I-Indiya ijongene nokutshintsha okukhulu kwabemi. Njengoko ixesha lokuphila linyuka kwaye umlinganiselo wokuzala uncipha, umlinganiselo wabantu abadala kubemi ukhula ngesantya esingazange sibonwe. Ngo-2050, iZizwe ezimanyeneyo zizama ukuqinisekisa ukuba phantse umntu omnye kuma-Indiya amahlanu aneminyaka engama-60 okanye ngaphezulu, uza kuba ngummiselo obonisa abantu abangaphezu kwama-300 ezigidi. Oku kunika amathuba kunye neengxaki zokungaqiniseki kwentlalo, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezempilo. Ukuqaphela oku, uRhulumente waseIndiya wamkela inkqubo yeSizwe kuLuntu (NPOP) kwiintsapho ezikhulileyo ngo-1999, isakhiwo esibanzi esilungiselelwe ukulondolozela isidima, intlalo, intlalo, intlalo, kunye namalungelo abantu abadala abahlala ezindaweni ezintle, ukunyuka, ukubonelela okubalulekileyo kwimiqatha, ukukhuthaza iziphumo-mali, ukukhuthaza iziphumo zentlalo, ukunyuka kwemiqatha, ukunyuka kwemiqatha, ukunyuka kwemibango yendlela, ukukhuthaza iziphumo zentlalo, iingxelo eziphambili, iingxelo, eziphambili, eziphambili, neemeko

Imvelaphi nophuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kubantu abadala

Imvelaphi yeNPOP ikwindawo ejikelezayo yabemi baseIndiya. Xa kuphuculwa impilo kawonke-wonke, ukulawulwa kwezifo ezasulelayo, nokuncipha kokufa, umlinganiselo wobomi ophakathi kweminyaka engama-41 ngo-1960 ukuya ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-70 ngo-2020. Ngokusuka kwinani labantwana abazalayo abangaphezu kwama-5 kumabhinqa ngonyaka ka1970 ukuya kutsho ngaphantsi komgangatho wesi-2. Umphumo wokwaluphala: abantu abaninzi abaphila ixesha elide nabancinane ukuba babaxhase. Ngokutsho kweLongidial Ageing eIndiya (LAS, 2017,18), abakhulileyo (60,60) kwizigidi 138, kunye nesabelo sabakhulileyo (60) siyakhula ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuphendula, uMphathiswa weSizwe weSigwebo neSigunyaziso wamisela umgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe okwiNkulumbuso, owabhengezwa ngokusemthethweni ngoJanuwa 15, 1999. Inkqubo yayiyinkqubo yokuqala yemigangatho yesizwe ukusingatha iimfuno zamaNdiya amadala. Yakhiwa kwimigaqo yemithetho yeNkqutyana yeminyaka elandelelanayo, igunya, neyobulungisa bentlalo-ntle. Ukulungisa okulandelayo ngo-2011 ngenjongo yokomeleza inkqubo yokuzalisekisa iziphumo kunye nokuqukuqela kwemiba enjenge-geratric, ubugcisa, kunye nezindululo zempesheni. Inkqubo ipheleliswa yinkqubo ephelelisiweyo yi-Maveinty ne-Weveltys and Severence Act, 2007, enika izibophelelo ezisemthethweni kubazali kunye nezizalwana, ukunyamekela abazali abakhulileyo, kunye nokumiswa kweekomiti zokuncedisa izikhalazo. Okunye ukuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kwe-Admitcheod Progen (2010), kunye ne-Ed Revienters, i-Ed Revienters (20)

I-NPOP ifumana impembelelo kwiMithetho yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yabadala (1991) kunye ne-Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (2002), egxininisa inkululeko, ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukukhathalela, ukuzifica, kunye nesidima. Noko ke, inkqubo yayiselelwa kwinkcubeko ekhethekileyo yaseIndiya, intlalo-ntle, kunye nomongo wezoqoqosho, apho inkoliso yabantu abadala bahlala emaphandleni bengenayo imvume esemthethweni yokuxhasa iinkqubo. Le nkqubo iyaqonda ukuba xa intsapho ihlala ingumgcini-ngqangi, urhulumente kufuneka athabathe amanyathelo okunikezela ngeminatha ekhuselekileyo, ingakumbi abahlolo, abahlolo, nabo baneziphelo.

