Ukunconywa kwamalungelo omtshato kuye kwachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iinkqubo zokufumana abantwana abatsha ehlabathini lonke. Njengoko amazwe endisa ukulingana komtshato, ulawulo olusemthethweni lweentsapho zokukhulisa abantwana luba luquka kwaye luqukuqele kwimida. Le ndaleko ayibonisi nje kuphela ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yoluntu kodwa ikwachaphazela ngokungqalileyo ubomi babantwana abalindele amakhaya asisigxina kunye neentsapho ezifuna ukuwamkela. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo omtshato adibana ngayo nokufumana umntwana wamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kubandakanya ngokunzulu kwisiseko somthetho, izithethe zembali, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo kwihlabathi apho zonke iintlanga zingaboni zivuma ngokulinganayo okanye zisebenzisana ngokungenawo amaqabane okungatsha.

Imbali Yamalungelo Omtshato Nokukhuliswa Kwabantwana Abaselula

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ukutholwa kwabantu behlabathi lonke kwakulawulwa ngokuyintloko yimeko yomtshato yabazali abaza kutshata. Iinkqubo zomkhwa wokuthumela nokwamkela amazwe ngokufanayo zazicinga ukuba isibini esitshatileyo esitshatileyo sinika umntwana indawo ezinzileyo. