilula kakhulu.
  • Uxinzelelo lwezentengiselwano nolwezoqoqosho: Amazwe asoloko ejongene noxinzelelo oluvela kurhulumente worhulumente ngezipho zemali ezikwimiqathango, ezifuna ukuba amazwe ahambelane neemeko zikarhulumente ukuze afumane inkxaso-mali. Isisongelo sokuphulukana nemali yendlela, umzekelo, siye sasetyenziselwa ukutsala amazwe ukunyusa ubudala bokusela ukuya ku 21. Ngaphezu koko, inkampani enkulu kunye namaqela enzala angabhenela kwimithetho karhulumente okanye asongele ukunyusa utyalo, ukunyanzela ulawulo lwenkqubo karhulumente ukuba lunyuswe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iimpixano zesiZwe kunye nokuThinaniswa: urhulumente angakhokelela kwiingxabano phakathi koorhulumente, njengamalungelo amanzi avela kwimilambo eyahlukeneyo, irhafu yabasebenzi, okanye iziphumo zokuchitheka kwemithetho yemvume (umz., ukhenketho lweziyobisi). Ezi mpikiswano ngamanye amaxesha zifuna ungenelelo lwaseburhulumenteni okanye ukudityaniswa kwemihlathi.

Kwi-Dpeft Case Studies of State Law Identification

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kunceda abantu bakwazi ukuvelisa imiphumo yamandla karhulumente.

Isifundo Se - 1: Ukutshintsha Kwendlela Yokunyamekela Impilo YaseMassachusetts

Ngowama 2006, phantsi kweRhuluneli Mitt Romney, iMassachusetts yamisela umthetho wokuphucula impilo ebanzi (Inkcubeko 58 yeZenzo zowama- 2006) owawunenjongo yokufikelela intlawulo epheleleyo. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo ziquka igunya lomntu ngamnye, izigwebo zabaqeshi, ulwandiso, ukwanda kweMedicaid (Mashealth), kunye nokuxhaswa kwe-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yobuqu ngentengiso ye-ACUS. Umthetho waphumelela ekunciphiseni isantya sobugqeba esisuka kwi-10% ukuya kumgangatho wama-3% ngaphantsi kowama-2008, njengoko utshintsho lwabangela ukunyuka kwemali yempilo. Oku kuve kuvavanywa kwenkqubo ye-inshorensi ye-inshorensi eyathi eyathiselwa kwinkqubo yesizwe kamva eyafakwa kwi-ACA. I-Massachusettsch wabonisa ukuba ukunciphisa umba omntu ngamnye umba ok'unike umba wokwandayo.

Isifundo setyala 2: Imithetho yokusingqongileyo yeKhalifoniya

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente kwinkqubo yemekobume akunakulinganiswa eUnited States. Ibhodi yeObama ye-Air Resources (CARB), emiselwe ngo1967, iye yamisela imimiselo engoovulindlela ethetha ngokukhutshwa kwegesi yemoto, imigangatho yepetroli, kunye nobunjani bomoya obusoloko buyide imilinganiselo yesizwe ngenxa yobukhulu bemakethe ye-othorial yeKhalifoniya. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwanika i-California amandla okulawula ukulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ebhabheleni, kodwa ulawulo lwe-Trump luzama ukuyiphelisa, nto ekhokelela kwimfazwe esemthethweni. Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo lweBiden luye lwabuyisela i-water ne-2035 yomthetho wesimidalitho ye-om yaseKhalifonini, ikhokelela kwimigangatho yamandla elungele umgangatho wombane, kunye nemithetho yemozulu efuna ukuba ii-overhentellishi, i-oggrac, i-oggray, i-ogggray, kunye neminye yemigra

Isifundo semeko 3: Ulungiso lwe-Marijuana lwe-Colorado

Ulingelo lukaColorado lokuzihlaziya ngokusemthethweni, olwaqaliswa ngo-2023, lunika umzekelo ocacileyo wamandla karhulumente okumelana nothintelo lukarhulumente. Urhulumente waseka inkqubo elungeleleneyo eqinileyo: abalimi abagunyazisiweyo, iilabhu, abanikezeli, kunye ne15%% yerhafu edifisi ekhethekileyo. Ngo-2023, iColorado yavelisa imali engaphezulu kwee-$2,5,000 zezigidi zemali ehlawulelwa irhafuzo kurhwebo lomyadi, ifaka imali kwisikolo sikarhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Noko ke, iintsontela ezingekho mthethweni zikhona zibangela iingxaki, ukurhweba okuthengiselwayo, kunye nokwenza uphando oluthe kratyayo. Ngo-20181818, ulawulo lwe-Curprumllurcel, lwenza ukungaqiniseki kobucala lasemthethweni, de kufikelele ukusetyenziswa kwe-Atmodelventiernerpriestivery.

Ikamva Lamandla Karhulumente Kuhlanga Olunemizimba Engafaniyo

Njengoko i-United States isiya iqhekeka ngakumbi ngenxa yeendawo neenkcubeko, amandla karhulumente asenokukhula nangakumbi. Amazwe athatha iindawo ezingafaniyo ekutshintsheni imozulu, ukunyanzelisa ukufuduka, amalungelo okuvota, amalungelo okurhoxa, amalungelo ogcino-lwazi, ulawulo lwezobugcisa. Abanye abaphengululi babhekisela koku "kukungalawuli okutsha kwesizwe okanye "ukusebenzisana kwesizwe soburhulumente," apho amazwe azithelekisa ngokukhutheleyo ukutsala abemi namashishini anokuthelekisa amaxabiso awo. Ubuchule bokuhamba ngokukhululekile phakathi kwamazwe kuthetha ukuba abantu ngabanye namashishini anokukhetha imekobume elungele oko kufunwa ngabo. Oku kunyanzeleka ngamandla kwawo omabini amagunya nokuhlonela amalungelo angundoqo anxulumene nomgangatho wawo.

Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente wesizwe ugcina izixhobo ezinamandla . "umthetho olawulayo, isenzo solawulo, imigaqo yomthetho, kunye nokuchitha amandla okulawula ngezantsi kwesizwe. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi korhulumente norhulumente luza kuqhubeka lubunjwa lukhetho, ukumiselwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nemibutho yezopolitiko kuwo omabini la manqanaba karhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela amazwe amisela ngayo imithetho yawo akuyo kuphela abenzi bezo nkqubo kunye neengcaphephe zomthetho, kodwa kumntu ngamnye obandakanyeke inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Amandla elizwe asiyonto nje engqinelanayo yomgaqo-siseko; liyimeko enzulu, ephikiswayo, kwaye enesiphumo elawula ubomi bezigidi. Ukusuka ekuqanjweni komjelo wompu ngokusemthethweni ukuya kulawulo lwemipu, ukusuka kubunkokeli bemekobume ukuya kuvavanyo lwezonyango, amagunya asebenzisa igunya lawo ukubonakalisa amaxabiso asekuhlaleni, imingeni engaqhelekanga, kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwenkqubo. Ngoxa igunya lolawulo lukarhulumente kunye nolawulo lomthetho lwezomthetho lubeka imida, ummandla onikwe igunya lokulawula iTenth Amelika uhlala ubanzi. Imizekelo ehloliweyo apha ibonisa ukuba igunya lesizwe liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lweMelika, isenza ukuba kubekho ukutshintsha kwemeko etshintshayo ngexesha lolawulo-demokhrasi. Njengoko amazwe ejongenelo imingeni entsha, indima yemithetho yawo iya kuba yemithetho ephakathi kwiprojelo-Grence.