ISimi saBalton Sabha SomGaqo-siseko Wemibutho Engahlali Macala

IRaje Sabba, njengendlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya yeBadamaral, iphethe isikhundla somGaqo-siseko esikhethekileyo esilungiselelwe ukumela iinjongo zamazwe kunye nemimandla emanyane. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabhaha, enamalungu anyulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu, uRajeya Sabhaha unyulwa ngeendibano zesizwe zesizwe kwaye utyunjwa nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchule bawo kwimimandla efana noncwadi, inzululwazi, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo. Esi sakhiwo sakhiwe ngokuzithandela sakhiwe ukulungiselela i-um apho amazwi esizwe kunye neqaqobana elincinane, `kuquka amaqela esizwe kunye namancinane] anokuva ngaphaya kwe-squmgamente yendlu esezantsi. Isakhiwo somGajini-Rajyaha sawufumana njengobuchule bokulungisa i-panento ekhoyo, imigaqo elungeleneyo elungeleneyo, imigaqo elungele ukuchana.

IGatya 80 lomGaqo-siseko lilungiselela amalungu amalunga nama-238 anyuliweyo kunye nama-12 atyunjwe kwiRajeya Sabha. Amalungu atyunjwe ngumthetho asoloko ekhethwa phakathi kwabantu abazikhethele ukukhusela izithethe zesizwe, iilwimi ezincinane, okanye okusesikweni kwezentlalo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi angamashumi, eli lungiselelo liye lavumela abantu abafana nabaxhasi abaziwayo bezentlalo, izazi zezoqoqosho, kunye nabagwebi ukuba bazise iingca ezinxulumene ngqo nengqungquthela. Ngalo ndlela uRajeya Sabbaha uba libala eline libazisa ityala apho umthetho wamalungelo esizwe nawobuntlalo-ntle ungaxutyushwa nje kuphela kodwa ucelwe ngeendlela zokulungelelanisa iinjongo zokuphuhliswa kwesizwe kunye nezo zifuna ukukhuselwa kooninzi lwabantu ababuthathaka.

Isizathu Sokuba IRajeya Sabha Imibandela Yomthetho Wezizwe Nowemincinane

Impembelelo yeRajeya Sabba kumalungelo esizwe nawobuncinane ayisosahlukanga; iyanwenwa. Ngenxa yokuba le ndlu ayinakupheliswa, inika inkqubela ekuhloleni kwii-10 zorhulumente. Oku kuhlala njalo kuvumela ukuba yakhe inkumbulo engokwesibonelelo kwimiba efana namalungelo omhlaba, ukufikelela kwehlathi, ugcino lwempucuko, kunye nokuzilawula ngemfundo. Xa irejista ibhekiswa kwikomiti ekhethiweyo okanye kwikomiti emileyo yeRajiya Sabha, amalungu anokubiza amangqina, imizekelo yokufundisisa, kwaye ive ingxelo ethi ngokufuthi urhulumente anyanzelele ukuqwalasela amalungiselelo adiswe impikiswano. Imisebenzi emininzi engokokubandakanye iSikolo seSikolo seNtlanganiso seNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso (Indawo ePhakahravi), kunye neBhunga le-National Commentations Comment for Active, 1992e Act, uBumet.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Nendlela Yokukhangela Umsebenzi KaRaje Sabha

Uhambo lowiso-mthetho lwemali kwiRajiya Sabba lulandela amanqanaba afanayo njengakwi-Lok Sabba/introduction, ingxoxo, igatya-ngecala elisetyenziswayo, kunye nokuvota (kodwa amandla aphezulu endlu yongeza imiqukumbelo. Phantsi kweGatya 109, iBhili yemali ayinakuziswa kwiRajiya Sabba; noko ke, umthetho omninzi ochaphazela amalungelo esizwe nawemina encinci awuyo iNgxongo yemali kwaye kufuneka udlulise zombini iiNdlukwano. Ukuba iRajiya Sabha iga iyala ityala okanye ingakwazi ukulidlulisa iinyanga ezintandathu, uMongameli ungayiqukumbela iqhina lokuhlala, kodwa isisongelo sokulibazisa nokuhlolwa kwabantu ngokubanzi usoloko unyanzelela urhulumente ukuba ahlalise ingxolo yendlu ephezulu.

