Iintetho zembali zisebenze kangangexesha elide njengezixhobo ezinamandla zokuguqula, ezikwaziyo ukulungiselela intsebenziswano, ukubumba ubuzwe, kunye nokuphembelela ikhondo leziganeko zezobupolitika. Ukusuka ekuthetheni okukhulayo kukaWinston Churchill ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuya kwizicelo zentembeko zamalungelo abantu zikaMartin Luther King Jr., la maxesha entetho kawonke-wonke adla ngokubhiyozelwa ngenxa yobuntlola nokusebenza kwawo. Kodwa ngaphantsi komphezulu wentsingiselo yawo embali kusoloko kukho ingqwalaselo enzima yembali yelizwe elisemthethweni. Iintetho zingaphembelela ugonyamelo, ukukonakalisa abantu okanye amaqela, okanye ukuvavanya izikhalo ezingo zingokwasemthethweni, ukuthobela izithethi ezithethayo ukuba zibeke ityala okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho kudala emva kokuba kuthethe amazwi athethelelwa ngokuchaphazelelwayo, ukukhusela okuninzi, ukukhusela iingcaphulo ezimele ukusetyenziswa kwembali, ukukhusela kwemeko, ukukhusela kwemeko enkulu, ukukhusela, ukuva intententethenelo entle, ukukhusela kwemeko, ukukhusela, ukuva intentententene

Ukulungelelanisa: Inkululeko yokuchaza. Ukukhusela

Inkululeko yokuthetha lisiseko soluntu olunedemokhrasi, olufakwe kwizixhobo ezifana noMgaqo-siseko wokuqala eUnited States kunye neQumrhu 19 loMgaqo-siseko Wehlabathi Lonke Wamalungelo Abantu. Noko ke, akukho nkqubo yomthetho ekujonga oku njengeyona ipheleleyo. Ucelomngeni olusisiseko lweenkundla nabenzi bomthetho kukuchaza umda phakathi kwentetho ekhuselweyo nentetho ebangela okanye esongelayo ebangela umonakalo onzulu. Esi senzo sokulinganisela siba siqatha ngakumbi xa kuvavanywa iintetho zembali, ezisenokuba zinikelwe kumbandela owahlukileyo ongomthetho okanye ongokwentlalo kodwa ziyaqhubeka nokuvakala namhlanje.

Iinkqubo zomthetho kulo lonke ihlabathi zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola. EUnited States, uMphengululo Wokuqala unikela ukhuseleko oluqinileyo, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavuma ukuba ingxengelwa encinane, kuquka ukuphembelela kwisenzo esikufuphi sokuchas' umthetho, ukuhlatywa kwentetho, kunye nezisongelo zokwenyaniso. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu naseKhanada asebenzisa uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo, alinganisa ixabiso lentetho echasene nokukwazi kwayo ukonzakalisa isidima somntu okanye ulungelelwaniso lukawonke-wonke. Ezi ndlela zokwahluka zithetha ukuba intetho enye yembali isenokugqalwa njengendlela ekhuselwe kwigunya elinye nelingekho mthethweni kuphela kodwa kwakhona kulawulo ekulo ivavanywe ngalo kwaye imilinganiselo elungele ukulawulwa kwelo xesha.

Intetho Yembali Njengobuchule Obusemthethweni

Xa intetho yembali iba ngumxholo wokuhlola okusemthethweni, iphathwa njengendlela yokubhala ekufuneka ilungiswe ngayo. Iinkundla zihlolisisa umbhalo wokuqala, umongo wokunikezelwa kwawo, injongo yesithethi, neziphumo ezinokubonwa kwangaphambili zamagama. Le nkqubo ichaza igcwele ubunzima, njengoko iingxelo zembali zisenokuba aziphelelanga, kwaye imeko yentlalo okanye yezobupolitika yexesha isenokuhluka ngokuphawuleka ukusuka kweli xesha likhoyo. Kodwa, iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zavelisa iimfundiso zokusingatha le mingeni, njenge "clock kunye nengozi ekhoyo" kuvavanyo oluvela ku-U.S. iiNkundla eziPhakamileyo zezomthetho zinika iimvavanyo [[FLT] .[FLT] kunye ne "indlela yesenzo sokungalawuleki'.[FLT]

Umthetho Obangela Ukuvuselela Ugonyamelo

Phakathi kweziphumo ezinzulu ezingokomthetho zentetho yembali kunokwenzeka kwayo ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi kukho imithetho yokuvuselela izithethi ukuba ziphendule xa amazwi azo ekhuthaza abanye ukuba benze izenzo zogonyamelo. Umbuzo ongundoqo ongowokuba nolwalamano olusondeleyo: ngaba le ntetho yadala ingozi ecacileyo nekhoyo yokuba ugonyamelo luza kulandela ngoko nangoko, okanye ngaba yayingumyalelo othe ngqo wokuthabatha inyathelo eliya kwigumbi lasekhohlo lokucalucalucaluca ngokusemthethweni?

EUnited States, imeko yephawu Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) yamisa umgangatho wangoku wokuvuselela. INkundla yabambelela kwintetho ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwempembelelo okanye ukuchasana nomthetho ikhuselekile ngaphandle kokuba ijoliswe ekuvuseleleni izenzo zobugwebi [[FLT: 3] ezingathi zinokukhuselwa ukuba azikhuseli izenzo zogonyamelo ezikhawulezayo. Olu vavanyo lwesibini lunenjongo kunye nokwenzeka kufutshane kwengozi.]

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iUnited Kingdom kunye namanye amazwe aseYurophu asebenzisa umlinganiselo ongqongqo ngakumbi phantsi kwemithetho enjenge-Public Order Act 1986. Icandelo lesi-4 laloo ntshukumo likwalela intetho ebangela omnye umntu uloyiko olungekho mthethweni. Umnyango usezantsi: isithethi kufuneka sizimisele ukubangela uloyiko olunjalo okanye ukungakhathaleli enoba lubangelwa yiyo kusini na. Oku kuthetha ukuba intetho yembali equlethe izisongelo okanye umfanekiso wogonyamelo ogqithisileyo ingajamelana nocelomngeni olusemthethweni kwanokuba akukho lugonyamelo olukhoyo, logama nje intetho ikwazi ukubangela uloyiko kubaphulaphuli.

Ukuhlolisisa Ityala: Isohlwayo Sokuthetha Ngexesha Lemfazwe

Eminye yemibuzo enzima engokwasemthethweni ivela xa kuqwalaselwa iintetho ezinikelwa ngexesha lemfazwe okanye lesiphithiphithi sentlalo. Umzekelo, ebudeni beRwanda Genocide, ukusasazwa konomathotholo neentetho zikawonke wonke kwacela ngokuphandle ukubulawa kwabemi abangamaTutsi. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho alandelayo ehlabathi lonke kwi-International Criminal Tribunal yaseRwanda, ezi ntetho zazingagqalwanga nje njengeziphembeleli ezithiwe ngokungqalileyo kwaye zibhenxiwa ekulweni kwenkohlakalo, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe. Abathethi babegwetyelwa ngokutyholwa ngokungeyo ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu, bebonisa ukuba iintetho zembali zinokuthwala iziphumo eziqatha ezingokwasemthethweni xa zidityaniswe kwizenzo zenkohlakalo ezisasaze ngokubanzileyo.

Le meko ibonisa ingongoma ebalulekileyo: impembelelo esemthethweni yentetho yembali ingakhula xa isenzeka kuhlobo olubanzi logonyamelo okanye xa isithethi sinegunya. Iinkundla zidla ngokuqwalasela amandla esithethi okuphembelela abaphulaphuli, ubukho babaphulaphuli abalungeleleneyo, kunye nokufumaneka kwendlela yokuphumeza isenzo esinconyelwayo. Ukuthetha kukodwa akuyi kubangela ugonyamelo, kodwa kumongo olungileyo, kusebenza njengentlantsi epheleleyo.

Ukuchasa Nentetho Yembali

Umthetho ochasayo unika enye indlela yokucelw' umngeni nxamnye neentetho ezingokwembali. Intetho ehlab'azo, yeyokonakalisa udumo lomntu ongaziwayo okanye iqumrhu, ebangela ukuba bajongwe ngentiyo, idelelo, okanye ukugculela. Iintetho zembali eziqulethe iingxelo zobuxoki zabantu ngabanye. /enokuba abachasi bezobupolitika, amanani kawonke-wonke, okanye abemi babucala, `a' zibangela ukuba kunyuswe ityala loluntu.

