Inkxalabo kunye neenkonzo zokukhulisa abantwana ziyinxalenye ezibalulekileyo yenkqubo yentlalo-ntle yabantwana, ukulungiselela iindawo ezikhuselekileyo, ezizinzileyo, kunye nokunyamekela abantwana abangakwaziyo ukuhlala kunye neentsapho zabo zokuzalwa. Noko ke, ukusebenza kwezi nkonzo, akuhambelani ngaphaya kwe-United States. Urhulumente kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni yenza imigaqo-nkqubo edityanisiweyo, imigangatho yemali, kunye nenkxaso yezakhiwo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela abantwana abangena ngayo ekunyamekeleni, ixesha abalingeneni, nendlela abahlala ngayo, kunye neentlobo zokhetho olufanelekileyo olukhoyo. Kubafundisi, abafundi abasebenza ngokwentlalo, kunye nabenzi benkqubo ngokufanayo, ukuqonda impembelelo yale migaqo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni iziphazathsi, ukukhuthaza utshintsho, kwaye ekuphuculni iziphumo zabantwana abachaphazelekileyo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezingundoqo apho urhulumente kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni ibumba ukunyanyekelwa kosana nolwamkelo. Ukusuka kwimigangatho yokuxhasa nokuxhasa iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali ukuya kunika izinto ezikhethwayo kunye namanyathelo omgangatho woluntu, sihlola iziphumo ezicetyiweyo nezingacwangciswanga zezigqibo. Ngokujonga kwiingxaki zangoku namathuba avelayo, sinika imaphu yendlela ukwenzela iinkqubo zobuntlalo-ntle zabantwana ezilungeleneyo nezinempumelelo.

Indima Yamagunya Karhulumente

Oorhulumente banegunya eliyintloko kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantwana, ukuseka inkqubo esemthethweni apho ukunyanyekelwa nokugcinwa komntwana kusebenza khona. Oku kuquka ukumisela iimfuno ezifunekayo kubazali abakhulisayo, ukumisela intlawulo nenkxaso, ukuqulunqa irejista yemali nemali yephondo, nokuchaza iinjongo zobulungisa. Ngenxa yokuba iphondo ngalinye linomthetho walo, imigaqo-siseko yolawulo, kunye nenkqubo yokugweba, amava omntwana ekunyanyekelwa komntwana angahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuye ngokuthi kuliphi icala abanqumla ngalo.

Iimfuno Ezinika Umbane Nemiphumo Yazo

Ulungiso luyinkqubo yokugcina amasango kwiintsapho ezihlala kunye. Amanye amaphondo athe achaza inkqubo yokunciphisa imiqobo kunye nokwandisa iqula lamakhaya akhoyo. Umzekelo, inani elandayo lamaphondo liye lasebenzisa “iintsapho” ukukhupha iimfuno ezithile ezingakhuselekanga, ezifana nezisekwe ezisikwere okanye ezidubulayo ezibalekayo, ngelixesha ugcino lwemvelaphi eqinileyo kunye nohlolo lokhuseleko lwasekhaya. Amanye amaphondo agcina imilinganiselo eqinileyo enokuthi ilibazise ukubekwa okanye isithintela abazali abanokubakhulisayo.

Ngeli xesha imilinganiselo engqongqo ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko, zinganciphisa umthamo. Xa kukho amakhaya amancinci agunyazisiweyo, abantwana bangabekwa kumakhaya amaqela okanye amaziko, asoloko ezinzileyo nangamaxabiso aphezulu. Uphando oluvela kwi Introuble Information Gateway lubonisa ukuba ngemijelo ehambayo iinkqubo ezithambekileyo zithambeka zinokuba nemigangatho ephezulu yokwethulwa kwentsapho kunye nokuhlala okufutshane kokhathalelo.

“ Inkqubo yokukhupha imbewu kufuneka ikhusele abantwana ngaphandle kokugadwa ngabanyamekela abafanelekayo.

Izakhiwo ezibonelelwayo kunye nokufuduka kwezibonelelo

Uqingqo-mali lwezorhulumente luphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ubulunga bendlela yokunyamekela nokuxhasa abantwana. Ama-United States anikela ngemali yawo ecaleni kwe-IV-E ye-R3, kwaye umlinganiselo uyahluka-hluka ngokubanzi. Amanye amaphondo ongezela inkxaso yesizwe ngentsebenziswano yoqeqesho, imivuzo yoomatilo-mali, kunye neenkonzo zasemva kokuthunyelwa kwemali. Amanye axhomekeke kakhulu kwimali karhulumente kwaye azama ukugcina amanqanaba aneleyo abasebenzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuthwaleni kwemithwalo ephezulu nokudinwa kakhulu.

Iinkonzo zokufumana abantwana bokutholwa zichaphazeleka zizigqibo zemali. Amazwe anganikela inkxaso-mali yokukhulisa abantwana ngeemfuno ezikhethekileyo, kodwa umlinganiselo nexesha lenkxaso-mali ekhoyo liyahluka. Imigaqo-nkqubo etshintsha-tshintshayo inokwenza iintsapho zingakwazi ukumisela abantwana abantwana abafuna ukunyanyekelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwezonyango okanye ngonyango.

Uphando oluye lwenziwa Annie E. Casey Foundation lufumanise ukuba ngexabiso eliphezulu lokufumana abantwana abangeniswanga nabazali abaphezulu kunye namathuba amade okufumana amaqondo okufumana abantwana abafumana umgangatho ophezulu wokufumana abantwana kwinkathalo yokukhulisa, ingakumbi kubantwana abadala nakumaqela oontanga.

Izinto eziza kuqala: Ukukhathalelwa kweKinship v. Ukukhathalelwa okungakhuselwayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente iphembelela ngamandla uhlobo lokunika umntwana inkxaso. Umthetho wesizwe iFostering Indibaniso kwimpumelelo noMthetho wokuLandelwa koLutsha ka-2008 ukhuthaza iimeko ukuba zilungelelanise ukukhathalelwa kobuzalwana, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kolwahlulo kuyahluka. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba izalamane ziqwalaselwe kuqala kwaye zinikezele iinkonzo zemali kunye nenkxaso ezilingana nabazali abangoongezozazalane. Ezinye zinikela imbuyekezo yemali ephantsi kubakhathaleli abasekhaya okanye azinikeli umgangatho ofanayo woqeqesho nenkxaso, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekungahambisi zize.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana ababekwa kwizalamane bafumana ukuphazamiseka okuncinane, bagcine amaqhina omeleleyo ngokwesithethe kunye neentsapho, kwaye baneziphumo ezingcono zexesha elide. Imithetho elingana nenkxaso yabakhathaleli bezalamane .Njenga abaxhaswe ngokulinganayo nabaxhamlayo bezalamane..

Izithethe Zasekuhlaleni Nempembelelo Yazo

Ngeli xesha oorhulumente bemisela ulwakhiwo olubanzi, amasebe asekuhlaleni `ingingqi okanye amasebe akwimeko-ntle yabantwana esixeko'("ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yabantwana nokuyilungelelanisa neemfuno zoluntu. Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni ingayicombulula imfuno yombuso we-tune, ithethe ngeengxaki ezithile zamanani okanye zelizwe, kwaye ivelise iinkqubo zophuhliso ezithi ziphendule ngqo kubemi abasebenza kulo.

Iinkqubo zobuchule boluntu kunye nokukhathalelwa

Amaziko asekuhlaleni adla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu lwawo. Ngokomzekelo, ingingqi yasedolophini enabantwana abaninzi abachanabeke kwizenzo zogonyamelo isenokuvelisa uqeqesho lokunyanyekelwa kwemeko yengozi kubo bonke abazali abakhulisa abantwana kunye nabenzi beemeko. Isithili sasemaphandleni esineenkonzo zempilo elinganiselweyo yengqondo singasebenzisana nabasebenzi be-tel 31:health ukunikela unyango olucacileyo kubantwana abakwizikhathalelo.

Ezi nyathelo zasekuhlaleni zinokuba luncedo kakhulu kodwa zikwaxhomekeke ekufumaneni inkxaso-mali kunye nokubhetyebhetye. Amanye amaphondo anika ububanzi obubanzi kwiinkqubo zoyilo, ngoxa amanye efuna ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwiimodeli zikarhulumente ezivunyiweyo. Iqondo lolawulo lobulali lingagqiba ukuba uluntu lungasabela kusini na ngokukhawuleza ekuvezeni kweemfuno, njengolwando olukhawulezileyo kwi-opioid.