IKomiti eLawulayo njengeSikhuselo seNtlalo eNtu

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zikaRajiya Sabba zokukhusela izilangazelelo zesizwe nezezimbalwa kukusetyenziswa kwazo kwamatyala kwiikomiti zepalamente. Ngokufanayo, iKomiti yeSivumelwano seSebe eliManyeneyo kwiKomiti yabaSebenzi, iPublic Gribiances, uMthetho neJaji, i-Scriment, ithe yazinzisa ukupheliswa kweSicwangciso sobuGaqo-mthetho neSizwe esiLawulweyo (Izikhundla ze-Athoramente).

Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bokudlula kwelungelo lokuya kwiNkampatho yoFako kunye nokuSebenza kweMpatho kwiLand Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Retable Act, 2013, ikomiti kaRaje Sabba yazisa inkxalabo ngokushenxiswa kweentsapho zesizwe kumazwe asemaphandleni. Ukuhlaziywa kwaloo mphumo kwafuna imvume efunekayo kwi-gram-sabbas phambi kokuba naliphi na ixesha lokufumana kwimimandla ecwangcisiweyo. Eli lungiselelo, elihlala lilili lembombo lokhuseleko lwesizwe, labunjwa ngqo kukujongwa kwendlu engasentla.

Impembelelo Kumthetho Olawula Amalungelo Esizwe: Imizekelo Emithathu Eyinyani

IRaje Sabra iphumeze indima ecacileyo kwiinxalenye ezintathu eziphambili zamalungelo esizwe somthetho: UMthetho wamalungelo eFold Forest A Rights (FRA), 2006; amalungiselelo ePanchayats (Iindawo Ezicwangcisiweyo) uMthetho (PESA), 1996; kunye neLand Acquisition Act amentmentments. Inye ibonisa indlela indlu ephezulu eqinise ngayo ukhuseleko lwamaqela esizwe.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Ehlathi, 2006

Xa kwaqaliswa ukusetyenziswa kweFRA okokuqala, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi inokubakhokelela ekusindeni kakhulu kwamahlathi nasekukhuphiseni. Ikomiti emileyo kaRaje Sabha yaqalisa ufundo olunzulu, ityelela iidolophana zasemahlathini eMaharashtra, i-Odsha, neJarkandhand. Ingxelo yabo yabalaselisa ukuba abantu besizwe bexhomekeke kumahlathi ngokwembali ukuze baphile kwaye ngaphandle kokunconywa okusemthethweni ngamalungelo abo, bajamelana nokugxothwa. Ikomiti yancomela iinguqu ezingundoqo, kuquka ukufakwa “ko abanye abantu abahlala ehlathini.” abanokungqina ukuba kuhlala izizukulwana ezithathu, kunye nokusekwa kwe-gram-sabhahah ukuqinisekisa ukuba inyanisile. Umthetho wokugqibela, ukususela oko kuye kwanceda iintsapho ezimalunga nezigidi ezi-4, uquka i-skieabiarbar.

Ipesa Negram Sabha Amandla

IPISA SA SABHA yawandisa amalungiselelo oMgaqo-siseko we-79th Demetrial Amendments, inika igram isabhas amandla phezu komhlaba, amanzi, kunye nemveliso yamahlathi amancinane. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwahlala kubuthathaka kangangeminyaka. Ngo-2013, iRajeya Sabhaha yadlulisela isigqibo esibongoza urhulumente oyintloko ukuba anikezele imigaqo elawulayo kwiimeko ezithile. Oku kwakhokelela ekusungulweni koBulungiseleli bobulungiseleli beMicimbi beMicimbi yeMicimbi yeNdlela yePISA, nto eyathimba indima yegram esemgathas kwimigodi yemi yemigoqo evumelekileyo nokufumana umhlaba wemisebenzi. Ulawulo luka-Rajiya Sabha oluhambisanayo lwaqinisekisa ukuba uPISA uthule ekusebenzeni komfuziselo womthetho wesizwe ekusebenzeni kwemibutho yezizwe kwiinkundla zenkundla zelizwe.