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho wokunyelisa iintetho zembali kuzisa ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo. Ukudlula kwexesha kunokwenza kube nzima ukungqina inyaniso okanye ubuqhophololo bamazwi abekwe kwiminyaka ethile okanye amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili. Kusenokuba amaNgqina afile, amaxwebhu asenokulahleka, kwaye umongo wentetho usenokuba mnqakathi. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhusela ilungelo kusenokusebenza ukuba intetho yenziwa kwiqumrhu lomthetho, kwinkundla yenkundla, okanye kwenye indawo apho abathathi-nxaxheba banandipha ukhuseleko olupheleleyo okanye olufanelekileyo kwimibango yokuhlablisela.

IMithetho kaRhulumente kunye noMgangatho weMimandla

EUnited States, izibhengezo ezibandakanya iintetho zembali ezithetha ngamanani kawonke-wonke zilawulwa yibhatyi ephezulu ebekwe kwi [FLT Times Co. Sullivan (1964). Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, isithethi masibonise ukuba isithethi sisebenza sinobuqhetseba obuqhelekileyo [, ithetha ukuba le ngxelo yenziwa ngolwazi lobufashoni okanye ngokungakhathaliyo ngenxa yokuba yayiyinyani okanye ayinyani. Le mfuneko yentyatyambo mayikhusele kwana thetha iintetho zobuxoki ngamagosa kawonke wonke, ukuba isithethi asikhange siyenze ngobuxoki okanye ngokungakhathali.

Kwiintetho zembali, lo mlinganiselo unika umqobo omkhulu kumntu ochaphazelekayo. Umzekelo, ngaphandle kokuphosa iliso, kufuneka ubungqina bokuba isithethi sinamathandabuzo anzulu ngenyaniso yale ntetho. Ukungqina isimo sengqondo esinjalo emva kwamashumi eminyaka entetho kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba kukho iileta okanye ubungqina obubonisa ukuba isithethi siyabuqonda ubuxoki. Ngenxa yoko, ugculelo oluninzi ngokuchasene neentetho zembali luyasilela, ingakumbi xa intetho ithetha ngemibandela yoluntu.

Yithiye Imithetho Yokuthetha Nemeko Yembali

Imithetho yentiyo yokuthetha imela enye yezona ndawo zithandatyuzwayo kwimigaqo yokuthetha. Le mithetho iyayithintela intetho ekhuthaza intiyo, ucalucalulo, okanye ugonyamelo kubantu okanye kumaqela asekelwe kwiempawu ezifana nesizwe, ubuhlanga, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ubufana. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yentiyo yokuthetha kwiintetho zembali kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokutshintsha imbali, kunye nemilinganiselo egqwethekileyo yokunyamezela kwebutho labantu ukuchasa.

Amazwe anenkululeko yokuthetha eqinileyo, njenge-United States, akanayo into evaliweyo yokungathethi ngentiyo. UMthetho Wokuqala Wogcwaliso ukhusela kwanamazwi abuhlungu nentiyo, lo gama nje ungangeni kwizinto ezimiselweyo eziye zaphembelela ukuvuselela, ukusongela okanye ukukhathaza. Oku kuthetha ukuba iintetho zembali eziquka ukugculelwa kobuhlanga okanye ukujongwa kakubi zidla ngokukhuselwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zibonakala zicaphukisa kangakanani ngokwemilinganiselo yanamhlanje.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kuquka iJamani, iFransi, kunye noManyeneyo, aye amisela imithetho yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuthetha intiyo. Lo mthetho weJamani uvolkschetzung (ukuxhokonxa intiyo) uwenza ube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukukhuthaza ekuhleni ukuthiya iinkokhelo zabemi okanye ukubiza imilinganiselo yogonyamelo nxamnye nabo. Lo mthetho uye wasetyenziswa ngokusetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko, uvumela ukurhoxiswa kweentetho ezinikelwa amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili. Umzekelo, iingcamango zobuNazi kunye nezincokolo ze-SS bezingumbandela wezenzo ezisemthethweni kwiinkundla zamaJamani, zibonisa ukuba iintetho zembali zithwale iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni emva kokunikezelwa kwazo.