Ukubuyiselwa Nokugcinwa Kweentsapho Ezingakhuselwanga

Amaziko asekuhlaleni ajongene nokufumana nokuxhasa iintsapho ezikhulisa abantwana. Imigaqo-nkqubo ejongene nokufakwa kwezinto zoburhulumente, iziganeko zokufikelela ngaphandle, kunye nezihlomelo zingabumba iinguqu nobuninzi bequmrhu lokugcina abazali. Ezinye izixeko ziye zaqalisa amaphulo okuhlasela abantu abangaphantsi kwe-LGBTQ, iintsapho, abazali abangenamaqabane, kunye neentsapho ezisuka kwiimvelaphi ezithile zobuhlanga okanye zenkcubeko. Le migudu ifuna ukufumana iindawo ezihambisana nobuntu bomntwana nokunciphisa imimandla ehamba phantsi komgangatho okhoyo okanye i-transcumentalturaltures xa kuyimfuneko.

Ukuzigcina kubalulekile. Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni enika inkxaso eqinileyo, inkxaso esebenzayo yokulungisa iingxelo, kunye neenkqubo zoontanga zinganciphisa ibhaso phakathi kwabazali bokutholwa. Amazwe avumela abameli basekuhlaleni ukuba basebenzise imali ebhetyebhetye ukwenzela ezi nkxaso adla ngokufumana imilinganiselo ephezulu yokuzigcina.

Ukukhutshelwa kweNkcubeko Nokusetyenziswa Kwayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni ingayicombulula ngqo iiyantlukwano kwinkqubo yobuntlalo-ntle babantwana. Umzekelo, ezinye iikomiti ziqhelisele uqeqesho olucacileyo olunekhethe kubenzi bamatyala, ukusekwa kweekomiti zobuveleli ukuhlola ukugqwethwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuyila iibhodi zokwamkelwa koluntu eziquka iintsapho eziye zafumana le nkqubo. Le migudu iyaqonda ukuba ubuhlanga kunye nocalucalucalulo lungakhokelela ekususweni kwemigangatho ephezulu yabantwana abamnyama nabaseMdaleni, kwanezithintelo zokuphinda zilunyuswe kunye nokukhuliswa kweentsapho ezinombala.

Amazwe afuna ukuba amaziko asekuhlaleni anike ingxelo ngemvelaphi nobuzwe nokubeka usukelo olulinganayo asenokubona inkqubela. Ngaphandle kwemigaqo enjalo, ukungalingani kunokuqhubeka okanye kube mandundu.

Ucelomngeni Namathuba

Ngaphandle kwezizathu ezintle zabenzi benkqubo abaninzi, kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu. Ukuxhasa iimali, ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho, kunye nemilinganiselo eguquguqukayo kubangela imiqobo ekunikezelweni kwenkonzo esebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuvela kwamathuba okuguqula kunika indlela eya kwinkqubo yokhuseleko lwabantwana esabelayo nenokulingana.

Iintlawulo ezisemngciphekweni

Amasebe abantwana kuwo onke amanqanaba ajongene neemeko ezingapheliyo ekungahlali zihleli phantsi. Amazwana amaninzi awakhange andise intlawulo yokunyamekela iintsapho zokunyamekela abantwana okanye amaqondo okukhulisa abantwana ngokuncinane ukuze aqhubeke nesantya sokunyuka kwamaxabiso, ashiya iintsapho zizabalazela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zabantwana. Imali ehlawulwa ngabasebenzi idla ngokuncitshiswa ngokweemfuno zomsebenzi, nto leyo enegalelo ekunyuseni umgangatho wogcino-mali ophezulu ngama-30-50% ezindaweni ezithile. Ukuthwalisa kwemali kuthetha ixesha elincinane kumntwana ngamnye nentsapho nganye, ukuncitshiswa komgangatho weenkonzo.

Imithombo yenkxaso-mali ekhoyo, njengeSihloko-E, ibotshelelwe kwimigaqo ethile enokuba bhetyebhetye. Umzekelo, isiHloko se-IV-E singasetyenziselwa ukunyamekela abantwana abafanelekileyo kodwa hayi ukukhusela iinkonzo okanye inkxaso yokukhusela iziphumo zemali, ngaphandle kwezixhasi zakutshanje kunye nemisebenzi yokubonisa. Urhulumente neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni kufuneka ziqhube imithetho entsonkothileyo yemali enokuyila.