Izinto Ezingundoqo Zomgaqo - siseko

I-NPOP imisela iqela eliphangaleleyo leenjongo eziquka imida emininzi yentlalo-ntle yabadala. Ezi njongo azikho nje ukunqwenela; zikhokela ukuyilwa kweenkqubo, ukwabiwa koovimba, kunye nokujongwa kweziphumo. Ezi zilandelayo ziinjongo ezingundoqo, nganye ichazwe ngomxholo nangemizekelo.

Ukubonakalisa Isidima Nentlonelo

Eyona nto iphambili kwiinjongo zeNPOP kukudalwa kwebutho labantu abaxabisayo nabakhulileyo. Oku kuthetha ukulwa nobudenge obuqhelekileyo bobudala, ukukhuthaza unxibelelwano olululo kumajelo eendaba, nokukhuthaza incoko ekhuthaza ukuzalwa. Inkqubo ifuna ukuba kwenziwe okungqongqo nxamnye nokuxhatshazwa kwabadala (ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokweemvakalelo, okanye ngokwezezimali) kwaye ixhasa ukuphuhliswa koncedo, amaphulo okuqonda, kunye neekliniki-ktroniki ezisemthethweni. Intlonelo ibandakanya ukubonakalisa ubulumko namava abantu abadala ngokubandakanyeza ekwenzeni izigqibo kwimigangatho yebutho labantu kunye nentsapho. Umzekelo, urhulumente osembindi woburhulumente [oct1] [ukuvula i-lup:1] [onke] unxibelelwano nongenelelo olusemthethweni, ukubonakalisa ukuphakamisa ukukhuselwa komphiswa kwemicinezelelwa komnxeba.

Ukunyamekela Impilo

Ukufikelela kwixabiso, ukufikeleleka, kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo yobudala kungundoqo we-NPOP. Inkqubo exhasa amaziko okunyamekela abaguli abakwizibhedlele zikawonke-wonke, uqeqesho lweengcali zezonyango empilweni yonyango oluphezulu, kunye nolwandiso lwe-inshorensi yezempilo kubemi abakhulileyo. Izinto ezithe zafunyaniswa ziquka [[FLT: 0]] i-Aysushman Pradri Mantri Yadri Yagna Yaja (PM-JAY) ezigubungela abaxhamkezi abaninzi abakhulileyo, kunye [iFLT:] ne-Ayayayayamman [ii-Varogrania [[FLT] [56:] exhobisayo, iinkonzo zokuva eziqhutywa zihloko), iinqwelo-moya ezincinane zokuhlala phantsi kwe-moya ezihlala phantsi kweminxeba].

Ukhuseleko Lwezimali

Uxanduva lobuhlwempu luxanduva olucinezelayo, ingakumbi kumabhinqa, anengeniso encinane ekhoyo ebomini kunye nokungafikeleleki kakhulu kwimihlala-phantsi. I-NPOP ikhuthaza indlela esetyenziswayo: ulwando lwe- lwe-Indirda Gandhi National Ages Pension Schemion (IGOAP) [[FONT:1]] phantsi kweNational Confective Confective Programme, ukhuthazo lwendlela yezente yezentengiselwano yemali, kunye neenyathelo lokufunda ngemali kubantu abadala. Inkqubo ixhasa iprojectives zokwe-odrenti kunye nemveliso yemali. Ngonyaka wama-60, urhulumente ufumana nje kuphela umlinganiselo ophantsi, kunye nongafumani nkxasongamandla okufumana nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nako okuxhasa umhlala-mali.

Ukukhuselwa Ekuxhatshazweni

Elder abuse is a hidden crisis in India. Studies reveal that around 20% of older persons experience some form of abuse, often perpetrated by family members who are also primary caregivers. The NPOP calls for mandatory reporting of abuse, establishment of special police units for seniors, and sensitization of law enforcement personnel. The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, provides both preventive and punitive measures. Additionally, the policy supports older persons’ associations and neighborhood watch groups that can monitor and intervene in cases of neglect. While these mechanisms exist, low awareness and social stigma prevent many from seeking help. Strengthening outreach—particularly in rural areas—remains a key challenge.