Ingxaki Yokuyeka Ukudloba

Umba obalulekileyo womthetho kukuba ngaba intetho yembali ingasohlwaywa phantsi komthetho ongekho ngexesha eyanikelwa ngalo. Umgaqo we- ulwaphulo-mthetho olunolwaphulo-mthetho olunomthetho olunobuhlanga noluphantsi komthetho (akukho lwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo oluthintela ukuphinda luphathwe-mthetho. Noko ke, imithetho emininzi yentiyo ithetha ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe ukumangalela, okanye intetho imangalelwa phantsi kwemithetho esoloko isetyenziswa kwihambo efanayo. Kuba iintetho eziye zasemthethweni ngexesha lokunikezelwa kodwa ngoku ziphantsi kokuthiywa kwemimiselo yokuthetha, abamangalelwayo basenokuphikisa ukuba ukusebenzisa umthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho owezo ezikhoyo okanye imigaqo esemthethweni esetyenziswayo.

Iinkundla ziye zathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo kule ngxaki. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba intetho kufuneka ivavanywe phantsi komthetho osebenza ngelo xesha, ngoxa abanye beye bavumela ukutshutshiswa phantsi kwemithetho ekhoyo ukuba intetho igqalwa njengebangela umonakalo oqhubekayo. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu isoloko ivumela amalungu ukuba achaze uxabiso kwiimeko ezinjalo, alinganisele ilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha phantsi kweGatya 10 leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu ngokuchasene nemfuneko yokukhusela amalungelo nodumo lwabanye.

Indima yokuzimela nokubeka iliso kuvavanyo olusemthethweni

Xa zivavanya ukuba semthethweni kwentetho yembali, iinkundla zinikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kwinjongo yesithethi nakumongo othethwa ngawo. Ngokufuthi inguthunywa oncomekayo kumatyala axhokonxayo: ngaba isithethi sasizimisele ukubangela ugonyamelo okanye ukuvakalisa nje indlela eqhelekileyo yokuvakalelwa? Umxholo uquka izinto ezifana nabaphulaphuli, imekobume yentlalo okanye yezobupolitika, kunye nobukho bazo naziphi na iziganeko ezinokubangela ugonyamelo.

Uhlalutyo lwangoku olungokwasemthethweni luchaza intetho njengesenzo esinxulumene nentsingiselo engamiselwanga ngamazwi ngokwawo. Intetho isenokusemthethweni kwenye indawo kwaye ingabi semthethweni kwenye. Umzekelo, ukubizwa "thatha izixhobo" ngexesha loqhankqalazo loxolo kungachazwa njengentsomi, ngoxa la mazwi anye athethwa kwisihlwele esisele sibandakanyeke kwisiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi. Le ntsingiselo ingenza uhlalutyo lwembali lubaluleke ekuqwalaselweni komthetho, njengoko iimeko ezisingqongileyo zingasayi kuba zicacile.

Ukuvavanya la matyala, iinkundla zisoloko zixhomekeke kubungqina obungokwembali nakwingxelo yexesha elinye. Kwityala lakutshanje elimalunga nentetho yezopolitiko elibekwe ityala yinkokeli yezopolitiko etyholwa ngokuphembelela ugonyamelo, inkundla yahlola iingxelo zamaphephandaba, uvavanyo lobukrelekrele bamapolisa, kunye nokuqokolelwa kwamacwecwe ukuze kulungiswe imoyeni kwintlanganiso. Obu bungqina bungagqibelela, kodwa bukwanokuchazwa kwaye bungacaciselwa, bongezelela omnye umqulu wokuntsonkotha kolwazi olusemthethweni kwiintetho zembali.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokomthetho Nokusikelwa Kwawo Umda

Ngaphandle kokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ityala elingokwasemthethweni, izithethi zinandipha ukhuseleko olunzulu kuninzi lweenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ezi zikhuseli zenzelwe ukukhusela iziphumo ezimanyumnyezi eziya kwenzeka ukuba yonke intetho ephikisayo ingasohlwaywa. Inkqubo yomthetho ijolise ekukhuseleni kwanentetho engathandwayo okanye ecaphukisayo, iqonda ukuba ukutshintshisana ngokukhululekileyo ngeengcamango kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi.

