Ukuguquka Kwengxaki Yezindlu EJapan

Izakhiwo zelizwe laseJapan zikubume bokungalingani okunzulu kwezakhiwo. Kwelinye icala, amagumbi ahlala ezidolophini azele kakhulu anjengezibhedlele ezingama-23 zaseTokyo ziyalela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso elizwe kunye nokunqongophala okungabiziyo kwemali yokuqesha. Kwenye, amagumbi asemaphandleni athe kratya kakhulu anjengoShima kunye neWakayama athe thayitha ngamakhulu amawaka [[FLT: 0]] [amakhaya athe tyaba] [angenamandla] [amakhaya anokuwohlokayo) anokungaphinde aphinde adiliseke okanye adiliseke. Oku kuhamba-hamba kwamakhaya kubangelwa kukusebenza kwamashumi eminyaka eenkulungwane, ukukhutshwa kwemfazwe, ukukhutshwa kwemali eempumamuva konyaka yonyaka ka-80, kunye “namashumi amashumi alandelayo amashumi amashumi alandelayo anyukayo enkcubangxunyaniswa kwezoqoqosho. Izindlu zinegalelo elikhoyo elichaphazela ukunqaba okanye ukuphelelwa kwemali kuphela kwemali kodwa ilahle yemeko yoqoqo-othe , kunye nokuzinye imbuthoba yoluntu, kunye nokuzi

Amaqela ezobupolitika eJapan akwizithuthi eziphambili apho iingcamango zenkqubo ziba ngumthetho. Iiqonga, iingxoxo, neerekhodi zowiso-mthetho zibumba ngokuthe ngqo ukufumaneka, indleko, kunye nomgangatho wezindlu. Sekunjalo kwixesha elikhulu lasemva kokungalawuleki, izindlu zathathwa njengendawo yentengiso yabucala kunokuba ibe yinkqubo kawonke-wonke. Esi simo sengqondo siqale ukutshintsha, siqhutywa kukunyuka kwendlu engenamakhaya, ingxaki ecacileyo [[FLT: 0] engenanto yekhaya, kunye nokukhula kwemibutho yabatsha abangakwaziyo ukuqalisa iintsapho. Ukuqonda indlela abathathi bezopolitiko baseJapan abaye basabela ngayo. Ukuthi abathathi-nxaxheba kwemilo mazwe baye basabela ngayo.

Imilinganiselo Eyintloko Yengxaki Yezindlu

Ukuqotywa Kwabantu Abaninzi Neemali

Abemi baseTokyo bayaqhubeka bekhula njengoko ikomkhulu liphela. Amagumbi angama-23 ekomkhulu ongeza abafuduki abamalunga nekhulu elinamashumi amathathu anesithathu omnatha kwithuba lonyaka ka-2020 kuphela. Oku kuxhaphakile kukhuphiswano olukrazulayo lweqela eliqeshisayo. Amagumbi okuhlala ahlala embindini weTokyo asoloko eziyalela rhoqo ukuqeshwa kwe-3, okanye ngaphezulu, ngoxa i-avareji-to-emali kwisixeko inyuke ngaphezu kwama-30% kwabasebenzi abafumana imali enye. Izindlu ezincinci ezifumana imali eninzi, kuquka nabemi abangekho mthethweni, ngokufuthi bazifumana bengena kwinani elifanelekileyo lemibutho ehlala kuyo. Iziphumo zikho ukunyuka kobuhlwempula obuhlweni. [[FLD:0]

Ukuhla Koluntu Namanqam

Ilizwe lasemaphandleni lijongene nengxaki echaseneyo: amakhaya amaninzi anabantu abambalwa kakhulu. Njengoko izizukulwana ezitsha zifudukela kwizixeko, zonke iziqithi zilahlekelwa yirhafu yazo, izikolo ezikufuphi, kunye nezindlu ziphela zingenandawo yokuhlala. Ngo-2023, iJapan yayinezindlu ezithelekelelwayo ezizizigidi ezisithoba zezigidi ezingama-9 zezindlu ezingenamntu. Amafama amaninzi ahlala kwizindlu zasemva kwemfazwe. Amakhaya amaninzi ahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ehlala kwimimandla ephantsi kwelizwe, kodwa ngoku ahlala engenalutho njengoko abemi besahlala. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanamali yokutshabalalisa izakhiwo ezingakhuselekanga, ngoxa abaninizo abahlala ezikhoyo bengenakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafunxa yempahla engenanto. Ingozi ye-akiya ayiyo nje kuphela inkcinezelo okanye ukhuseleko; ikwaphazamisa amaxabiso ehlabathi namazwe naleyo amaqela amatsha ezoqoqosho kwimimandla ehlayo.