Ukukhuthaza Ukwaluphala Okuqhubekayo

Ngaphezu kwenkathalo nenkuselo, iNPOP ibona abantu abadala njengabanikeli abasebenzayo kwibutho labantu. Ukwaluphala okusebenzayo kubandakanya ukuba nenxaxheba kwezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo, kwezenkcubeko, kwezezokuzonwabisa. Inkqubo incomela ukuba kukhethwe imisebenzi eguqukayo, iinkqubo zokuzithandela, kunye neezifundo zexesha elide zokufundisa abakhulileyo. Oorhulumente abaninzi bale rhulumente baye basungula ii-admil, amaziko ezokuzonwabisa, kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke-wonke. I-UDromente elungelelanisweyo yooqoqolo lwabadala (IPOP)[FLT)[FOLT:1] inikela uncedo lwemali kumagumbi asebenzayo okunyamekela imini, aphezulu, amaqela eencwadi, kunye namaqela e-grayworking. Kodwa, ezi zizinto zoncedo zokunceda nokuhomba ubomi.

Impembelelo Kuluntu LwaseIndiya

Ukususela ekumkelweni kwayo, iNPOP iye yaphembelela inkqubo, umthetho, nentetho yesidlangalala emalunga nokwaluphala eIndiya. Nangona ukuphunyezwa kwayo bekungangqinelani, kukho imiphumo emininzi ephawulekayo.

Ukwanda Kolwazi Nokuqonda

I-NPOP ibeka amalungelo abantu abadala kwiinkalo zesizwe. Imibutho yabemi, i-media, kunye nabenzi benkqubo ngoku baxubusha rhoqo intlalo-ntle yabadala. Isikhumbuzo sonyaka nonyaka wehlabathi lonke loLuntu lwabadala[ (October 1) eIndiya iquka iimpetho, iingqungquthela, kunye neziganeko ezibalaselisa imibango kunye neempumelelo. Ulwimi lomgaqo-mthetho olunesidima, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba luye lwaneenkqubo zomgangatho ophakamileyo karhulumente wamaIndiya [i-25] isiqingatha semiqathangowawo elungelelaniswe neNPOP.

Ukufumaneka konyango oluphuculiweyo

I-NPHCE iseke amagumbi akhulileyo kwizibhedlele zesithili kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango abaqeqeshiweyo, nangona isikali sisencinane. Icebo leAyushman Bharat linika isigqumo sempilo kuRs. 5 lakh nganye yentsapho, inceda izigidi zabantu abadala. Iinkqubo ezifana [[FLT:]] Iziko loncedo lwempilo [[FLT] [FLT: 1] kunye [[FLT:] ne-Ayshman Manyadir [ [uncedo lwangaphambili] (Ubempilo noTSwesapho]) ngoku ziquka umboniso wezifo ezingezongezo zingenayo ingeniso eziqhelekileyo kobudala., ukuqukelela inkqubo ikhuthaza uphando: LSI, uphando oluxhaswa ngulwazi olukhungezelelekileyo, unikeze unikezelo lwee-lwazi olungolwazi olulandelayo, unikezelwa ngolwazi lwexesha elizayo.

Ukomelezwa Kokhuseleko Olusemthethweni

ISebe lokulondolozwa noNyaka kunye noMthetho we-NPOP, ka-2007 yaba ngumphumo othe ngqo we-NPOP. Iyalela ukuba abantwana balondoloze abazali babo ukuba abakwazi ukuzixhasa, kwaye ibonelele inkqubo yokulungisa izikhalazo phambi kogcino-lwazi. Lo Mgaqo ukwayo ubangela ukulahlwa nokuxhatshazwa. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, amawaka e Kumatyala aye abekwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphanyeni kolwazi oluphezulu lonyango olungokwasemthethweni. Noko ke, inkqubo ixinzelelwe phantsi kwetyala kwaye iswele ubuchule bokulawula.

Ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko olukhulisiweyo

I-IGNOAPS inikezela ngemali yomhlala-phantsi yenyanga yeRs. 200-500 (iimali zelizwe) kubantu abalupheleyo abasweleyo. Amanye amazwe aye ongeza oku ngamanani aphezulu (ngokomzekelo, Delhi unika 762 000 ngenyanga, ngelixa uMaharashtra enikezela ukuya ku-761. I-NPOP iphembele iNHAMBISO LOLUHWEMALI YENTI ukuze inyuse isigaba somntu onyanzelekileyo ohlawulwa ngumhlala phantsi, kunye ne-Atal Penion Yay Yhonga (APY)[FLTY:1] yaveliswa ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa kogcino-mali phakathi kwabasebenzi abaselula. Kodwa, umrhumo wemali uhlala usezantsi kufutshane kwimfuno yomntu osweleyo; abantu abadala abaninzi bakhutshelwe ngaphandle ngenxa yokuswela uxwebhu okanye ukunga kakuhle kogcino-xwebhu.

Iingxaki Zokusebenza

Nangona iphumelele, iNPOP ijongene nemiqobo emikhulu ethintela ukusebenza kwayo. Ezi ngxaki kufuneka zijongwe ukuze ifezekise ngokupheleleyo impumelelo yayo.

Ubuchule obufanelekileyo kunye nokufuduka

Ukuxhasa iinkqubo zoncedo lwabadala kuhlala kuncinane xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo entlalo-ntle. Iphulo lemali yengqesho elidala yelizwe ligubungela malunga nama-20-25% abantu abakhulileyo, kwaye imali enyanga nganye ingaphantsi kakhulu komqobo wobuhlwempu. Izibonelelo zezonyango lwamaGreatria zanele ngokulusizi: i-Indiya inezigidi ezingaphantsi kwe-1000 ze-gereatricians kubantu abadala abangaphezu ko-1388. Iingingqi zasemaphandleni, apho abantu abadala abangama-70% bahlala khona, abanazo iikliniki ezikhethekileyo, amaziko okulungisa iintsapho, kwanezothutho ezisisiseko ezibhedlele ezikwizibhedlele. IPOP ingena inani namanani, ishiya iindawo ezininzi zingenazo inkxaso.

Ukungafumani Nto Inye Nengxaki Yoluntu

Abantu abadala abaninzi abawazi amalungelo abo phantsi kwe-NPOP okanye ubukho bobuxhakaxhaka bobuchule. Ukungafundi, ubuhlwempu, nokungabikho kolwazi lwamanani kubangela ukuba umsantsa wolwazi unciphe. Ngaphezu koko, isimo sengqondo soluntu sidla ngokubaphatha abantu abadala njengemithwalo okanye njengabangakwaziyo, sibathintela ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo. Ukungaqiniseki kwempilo yengqondo kubathintela abaninzi ekufuneni uncedo loxinezeleko okanye ukudinwa. Lo mthetho usukelo lwawo lokukhuthaza “ukulwa nokwaluphala okunento.”

Ukuphunyezwa Kokwahlulwa

I-NPOP sisakhiwo esilawula kakhulu, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kuthe kwawela kakhulu kurhulumente wesizwe, oneziphatho ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala. Ubutyebi bumazwe afana ne-Kerala kunye ne-Tamil Nadu buvelise iinkqubo zobugqwesi bobuntlalo-ntle zabadala, ngelixesha amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo esele ephunyezwe emva. Ukungabikho kwegunya elisembindini elisebenzisayo elisisibonelelo nemiyalelo enyanzelisayo ekhokelela kwintengiso yesiphatho. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi komsebenzi wenkonzo. Okufana nezonyango, iJanetic Justice, iMality Developial Develoption, kunye ne-Mality , ne-Dcioyiless. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amaninzi awakhangenga zihlazinzi iinkqubo ezintsha ezifana notshintsho lwezobugcisa kunye nemozulu.