Ukufumana nokulungisa umhlaba

Ingxelo ye-Land Acquisition Act yowama-2013 yakhulula iiprojekthi ezithile zezibonelelo zesizwe kumalungiselelo ayo. Ikomiti ekhethiweyo kaRaje Sabba, ekhokelwa lilungu elivela kwilizwe elinabemi abaninzi besizwe, yanyanzelelwa ukuba kususwe ezi ngxaki. Ingxelo yekomiti iquka iingxelo ezihlasileyo zeentsapho zesizwe kwi-Odisha ezafuduswa ngaphandle kokuhlawulelwa. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho wokugqibela wagunyazisa ukuba umhlaba ofunyenwe kwimimandla ecwangcisiweyo phantsi kwalo naliphi na iphulo, imvume yegram-sabha (okanye intlanganiso yazo zonke iintsapho ezichaphazelekayo). Eli lungiselelo lichaziwe kwimithetho elininzi yeNkuquluko ephakamileyo ekhupha ulawulo lwelizwe oluye lwaphazamisa ukuvumelana nomthetho woluntu.

Impembelelo Kumthetho Olawula Amalungelo Amancinane

Umthetho wamalungelo amancinane eIndiya ubandakanya iinkonzo neelwimi ezincinane, kuquka amaSilamsi, amaSikh, amaBhuda, amaJain namaParsis. Impembelelo kaRajiya Sabba iye yabonakala ngokukhethekileyo xa kwasekwa amaqumrhu angoonobumba, umgaqo wamaziko emfundo ancinane, nokukhuselwa kwelifa lenkcubeko.

IKhomishini yeSizwe yoMthetho weMinonali, 1992

UMthetho wokuqala we-1992 waseka umsebenzi wokuhlola iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yamalungu amahlanu kunye nokuphanda ukwaphulwa. Noko ke, lo msebenzi wawungekho mandla okuqinisekisa. Ngo-2004, iRaje Sabha' yeSebe elinxulumene neKholamente eliManyeneyo kwiKomiti yeQhinga leMakhaya yahlola loMthetho kwaye yancomela ukuba iKhomishini inikwe “amandla enkundla yesizwe” ukubiza amangqina nokufuna amaxwebhu. Urhulumente waqala wakha wakha wakha wachasa, kodwa iziphumo ezizingisileyo zika-Raj Sabra' zokubuza ngexesha lombuzo ngeyure enyanzelisa umsebenzi we-Phondo ukuba uzise i-ampempempeza ngokutsha ngo-2006. Namhlanje, iKhomishini yeSizwe yeMicimbi yeMitho ingabonisa ukuba ibophe ityala ityala kwaye igunya lokuncomela ukuchonga ityala kwendlu ephezulu.

Ibhodi yeWaqf neRaje Sabha

UMthetho weWaqf, 1995, osebenza nolawulo lwezikhundla zonqulo zamaSilamsi, walungiswa ngo-2013 emva kwengxoxo enkulu kwiRajiya Sabba. Amalungu abonisa ukuba iindawo ezininzi zeWaqf, eziquka amawaka eehektare zomhlaba kulo lonke elase-Indiya, zazisetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye zazithengiswa. Ikomiti kaRajya Sabba yacebisa ukuba kusungulwe ukudalwa kweBhunga laseMbindini Waqf elinamandla aphantsi kwemikhosi kunye nokubhaliswa okunyanzelekileyo kwazo zonke iimpahla zeWaqf kunye neqela leWaqf kwi-aqf yeebhodi zelizwe kwiminyaka emithathu. I-andrendrenti, eyadlula ngo-2013, kwakhona kwafuneka ukuba kufutshane kumalungu eebhodini yesizwe ibe ngamabhinqa . Umlinganiselo othe ngqo i-Lokya waquka nomgangatho ophakathi kolawulo lobuGabhin. I-Sjanha yalutho lwezonqulo olunobumba lwezithotho lobufana nolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Amalungelo Emfundo Nenkcubeko

IGatya lama-30 lomGaqo-siseko liqinisekisa ukuba lincinane ilungelo lokuseka nokusebenzisa amaziko emfundo. Xa urhulumente wazama ukuzisa zonke iikholeji ezincinane ngaphandle phantsi kovavanyo lwe-Common Entance (COTE) ngo-2016, iKomiti kaRajiya Sabhaha ekwiMinority Affaits yavelisa ingxelo ephikisayo ethi ukunduluka okunjalo kwaphula isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko. Ingxelo yekomiti, ithe yabekwa phantsi kumgangatho weNdluvo, yakhokelela kutshaba olungekho semthethweni, yaye ekugqibeleni urhulumente wasisusa eso sicelo. IRajiya Sabba iye yasebenzisa inkxaso ekulondolozeni ukubuyiselwa kweMaulana Azad Education Foundation ngenxa yokuxhasa iinkonzo zemfundo ezincinane.

Iingxaki Ezajamelana NeRaje Sabra Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Esizwe NawokuBuncinane

Phezu kwayo nje igalelo layo, iRaje Sabha ijongene neengxaki zobupolitika ezithintela ukuphumelela kwayo ekulondolozeni amalungelo esizwe nawabantu abambalwa.

Ingxaki Yokumela Izobupolitika

Ekubeni amalungu eRaje Sabba enyulwa ngeendibano zesizwe zowiso-mthetho, ukuqanjwa kwendlu ephezulu kusoloko kubonakalisa ulawulo lweqela kumaphondo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umbutho olawulayo uye wakhusela inkoliso eRajiya Sabha, ukunciphisa amandla awo okusebenza njengegumbi lokwenyaniso lokulungisa. Xa urhulumente ephethe uninzi olunento entle, ukuhlolwa kwendlu ephezulu kuba yi-adversarial, kwaye ukupheliswa okucetyiswa ngamalungu aphikisayo [1] ukuquka abo baxhasa isizwe okanye abambalwa ababangela ukuba bakhethe. Oku kuthe qhotyo rhoqo. Ukulungiswa kwezobupolitika kuye kwayenza buthathaka i-Rajya Sabha umsebenzi womthetho ochaphazela abantu ababuthathaka.

Amandla Alinganiselweyo Kwimiqathango Yemali

Ukwahlulwa kweeBhili-Mali njengeeBhili-Mali phantsi kweGatya 110 ngokunempumelelo akuyifaki mva iRajeya Sabhah kuyiphi na into ethethwayo ngokwemali. Ekubeni ucwangciso lwentlalo-ntle yesizwe luninzi . "njengeeMbango Ezikhethekileyo zoMgangatho kwi-Cubian Umbic Schemes kunye neenkqubo zemfundo yabafundi abambalwa ."zibonelelwa ngemali ngetyala lenkcitho, iRajiya Sabba ayinakulibazisela okanye ilungise ezi zabelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba indlu ephezulu ayinakuphembelela ityala lemali enikezelwe kwinkqubela yesizwe neyabantu abambalwa kuphela, ngokomthetho.

Umelo lwemimandla ye-Union kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo

Imimandla ye-Union enabemi abancinane nangenayo indlu yowiso-mthetho − njengeLakshadsea kunye noChandigarh , inendawo enye okanye ezimbini zeRajiya Sabhaha, ngokufuthi ezaliswe ngamalungu asenokuba akaqhelananga kakhulu nenkxalabo yesizwe sasekuhlaleni. Ngaphezu koko, amalungu kaMongameli athe anikwa igunya, ngoxa ayenenjongo yokudibanisa ubuchule, maxa wambi aye akhethwa ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwezobupolitika kunokuba akhuselwe amalungelo entlalo. Umzekelo, ebudeni bengxoxo emalunga noMthetho we-201966 Computionshinshipty Act, amalungu aliqela angenawo axhasa ngokuphandle urhulumente, kwaye i-Rajiya Sabha wawudlulisa umthetho nakuba uninzi lwamaqela amancinane. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba indlu ephezulu ayiphumele umsebenzi wayo wokukhusela amalungelo entla entla kuloo meko.

Amathemba Exesha Elizayo: Ukomeleza IRaje Sabha Yolawulo Olupheleleyo

Iingcamango zotshintsho ukuze kunyuswe indima kaRaje Sabha kumthetho wamalungelo esizwe nawabantu abambalwa zigxininisa kwiinkalo ezintathu: ukwakhiwa kwabameli, ukusebenza kweekomiti nokubonakala kwamalungelo.