Enye imfuneko ebalulekileyo yeyokuba imiqathango yokuthetha ibe ilungiselelwe kancinci ukulungiselela umdla onyanzelisayo karhulumente. Phantsi kwemfundiso yokuLandlwa koMphetho wokuqala, nawuphi na umqathango womxholo osekelwe kukujongana nokungqongqo kokuthetha, intsingiselo karhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba uthintelo luyimfuneko kwaye akukho lunye olusezantsi. Lo mgangatho uphezulu wenza kube nzima ukuvala okanye ukohlwaya iintetho zembali ngaphandle kokuba zibekwe ngqo kwinkcaso eyaziwa.

Olunye ukhuseleko yingcamango ye yokrwelelo , evumela isithethi ukuba sicel ’ umngeni umthetho othintela ukuthetheka okukhuselwe kakhulu, kwanokuba intetho yaso isenokulawulwa phantsi komthetho otsalwe ngokucuthayo. Le mfundiso ikhuthaza iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zenze imithetho echanekileyo ejolise kwezona ndlela ziyingozi zokuthetha.

Kodwa ezi zikhuseli azinasiphelo. Iintetho ezibumba ukuphembelela kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyelisa, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, okanye ubunyhukunyhuku azikhuselekanga. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente angalawula ixesha, indawo, nendlela yokuthetha, lo gama nje imimiselo iqulathe i-ethe nxaxheba kwaye ashiye amanye amajelo aneleyo okunxibelelana. Iintetho zembali ziphantsi kwezi zithintelo zinye, ithetha ukuba kwanentetho eyakhuselwa xa inikelwa ingathintelwa ukuba iphinde ikhutshwe kumo-mongo apho ikhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ingquzula umthetho othile.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokuphinda Kuthethe

Impembelelo engokwasemthethweni yeentetho zembali iyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuwo onke amazwe, ibonakalisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yezithethe, amava embali nezithethe ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda okanye osasaza iintetho zembali, ingakumbi ngexesha lokusasaza okuzweni lonke apho intetho enikelwa kwelinye ilizwe inokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kubantu ehlabathini lonke.

EUnited States, isithethe sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo sinamandla ngendlela ekhethekileyo. IsiHlanziso soQothu soLawulo sikhusela intetho enokuthi isetyenziswe kwezinye iindawo, kuquka umngcelele wamaNazi eSkokie, eIllinois, nokutshiswa kwendwe yaseMerika. Le ndlela isekelwe ekuthandabuzeni okunzulu ngamandla karhulumente ukulawula indlela yokuthetha nenkolelo yokuba eyona ndlela ingcono yokulungisa intetho eyingozi kukuthetha.

IKhanada ithatha indawo esembindini. ICwangciso seCanadian Chater of Rights and Freedoms ikhusela inkululeko yokubonakalisa, kodwa Icandelo 1 livumela imida esengqiqweni enokugwetyelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwibutho labantu abakhululekileyo nabalawulwa ngedemokhrasi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase Canada ixhase imithetho yokuthetha yentiyo phantsi kwale nkqubo, ibambe ukuba iPalamente inokuthi ithintele ukuthetha okuchasene namaqela angaziwayo. R. R. Keegstra (1990), iNkuxhasa ukumatheliswa komfundisi othetha ngokuchasene no-Smidia, i-mntswana ithetha ebangela imposiso ebangelwa yintetho egwetyiweyo.

Indlela yokuqhuba iJamani iphenjelelwa yimbali yayo phantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi. UmGaqo-siseko waseJamani ubeka isidima somntu esisemgceni wayo kwaye uyichase ngokuphandle ingcamango yokuba inkululeko yokuthetha iquka ilungelo lokusasaza intiyo okanye ukukhanyela ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo. Iintetho zembali ezizukisa iingcamango zamaNazi okanye ezikhanyela izenzo zawo azikho ngokusemthethweni, kwaye iintetho zesikhumbuzo zamanani abantu zihlolisiswa nasiphi na icebiso lokuzinzisa ngokwembali. Le ngcamango ibonakalisa ukuzinikela kobudlelane boluntu ekuhlangabezaneni nento edlulileyo kunokuvumela ukuvuselelwa kwentetho enokuthi ivusekwe iingcamango ezikhokelela kwintlekele.