Ukunyuka kokuchaphazeleka kwezifo ezingangenwayo nokungachacha

Njengoko amaIndiya ephila ixesha elide, umthwalo wezifo ezingapheliyo , "isifo sentliziyo, isifo seswekile, isifo samathambo, isifo sokuqaqamba kwamalungu, isifo sokufakelwa kwengqondo/isiphendu. Inkqubo yonyango ayixhobiselwanga ukulungiselela ixesha elide, ukunyanyekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezi meko. Amalungiselelo empilo eNPOP awagcinanga zisantya kunye nemfuneko yokunyamekela i-paltive, ukunyamekela ekhaya, kunye nenkxaso. Ngokufanayo, ukukhubazeka phakathi kwabakhulileyo akukhutshelwanga kakuhle kwaye kuyanikwa amanqaku aphantsi. [i-Rashtriya Vayoshrioshriossarosia ibonelela izixhobo ezincedayo, kodwa uluhlu olulindeyo lude kwaye lungangeni.

Iindlela Nezincomo Zexesha Elizayo

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe uMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe okwiNkulumbuso nokuzivumelanisa nezo zinto zivelayo, kufuneka kwenziwe iingcebiso eziliqela.

Ubuxhakaxhaka obufudukayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanani

Ubugcisa bungaphucula ngokuphawulekayo ubomi babantu abadala — ngokugqitha kwi-telemedicine, ukugada okukude, ipesenti yomhlala-phantsi ehambayo yokukhulula ii-bursday, kunye namaqonga okudibanisa abantu. I-NPOP kufuneka ikhuthaze ngokucacileyo iinkqubo zolwazi lwemivo-manani ukwenzela abakhulileyo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ii-portals zifikeleleka (iiiintetho ezinkulu, imiyalelo yelizwi, iividiyo ze-ANFLT). [FLT]] Iphulo le-Dijinithal-Indiya kufuneka iquke icandelo elinamanani aphezulu. Noko ke, ubugcisa akufuneka bungasebenzisi ulwahluli lwamanani lwamanani: ngaphandle kwe-intanethi, kufuneka zihlale zikhona ezo vidiyo ngaphandle konikezelo lwe-intanethi. Imizekelo efana nolulweyo

Ukuqinisa iimodeli zokunyamekela ezisekelwe kuluntu

Ibonelele ngemiqathango elinganiselweyo ye-Indiya, inkathalo esekelwe kuluntu, ngee-club, amatsha - ntliziyo, kunye neentsebenziswano, zinika inkxaso exabisayo. I-NPOP kufuneka ixhase ukudalwa “kwezi zixhobo zokunyamekelana” apho abadala bafaka khona izinto zoncedo, iingingqi zemini, kunye noncedo loluntu. Ukuqeqesha abo banyamekela intsapho ekunyamekeleni amaziko asisiseko kunye nokulawula uxinezeleko kusemgangathweni kuyimfuneko. Impumelelo yeKeralam [[FLT:] Vayomithram[ iprojekthi, enika abasebenzi be-mendomsla inkxaso yempilo yasebe, kunye nokululekana kwasebe abakhulileyo, inokukhuselwa kwilizwe ngokubanziwa-mazwe amaqela asebenza kunye noncedo lwawodwa ukuze bafikelele kwiilali ezikude.

Ukunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nengceba

I-NPOP kufuneka ityhalele ekunyukeni ngokuthe ngcembe kwimali-mhlala-phantsi ebanzi, engeyoyoyoyoyawo midala, imisela ubuncinane be-50% yomvuzo ophantsi kwexabiso, kwaye ingumyalelo obalulekileyo ovela kumaqela amaninzi oluntu. I-NPOP kufuneka ityhale unyuko oluthe ngcembe kwimali yomhlala-phantsi kunye nentlawulo. Urhulumente kufuneka akulungele ukunikezela ngetyala kubantu abadala ngemiqathango yemichiza emincinane, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ucwangciso lokubuyisela ityala lendlu yendlu yempahla lucace gcabile kwaye lukhuselekile ekuqhatheni. Ukunxulumanisa i-Aadhaar kunye nee-akhawunti zebhanki zineminxelo egqithisileyo, kodwa imigudu kufuneka iqhubeke ukuquka abasweleyo uxwebhu.