Imali Yezindlu Ezaluphalayo Nengasebenzi Kakuhle

Umjikelo wezindlu waseJapan udume ngokudume ngokuhlala ixeshana. Ikhaya eliqhelekileyo laseJapan lidilizwa emva kweminyaka engama-30-40, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka engama-70-100 eYurophu okanye eUnited States. Lo mjikelezo “wokukratsha nokwakha” ukhuthazwa yimithetho yerhafu esekelwe kunyuko olunyuswe ngokuncipha kunye noshishino lokwakha olufumana ingeniso kwizakhiwo ezintsha. Isiphumo siso sininzi samakhaya anokugqunywa kakubi, abuthathaka ngokungephili kakuhle, amakhaya amakhulu akwimimandla yasemaphandleni.

Ukungabi namakhaya Nokutya Kwezindlu

Abemi baseJapan abangenamakhaya baye behla ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama 2000, ngenxa yokunyanzelisa okungqongqo nxamnye nokulala ezitratweni kunye nolwandiso lweendawo zokufihla intloko. Kodwa abantu abafihla ikhaya , abantu abalele kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi, imanta , okanye kubahlobo bahlala besande. Uphando lwesizwe oluqikelelwa ukuba amakhaya amalunga nezigidi ezi-1,1,22,22,2,2,2, bachitha imali engaphezulu kwesiqingatha semali abayifumanayo kwirentengi okanye baphila kwiimeko ezimaxongo. Amaqela ezobupolitika asandul' ukuqalisa ukuyenza le nto njengenkupho yenkqubo ekhoyo kunokuba lityala.

Imilinganiselo Yeqela Lezobupolitika EngokwiHolo

ILiberal Democratic Partium (LDP): Urhwebo-Driven,

I-LDP ilawula iziphumo ezithandwayo ngokwembali yentengiso kwaye ingenelela kancinci kurhulumente emakhaya. Iinkqubo zayo zosayino lwe-Abenomic ziquke -monetary ihlalisa kunye nexabiso elisezantsi lenzala [ ewenza amatyala angabinamali eninzi, atshitshisa intsika yolwakhiwo enceda amakhaya abenzi abasebenzi kwimimandla yasedolophini. I-LDP ixhase ukuqesha ulawulo olusezantsi lwemithetho yokuthoba kwemilingo ephezulu kumaqela athile eTokyo, nangona inkcaso yasekuhlaleni isoloko iyenza ipenyeze le migudu. Kutshanje, kutshanje, i-Umthetho we-Netmater" "2010) ukwandisa ukuqeshwa kwabantu ngenxa yokufumana iingeniso ezikhoyo, kodwa uxokozele-onkenelo lwemiba-madla yemali, kodwa i-makelele ukusetyenziswa kwezindlu zenter.

IQela leDemocratic yeJapan (CDP): Ukungenelela ukubuyisana neNtlalo-ntle

Ifreyimu enkulu yokuchasa iCDP ngokucacileyo njengendawo yokuhlala engenanto. Iqonga layo lifuna ulawulo oluphezulu , ukuqabaza kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke ezithengiswayo-okanye ezikhutshiweyo, kwandiswa inkxaso-mali yabathengi bamakhaya bokuqala, kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa kwesizwe yamakhaya angenanto. ICDP ikwaxhasa “ilungelo lokuhlala” imigaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko weJapan, nangona utshintsho olunjalo lungafuna ukuthengiswa kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke. Ngoxa iqela linethuba elincinane lokumisela ezi zindululo kwixesha elikufuphi, iimpikiswano zalo ziye zaguqula amakhaya angenanto ekwifestileni engaphezulu: i-LDP ngoku iziva inyanzekile ukuba i-SCLD ibonise kwimicimbini yemali.