I-European Union iye yathabatha amanyathelo okuvisisanisa imithetho yentiyo yokuthetha phakathi kwamalungu amazwe ngesigqibo seFrame Working on Comming Counting Deving and Xenophobia, esifuna ukuba amalungu alwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho olufuna ugonyamelo okanye intiyo ejoliswe kwiqela labantu elichazwa ngohlanga, ngebala, ngonqulo, ngemvelaphi yobuzwe okanye yesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba intetho yembali enikelwe kwelinye ilizwe le-EU isenokumangalelwa kwelinye ukuba isetyenziswe kwi-intanethi.

Imisebenzi Yanamhlanje Nexesha Eliqhelekileyo

Iminyaka yezobugcisa iye yatshintsha indlela esemthethweni yokuthetha ngokwembali. Iintetho ezazikhe zanikelwa kubaphulaphuli abambalwa zaza zagcinwa koovimba ngoku zifumaneka kakhulu kuYouTube, kumajelo eendaba, nakwizi Webhsayithi ezinikezelweyo. Oku kunyusiwe koku kufumaneka kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha engokwasemthethweni ngetyala, irepublic, kunye nengozi eqhubekayo ebangelwa ziintetho zembali.

Iinguqu zokuthi iintetho zembali ezikhokelwayo zisenokujamelana nokwamkelwa ngokwasemthethweni ukuba iintetho zichasene nemithetho echasene nentetho echasana nentiyo okanye ukukhuthazwa. Phantsi kweCandelo lama- 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano eUnited States, amaqonga aqhele ukukhuselwa kwityala lokuqulathiweyo okubekwe ngamaqela esithathu. Noko ke, inkqubela yakutshanje yezowiso-mthetho eYurophu, njengeManutal Services Act, zimisela iimfanelo ezingqongqo kwiqonga lokususa okungekho mthethweni, kuquka intetho eyintiyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqonga elithelela iqonga elithiya intetho yembali ekwindawo ekwindawo ebeke imithetho echaphaza intetho okanye ekwimiqatha e-EU ithentiyo isenokuhla okanye inyanzelwe ukuba isetyenziswe.

Ukuphinda kuqatshelwe iintetho zembali kukwaquka ingcamango yengozi [[FLT: 0] ephinda ihlolwe ngokuzimela. Intetho eyayiyingozi kakhulu xa inikezelwa kubaphulaphuli abancinane ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu xa ijongwa kwi-intanethi. Iinkundla zizama ukufumana enoba injongo yokuqala yesithethi ilawula okanye ingaba umongo omtsha uzakuvavanywa ngokuzimeleyo. Kwezinye iimeko, inzala yamaxhoba okuqala ingafuna iinjotho zokuzizonwabisa eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa kukufumaneka kwentetho.

Uphando lwemfundo ngembali ludla ngokufuna ukuva inkcazelo epheleleyo, engacocekanga, kuquka iindinyana ezisenokuba zicaphukisa okanye zikhuthaza. Kodwa kwale nkcazelo, xa idibene ngaphandle komongo, inokuba yingozi. Impembelelo esemthethweni kwimfundo isekho, namanye amaziko amkela izilumkiso nokubhala izincoko ukuze anciphise ingozi yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwembali.

Ukubonakalisa Ulwazelelelo Olusebenzisekayo Kwabathethi Nabaphulaphuli

Kumntu othethayo nabani na onokuthi agcinwe aze aphinde athethwe kwixesha elizayo, iingqwalasela ezingokwasemthethweni zibalulekile. Abathethi bafanele baqonde ukuba amazwi abo asenokuvavanywa kwiminyaka emininzi kamva phantsi kwesakhiwo esahlukileyo somthetho. Oko kuvumelekileyo namhlanje kusenokuba kokungekho mthethweni ngomso, kwaye intetho ebonakala ingenasizathu ngelo xesha inokuba sisiseko sokucaciswa kwixesha elizayo.