IMiqobo ye-Breaucracy kunye neMigangatho etshintsha-tshintshayo

Umgangatho omninzi karhulumente kunye nemithetho elalanayo isenokucotha utshintsho. Umntwana usenokuba selugcinweni lwelinye ilizwe kodwa abekwe nesalamane kwelinye ilizwe, kufuna inkqubo edibanisa i-interstate (ICPCA) enokuthatha iinyanga. Kwilizwe elinye, ubalo olwahlukileyo lungachaza inkqubo eyahlukileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufikeleleni kwiinkonzo ezifanelekileyo.

Imilinganiselo etshintshatshintshayo ikwachaphazela ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali abakhulisa abantwana. Amanye amaphondo afuna iiyure ezingama-30 zokuqeqesha abantwana ngaphambi kokuba baqeqeshelwe, ngoxa amanye efuna nje i12, xa intsapho igunyaziwe, uqeqesho oluqhubekayo luhlukeneyo, nto leyo enokuthi ichaphazele ubunjani benkathalo kunye nokukwazi kwabazali bokukhulisa abantwana ngeemfuno ezintsonkothileyo.

Umahluko ekufumaneni

Abantwana bemibala, ingakumbi abantwana abantsundu nabantsundu baseMerika, bathelelwa kakhulu ekunyamekeleni abantwana abasekhaya ngokwezinga elingaphezulu lee kwisabelo sabo soluntu ngokubanzi. Oku kungabi nalulwano kuqhutywa ziimeko ezininzi, kuquka ubuhlwempu, ikhethe ekunikeni ingxelo nasekuphandeni, nokungafumani ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokukhusela. Xa benononophelo, aba bantwana basoloko belindele ukukhuliselwa okanye ukuphinda bafumaneke.

Urhulumente kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni isenokuqhubeka okanye inciphise ezi mpawu zahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, uthi ifakze “impendulo eyahlukileyo” iinkqubo .""" apho iingxelo eziphantsi ze-risk zidityaniswa neenkonzo endaweni yokuphengulula/ukubona unciphiso kwinani labantwana abaNsundu abangenayo. Imithetho yolawulo exhasa iinkonzo zokulondoloza intsapho, njengoncedo lwendlu kunye nonyango lokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, iyakwazi ukucutha ukususwa.

Utshintsho Nezindululo

Eqonda olu celomngeni, amazwe amaninzi nemimandla afuna utshintsho ukuze kuphuculwe ukunyanyekelwa nokukhuliswa kwabantwana abatsha. Le migudu ijolise kwintsebenziswano, izenzo zabantwana abatsha, i-data 76driven yesigqibo .

Ulwahlulo ngaphaya kweZiko

Intlalo-ntle yabantwana ephumelelayo ifuna ukunxibelelana nezinye iinkqubo, kuquka imfundo, impilo yengqondo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokugweba kwabantwana. Amanye amaphondo aye avelisa imikhosi elungelelanisiweyo yokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo nokwabelana ngogcino-lwazi. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente unakho ukuvumela izikolo ukuba zabelane ngeengxelo zezemfundo kunye nesebe elixhasa impilo-ntle yabantwana ukuze baqonde abantwana abasemngciphekweni baze banikezele inkxaso ephambili.

Inkcubeko ikwadlulela kwicandelo labucala. Ukunyanyekelwa kooyiselo olungenangeniso kunye namaqumrhu okukhulisa abantwana abatsha adlala indima ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi ekulungiseni izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo. Urhulumente kunye neesivumelwano zasekuhlaleni naba bameli basekuhlaleni zingamisela imilinganiselo yomgangatho, kodwa ukujongana nokuziphendulela kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile.