IQela lamaKomanisi laseJapan (JCP) Namanye Amadabi Amancinane

I-JCP inenkqubo ecacileyo yezindlu phakathi kwamaqela amancinane, ibiza ulwakhiwo lwezindlu zikawonke-wonke olukhulu, iihendethi ezingqongqo, kunye nokuhlaliswa komhlaba ongenanto. Kwabanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni apho i-JCP ilawula khona. Njengeedishini ezithile zeTokyo, iphumelele ekukhuliseni irente ye-mostal. Olu candelwana luthetha ukuba akukho mthetho uluntu (DPPPPPPP) kunye neRewa Shinsengumi ekujoliseni ekufuduseni imali kunye nezindlu, ngelixa iJapan enobungcaciso kwiSizwana se-NTP (JIP) ikhuthaza ukuqeqekwa kwemali nezicelo zokuzinzisa irhafunxa-mali. Olu lwaphulo-mthetho luthetha ukuba kungasondeli namthetho omnye, ukhokelela ekukhukulisweni kwendlela yesizwe.

Izenzo zoMthetho nokufuduswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali phantsi koorhulumente abanempumelelo

UMthetho weNtlalo-ntle yeNdlela yokuSebenza yeZindlu (208)

Lo mthetho wamiselwa phantsi kwekhabhinethi yesibini, ufuna ukuba zonke iziphathi-mikhosi kunye nezixeko ezimiselweyo zibumbe “isicwangciso sokhuseleko oluphezulu.” Yadala udidi olutsha ekuhleni yalawula izindlu zokuqesha kwizindlu ezifumana imali ephantsi [, neziqeshiweyo ezimiselwe malunga nama-60% eeyunithi entengiso. Noko ke, ukuphumeza bekungalingani: oomasipala abaninzi abanawo amandla emali okufumana okanye ukwakha amaqela amatsha, kwaye abo basoloko bewafumana kwiindawo ezifikelelekayo. Uhlolo lwama 20222, lufumanise ukuba iintsapho ezimalunga ne-40 000 kuphela zifakwe phantsi komthetho, ngezantsi kwemfuneko eqikelelwa ku-500 000.

ISicwangciso-qhinga

Lo mthetho wanika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni igunya lokuqokelela iirhafu zempahla ephezulu kumakhaya angenamntu atyeshelwayo nokuzichaza njenge “ingakumbi” ekunyanzelweni komgangatho ophantsi. Yavumela ukuba kusetyenziswe i-akaya njengezindlu zokuqesha zikawonke-wonke. Ngoxa isenzo sokuphakamisa isohlwayo, ifuthe laso liphantsi: oomasipala bayathanda ukubeka iimali ezithengwayo ezinzima kubaphathi abakhulileyo, kwaye inkqubo esemthethweni yokukhuhliswa kwemali ihlala icotha. Abanye abalawuli baye basungula “iibhanki ze-Akiya” ukufanisa amakhaya angenamntu ozakubathengi, kodwa ezi nkqubo zibangelwa kukungangeneleli nxaxheba okuncinane nokungalungisi komsebenzi.

Iindlela Ezikhethekileyo Zokuguquka Kweemeko zasedolophini (2021)

Ujolise ekukhuthazisweni kwakhona kumbindi weTokyo, lo mthetho uthoba umlinganiselo womgangatho ophantsi kwaye unciphisa amaxesha okuvunywa kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Injongo echaziweyo yayikukwandisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu kufutshane nezitishi zikaloliwe, kodwa abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuyintloko inceda abaphuhlisi becondominium. Umthetho awukhange unikele mali ininzi ekufumaneni imali; eneneni, ukungena kwemibhobho yomgangatho wobunewunewu kukhatshwa yirhafu yomhlaba etyhalela kude neziko lakudala, neyayishibhile.

Ukucwangcisa iDolophu Nezakhiwo: Umsebenzi

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemizimba Nelizwe

Inkqubo yesizwe yaseJapan yohlula umhlaba ube ziindidi ezili-12, ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo ukuya kwimizi - mveliso. I-LDP ixhase ulwandiso lolwandiso lolwandiso lokusebenzisa uphuhliso oludityanisiweyo, ngelixa i CDP ne JCP i-Scecer ilawula ngokungqongqo ukukhusela imimandla ekhoyo. Kwindawo yamalahle, izigqibo ezininzi ezinentsingiselo zenziwa kumgangatho kamasipala, ezikhokelela kumgangatho [[FLT: 0] [fgragd] esoloko iphikisana nomthetho osetyenziswa emhlabeni. . Umzekelo, amanye amagumbi eTokyo afumana iipasejini eziphezulu ezidibanisiweyo zokuhlala iinqaba ezinde, ngexa iziteshi eziselumente, ezichasene naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi utshintsho.