  • Uxwebhu umongo. Xa unikela intetho, qwalasela kungekuphela nje ukushicilela amagama kodwa kwakunye neemeko ezingqongileyo(ubungangalingani kunye nohlobo lwabaphulaphuli, naziphi na iziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha elinye ezaphembelela umyalezo, kunye nengcaciso yesithethi yenjongo. Olu xwebhu lunokuba luncedo kwinkqubela yexesha elizayo esemthethweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Gwema iintetho zobugqwirha. Ukhuseleko olungowona mthetho lukhulu kwityala lukholo olulungileyo. Isithethi esiqwalasela ngenyameko amazwi aso siwaphephe iingxelo esizaziyo okanye esirhanela ukuba zibubuxoki okanye ziyingozi, azinakukwazi ukujamelana neziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni.
  • Lumka kubaphulaphuli kunye nokunxibelelana. Intetho enikelwa kwiqela elivaliweyo labaphengululi inophawu olwahlukileyo olusemthethweni kunomnye usasazo olusasazwayo kuluntu oluninzi. Okukhona usasazo luba luninzi, okukhona kunokwenzeka kakhulu kwengozi kwaye okukhona inkundla kukufumanisa ukuba isithethi kufuneka siyazi kusengaphambili iziphumo.

Kubantu ababukeleyo nabaphengululi, isikhokelo kukusondela kwiintetho zembali ngokuqonda umlinganiselo wabo womthetho. Intetho ebaluleke ngokwembali isenokuba yeyona ngxaki esemthethweni, kwaye umongo efundwa ngawo okanye yabelana ngawo ungayichaphazela indlela aphathwa ngayo ngokusemthethweni. Amaziko emfundo kufuneka anike intsingiselo ecacileyo yezinto ezinjalo, kwaye abacholacholi-ndaba mabalumke malunga nokuchaphazeleka kweendinyana ezikrala ngaphandle kokucacisa imbali yabo.

Isiphelo: Ukunyamezela Okunzulu Kwamazwi Asemthethweni

Iintetho zembali zingaphezulu kunezinto zexesha elidlulileyo, zizinto eziphilayo eziqhubeka ziphembelela ibutho labantu, yaye kwezinye iimeko, zibangela umonakalo. Impembelelo esemthethweni yezi ntetho ixhomekeke ekudibaniseni okuntsonkothileyo okuqulethweyo, umongo, igunya, kunye nemilinganiselo egqwethekileyo yengozi. Nangona inkululeko yokuthetha inelungelo elisisiseko, ayiphelelanga, kwaye iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zaphuhlisa iimvavanyo ezintsonkothileyo zokufumanisa xa uthetha ugqitha umgca ukuya kumphembelelo, ukuhla isidima, okanye intiyo.

Kubabhali-mbali, iingcali zomthetho, kunye nabemi abatshatiweyo, ukuqonda le ntetho isemthethweni kubalulekile. Kusenza sikwazi ukuwaqonda amandla okuthetha ngaphandle kokungaziqondi iingozi zayo. Kukwasikhumbuza ukuba umda phakathi kwentetho ekhuselweyo nesohlwayo asimiselwanga (ukutshintshana kwamaxabiso namava esizukulwana ngasinye. Njengoko siqhubeka sizama ukumelana neentetho zembali, kufuneka senze njalo ngolwazi olucacileyo lokuba amagama anokukhubazeka, axhokonxeke, atshabala, kwaye atshabalane, kwananjengoko akhuthaza, efundisa, ekhulula. Umthetho unika isiseko sokuqhuba esi simo, kodwa eyona mbopheleleko iphambili ixhomekeke kwizithethi nabaphulaphuli-ndlebe ngokufanayo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwemilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni exutyushwa kweli nqaku, jonga ezi zixhobo zilandelayo: umbhalo opheleleyo we Brandenburg v. Ohio isigqibo sokuvuselela; [ iNkundla yamaLungelo aseYurophu yeNkqutyana yamaLungelo oluntu kwiGcitho 10[ [iiiindlela yokwahlula-hlula-hlula yezizwe ngezizwe; .S. Isebe logwebo lwezomthetho yentiyo yentetho ukuhlalutya; kunye intecoko yomnqophiso kwiMalungelo oMpulksimali nawase-politiko yokwenziwa kwendlela yokwenziwa kwezizwe ngenkululeko.