Uqeqesho lwabantwana:

Enye yezona inguqulelo zibalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje kukugxininisa ekufumaneni impumelelo yomntwana ngamnye, qha ngokuphinda adityaniswe, ukukhuliswa, okanye ukulondolozwa. Imithetho enciphisa ixesha lokususa umntwana kwinkathalo yokumsa kwikhaya lokugcina umntwana, ngoxa isanika abazali ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuphinda bafumane, lungelelanisa imfuneko yozinzo kunye nengqibelelo yentsapho.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo ifuna ukuba abameli basebenze ngexesha elinye besamkela kwakhona kunye nesinye isicwangciso esisisigxina, kuncitshiswe ixesha umntwana alichitha engaqinisekanga. Amazwe agunyazisa ukucwangcisa ngokuhambelana kwaye aqeqeshe abasebenzi abanokufumana iziphumo zokufumana abantwana abatsha ngokukhawuleza kunye nabantwana abambalwa abaluphalayo.

Ukunikezelwa kwengxelo ngogcino-lwazi kunye nokubonakala

Isebe lesizwe lisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuqhuba izigqibo zenkqubo kunye neziphumo zokujonga iziphumo. Uhlolo loMphathi-nkqubo kunye noNcedo lweNkxaso kunye neNkqubo yokuXhasa (AFCARS) zinika umlinganiso wesizwe, kodwa iibhodi ezinqamlezileyo zomgangatho wesizwe ezivumela ukulandelelwa komkhondo othe kratya. Amanye amaphondo abelana ngolwazi oluzinzo oluzinzileyo, umgangatho wokubekwa phambili, nexesha lokufumana intsebe, elinceda abameli basekuhlaleni ukuba baphawule ukusebenza kwabo kunye neendawo zokuphawula ukuphucula.

Imithetho efuna ukuba kunikelwe ingxelo rhoqo ngezi ziko, zikwazi ukufikelela kuwonke-wonke, ibangela ukuba abantu baphendule. Xa abantu benokubona indlela asebenza ngayo umbutho wabo wasekuhlaleni, baxhotyiselwe ngakumbi ukuxhasa iinguqulelo.

Ukubandakanyeka Kuluntu Nentsapho

Utshintsho olusebenzayo lwenkqubo luquka amazwi aloo magunya achaphazelekayo. Amagunya amaninzi aye enza iibhodi zolutsha ezikwizikhathalelo, i-almni yokunyamekela abantwana, abazali abazalayo, kunye nabakhathaleli abazizizalwana. Ezi bhodi zinikela ingqwalaselo kwiiNguqu zenkqubo, zinceda ekuyileni izinto zokuqeqesha, kwaye zisebenza njengoonozakuzaku kwingingqi ebanzi.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni exhasa umanyano lwabazali, ngezantsi, apho abazali abanamava becebisa abo baqhuba inkqubo yeli lizwe, baye babonisa iziphumo ezizizo ekuphuculeni ukuganana nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphinda kudityaniswe. Ngokufanayo, amabhunga akhuthaza ulutsha anokuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo ngokunxulumene nenkxaso yemfundo, ukutshintshelwa kwezindlu, kunye neenkonzo zempilo zengqondo.

Isiphelo

Imithetho-siseko yasekuhlaleni neyasekuhlaleni yinkqubo yokuqinisekisa apho kuhlala amakhaya okugcina abantwana kunye neenkonzo zokukhulisa abantwana. Zigqiba ukuba ngamakhaya amaninzi akhoyo, uhlobo lwenkxaso yemali neyeemvakalelo eyamkelekileyo, nokuba le nkqubo ingaziqhelanisa na neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zoluntu ngalunye. Ngoxa imingeni efana nokungakhathalelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-intellia, kunye nokungahambelani kwenkqubo yesixokelelwano, uqhutyeko olukhulayo olubhekisa kugcino-lwazi (6550driven, umntwana ophakathi, kunye nenkqubo yoluntu e-1949ivocio inika ithemba lokwenene lokuphucula.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye nabaxhasi, isikhokelo sikukuba inkqubo ayiyonto ithe ngqo encinane, ichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babantwana kunye neentsapho ezinyanyekelwayo. Ngokuqonda indlela ezi migaqo esebenza ngayo kwaye apho zingaphumeleli, singakwazi ukunyanzelisa utshintsho olubeka uzinzo, ukungalingani, kunye nokulunga. Umntwana ngamnye ufanelwe likhaya elikhuselekileyo, elinothando, nelihlala ixesha elide; imigaqo esiyidalayo ingenza loo mbono ibe yinto yokwenene okanye ingabi nakufikelelwa kuyo.