Uphuhliso olugqithiseleyo (TOD)

IJapan idume ngeenkampani zayo ezizimeleyo ezivelisa izindlu kwindlela yazo. Noko ke, emva kwemfazwe i-TOD ijolise kumakhaya eentsapho ezisemadolophini enye, angenazingxengxezo ezithe ngqo. Namhlanje, amaqela ezobupolitika aqala ukuphinda avule ibhungane ukuze alwe nokuncitshiswa kwenqwelo-mafutha. Inyathelo likarhulumente wesizwe “iSixeko seCompac” likhuthaza oomasipala ukuba bagxininise kwimida yezithuthi, kodwa ayinazinto ezinyanzelekayo. Komeito ebesisininzi olunomlomo ekusekeleni ukufikelela kwezindlu zokuthutha izithuthi, ngelixa ngelixa i-LD imbono ye-LD i-D ikwisixhobo sokuphuhlisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yentlalo.

Iingxaki Zeepolitiki Neengxaki Zeepolitiki

Imilinganiselo ye-Fiscal kunye nokuphethulwa kwe-Demographic

Ityala lesizwe saseJapan lingaphaya kwama-25% e-GDP, limisela ngokuqatha igumbi lokuchitha imali entsha kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke. Iqhinga lolawulo lwe-LDP belikuphepha ilahleko enkulu engqalileyo, endaweni yokusebenzisa izikhuthazo zerhafu kunye nolawulo olubuthathaka. Amaqela alwaphuli-mthetho azimisele ngakumbi. Ngokunjalo, ukwakha amaqela aqeshiweyo asekuhlaleni angoorhulumente angoo-500 000, kungafuna ukuboleka okanye ukunyuka kwerhafuthelo, zombini ii-mali. Ukwaluphala lukwathetha ukuba inkqubo yezindlu kufuneka zikhuphisane ngoovimba bemali kunye noxanduva lwempilo kuhlalo oluhlala luhleli lukho.

I-NIBYSKI kunye neNtshutshiso yasekuhlaleni

Iiprojekthi zokuhlala ezintsha zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, kwanezakhiwo zokuqesha ezizimeleyo zezindlu eziphantsi ezihlawulwayo zijongene nenkcaso ekrakra yoluntu ngaphaya kweJapan. Igama ihinoto [umxokelelwano] (umxokelelwano) ubonakalisa imbono yoluntu yokuba ezo ndawo zitsala ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye zinciphisa amaxabiso empahla. Amaqela ezobupolitika ayathanda ukuphelisa i-ibhenti ye-a yengine, njengoko exhomekeke kwinkxaso kamasipala kwi-ovoti. Ngenxa yoko, izindlu ezintsha ezinokufumaneka zidla ngokwakhiwa kwiindawo ezikude okanye ezoshishino, zikhuthaza ukufikelela kobugxanduva nokulinganisela ukufikelela kwimisebenzi kunye neenkonzo.

Umqokozo wokhetho olufutshane- Ixesha elifutshane vs. Isicwangciso sexesha elide

Amanqam ezindlu afuna amashumi eminyaka omgudu oqhubekayo, kodwa amaqela ezobupolitika aseJapan asebenza kwimijikelo yeminyaka emine yonyulo. ILDP, esemandleni phantse ngokuqhubekayo ukususela ngo 1955, iluncedo lokuqhubeka, kodwa ayikafane imisele izindlu njengenkupho yeflegi. Amaqela enkcaso angathembisa utshintsho olutsha kwiphulo, kodwa xa ephulukana neofisi aphulukana namandla okuzizalisekisa. Isiphumo sikokelo lwenkqubo yokwenza izinto ezisingqongileyo apho iingxaki zichazwa kwifashoni yefashoni yempahla yesixhobo esiqhelekileyo kunokuba kusetyenziswe icebo lendlu yesizwe elibanzi.

Amathuba entsebenziswano neNkqutyana ePhandle

Ukushishina Ngendlela Yesizwe Yokufumana Iindawo Zokuhlala

Ngo-2023, iqela elinqumla amalungu kaDiet `Amalungu adio' quka amalungu avela kwi-LDP, CDP, kunye neKomeito''. Yakhupha ingxelo ebiza i i-'ingqinelana "imibono ecacileyo" kunye namaxhoba anokufumaneka, ukuncitshiswa kwemali, ukunciphisa, kunye namandla. Ngelixesha kungekho mthetho uphumele, ingxelo ibonisa ukuba ingxaki yezindlu ngoku iqwalaselwe njengendawo yokuqala yesizwe. Ukuba uvumelwano olubanzi lungajijwayelwa, iJapan ingathatha indawo efana neFinland, apho uvumelwano olukwimode "yokuQast" oluncitshiswe kakhulu.