Ukunyanzelisa umsebenzi wesakhelo somthetho nonyanzelo

UMthetho wogcino noNyaka waBazali noMphathiswa oPhawulayo kufuneka uphunyezwe ngamandla ngeenkundla zomkhondo okhawulezayo kunye neenkundla ezingaphezulu. I-NPOP kufuneka ihlaziywe ukuze iquke umgaqo-siseko wamalungelo abantu abadala onyanzelekileyo ngokomthetho, ofana namalungelo abantu abaneziphene. Amalungiselelo emali awisiweyo okuxhatshazwa kwabadala kufuneka omele omele aqikelelwe, kwaye ukwenziwa komthetho okunyanzelisa ngezonyango kunye nabasebenzi bentlalo-ntle kufuneka kuqwalaselwe. Umthetho we-ombuthusi-nkulu wamalungelo anokuqwalasela ukuthobela nokufumana izikhalazo.

Ukukhuthaza Umanyano Lwamadlelane

Ukukhula okusebenzayo akunakuzenzekela ngokwahlukileyo. I-NPOP kufuneka ikhuthaze iinkqubo ezidibanisa abaselula nabakhulileyo, njengebali likamakhulu nootatomkhulu ezikolweni, ukuxoxa ngemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezindlu, kunye nobuchule bokutshintshiselana ngemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezindlu. Ukuhlenga-hlengisa ubudala obusezikweni zikawonke-wonke /i-parks, iithala leencwadi, iiholo zoluntu ./ii-holo zoluntu zinokuphelisa umahluko kwaye zakhe intlonelo. Ubulumko bobugosabhaqo kunye nolwazi (WE)[FLT] inyathelo eliququzelela izifundiswa ngabacebisi nabacebisi bezinto ezihlala emsebenzini lingumzekelo ofanelekileyo. [[FLT]

Ukuthetha Ngeemfuno Ezikhethekileyo Zeqela Elinokuphenjelelwa

I-NPOP kufuneka ijoliswe bhetele kumabhinqa amakhulu, abahlolokazi, amahlwempu ahlwempuzekileyo, nabo bahlala bodwa. Ilungiselelo elinoxinzelelo lomzimba olufana nelokuqala kumabhinqa amadala, amaqela axhasayo akhethekileyo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo empahla, kuyimfuneko. Ngokufanayo, abantu abadala besizwe nabasemasilolo asemaphandleni, abasoloko bengenawo amagunya asisiseko, kufuneka bafumane inkxaso enikezelwe kuma-gramcanchayat. Umgaqo kufuneka umisele ukurhoxiswa kogcino-lwazi oluthe ngqo olulungiselelwe amaqela nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kwi-Olden Persons uhlala uluxwebhu olusisiseko sokufikelela kwe-Indiya eyaluphalayo. Ibeke isikhokelo esicacileyo ``Ideaf''' sokusebenzisa isidima, ukhuseleko, nokuthabatha inxaxheba' kwaye inemithetho ebalulekileyo neenkqubo. Noko ke, umsantsa phakathi kwenjongo yenkqubo kunye nenyaniso yehlabathi usabanzi. Iwotshi yamanani ejongeka: ngo-2030, i-Indiya iya kuba nabemi abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-200. i-NPOP kufuneka ikhulele kwisikhundla esinamandla, kwaye ifake isiseko esineenjongo ezithi nyuko ezimeleyo zobudala xa ibhiyo isenza iminikelo yabantu abadala. Njengoko i-Indiya ifuna ukuba uhlanga oluphucumileyo, impumelelo yayo ayizukulingani kuphela nokukhula kodwa ngendlela elungele ngayo abadala. I-AP imele i-Adpo, iqinisekisa ukuba introna, kunye nolawulo olunamandla, kunye noluntu esikhulileyo, ngenjongo, inyani, kunye neenjongo, zonke.

Ukuphinda ufunde, bhekisa kumgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kubantu abadala 1999 (PDF), Ilizwe leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo elikwiqondo lemali [, kunye ne [[FLT] World Health Organizationing Age and Health iphepha lomongo womhlaba wonke.