Umelo oluvela ngqo nokhetho

Abaphengululi abaliqela bomGaqo-siseko baye bacebisa ukususwa kunyulo olungangqalanga ukuya kunyulo olungqalileyo lwamalungu eRajeya Sabhaha, okanye ubuncinane ukusungula umelo lolwahlulo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane amele izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zesizwe kunye namancinane. IKhomishini yeSizwe yokuhlola ukusebenza komGaqo-siseko (2002) icebisa ukuba uRajiya Sabhaha amalungu esizwe enabemi ababalulekileyo kufuneka anyulwe kwii-computaittuencs ezigcinelwe kwintlanganiso yesizwe yowiso-mthetho-mthetho. Ngoxa esi sicelo singakaqali, siza kusetyenziswa ngqo kwindlu ephezulu.

Iingxelo ZeKomiti Zokunika Amandla

Okwangoku, iingxelo zekomiti kwi Rajiya Sabha zisebenza ngokutsha kwaye azikhonzeki. Utshintsho olukwenza kube yinto enyanzelisayo ukuba urhulumente aphendule ngokubhalela uncomelo ngalunye kwiinyanga ezintandathu", kwaye ukuthelekisa impendulo-ukuya. IRajiya Sabha ingayamkela inkqubo “yephepha eliluhlaza” elisetyenziswa yiUK House of Lords, apho umthetho wedrafti upapashwa phambi kwentshayezo esesikweni, uvumela amaqela esizwe naweqela ukuba anikezele ubungqina kwinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo. Inkqubo enjalo izakunika abantu isihlalo esiphezulu kwitafile ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise idabi lezobupolitika.

Ukufumaneka okucace gca kunye nokufikelela koluntu

Imicimbi kaRajiya Sabra sele ibekwe ngocingo kwaye igcinwe kwi-intanethi, kodwa ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti akusoloko kufikeleleka kuluntu lonke. Ukuhlala kuzo zonke iintlanganiso zeekomiti eziqhubana namalungelo esizwe nawobuncinane, ngokunjalo zenziwe yiPalamente yaseMzantsi Afrika-an-an-af. Oku kungaqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangayi kunikela ubungqina kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngaphezu koko, iRajiya Sabbai - Secretaiparative Impact Report” ebalase indlela iziphelo zayo eziye zatshintsha ngayo imithetho echaphazela iShedyulian neMicronesinethi. Oku bekungayi kuzakufundisa uluntu kuphela kodwa kwakhona kuvelise ingxelo ebhaliweyo yemiqatha yemiqathango yendlu ephezulu.

Isiphelo

IRaje Sabra isoloko ingqina ixabiso layo njengesakhiwo esineenjongo ezingqongqo esihlola umthetho wezopolitiko ngokungxamisekileyo kwaye ibandakanya iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimithetho echaphazela intlalo-ntle nemimandla encinane. Ukusuka kwi-Forest Rights Act ukuya kwiNational Rights Commission for Minorities, impembelelo yayo iyabonakala kwimigaqo eqinisekisiweyo esemthethweni yaseIndiya. Noko ke, amandla ayo athintelwa ngokuqhubekayo zizinto ezinkulu zezobupolitika, amandla alinganiselweyo ezoqoqosho, kunye nezithuba ezimeleyo. Ukuzalisekisa isithembiso sayo somgaqo-siseko, iRaja Sabha kufuneka ibhe / iguqule iiNguqulo ze-procractial ezinika ingce, ezikhuthaza ukubonakala, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi ezona ntlalo-ntle ye-Indiya angayimilithanga ngxolo yezobupolitika, kunye ne-politiko. Kuphela ngoko, inokuqhubeka ukusebenza njengemiqatha yamalungelo esizwe kunye neyo

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwe-website yeRajiya Sabba , kubhekiselwa kwi- iSigqeba se-Indiya – Inqaku 80 ukuya 88 kunye no-[FLT]officialial Rajiya Sabba Sabha]. Impembelelo yamaLungelo aseMozandle ichazwe kwingxelo [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]] [12]] [4] [4] Imingcikiso yemiba yemibatho Yomciko 20222-22]. Inkcaciso kumalungelo encinane efundisayo ixoxwa kulawulo [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FT]