Unxulumano olusisiXhobo noHlaziyo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ajongeka ngokukhulayo kwicandelo labucala ukuze afumane izisombululo. I-LDP ixhase “isixeko esinezimvo eziziintloko” imisebenzi edibanisa izimvo, ukushukuma kunye nocwangciso lwedata, nangona abagxeki bexhalabisa ezi zinyathelo zoncedo ezinxibeleleneyo zokuxhasa izakhiwo ezithelekisayo. ICDP icebise ukuba kubekho“ ibhanki yokulungisa utshintsho” exhasa ukuguqulelwa kwe-akaya kwizindlu zoluntu. Imizekelo ephumelelayo ikho: iKanagawa Prefectal Government yengistrial Governst yengist yengingqi isebenzisa amakhaya angenamali eninzi ukuze afumane iintsapho eziselula ezinokufumaneka njengemodeli. Inkxaso yezopolitis iyakwazi ukuxhasa uphando.

Ukuqhelana Nezifundo Zamanye Amazwe

Abenzi bezobupolitika baseJapan basoloko bekhangela intuthuzelo. Ukususwa kwenqanawa kwidolophu ekhululekeyo kufumana imizekelo evela eSingapore naseHong Kong, ngeli xesha iCDP ikhankanya icandelo elinamandla lezindlu zikawonke-wonke lase-Austria. Ngo-2022, iqela labenzi be-CDP latyelela iVienna ukuze lifunde imodeli yayo [ "imodeli yendlu yezentlalo", apho ama-60% abemi bahlala ekuhleni okanye belawulwa ngentsebenziswano. Nangona ukufaniswa kwerhafu kungaqinisekanga, ezi ziyakwazi ukuzisa utshintsho oluqhubekekileyo. Umzekelo, ingcamango ye-“clusubriontic Congo"" "[FLTLD"" i-FUPUP] I-RCPPIT REITTP ifumana iphecatoage phakathi kwamalungu ama-CD kunye ne-Kome.

Isiphelo: Ukusuka Kwingxaki Ukuya Kusingela Kwisisu

Ingxaki yezindlu yaseJapan asiyonto ingokwemvelo engenakuthintelwa , yimveliso yokhetho lwenkqubo, ezininzi zazo eziye zenziwa okanye zaphenjelelwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika. Indlela ye-LDP yezorhwebo yenzeka ngokusemthethweni ukuvelisa izindlu ezinokufikeleleka kwisikali esifunekayo, ngelixesha izicelo zoncedo ezingakumbi zenkcaso zihlala zingafezeki. Kodwa ubunzulu bemeko yengxaki budala izithuba ezintsha zokusebenzisana. Izindlu ezaluphalayo, umkhukula, kunye nelizwi elikhulayo lezobupolitika labaqeqeshisi babantwana linyanzelela onke amaqela ukuba angene ekuhlaleni njengengxaki ephakathi yaba-2020.

Isisombululo esinentsingiselo siya kufuna iziqalelo kwiqonga elininzi: ubuchule be-LDP bokuphelisa ulawulo kunye nokwanda kwezoqoqosho, ukugxininisa kweCDP kwi-quorty, iKomeito ukugxininisa kwesakhiwo soluntu, kunye novavanyo olutsha lwengingqi oluxhaswe ngamaqela amancinane. Akukho qela linye elinobuchule bobulumko [ kulo mmandla. Okufunekayo yi-'cardssion-parced's's's's commentmentations'eations's commental ercentromation kodwa isiseko sozinziso siso siso sozinzo lwentlalo, uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokukhunjulwa kwezopolitiko. Ukuba iJapan i-acedroyinti inokunyuka i-omatshini yezolitiki ye-ukujika inkqubo yesakhiwo sendlu.

[[FLT: 0] Imithombo: UBulungiseleli belizwe laseJapan, iFrablicture, uthutho kunye neTourism, [[FT:1] I-MLIT House Bureaument; OECD “Umthetho oncomekayo eJapani" (2021); iJapan Times,“Izindlu ezihlala abantu abahlala eJapani zifikelela kwi 9 Million” (2023); i-Tokyo Metropolitan Government Burnvillation Platform 2023; CDPPPigment Platform 2023; Komeito Houragetive (2022).[FL:3]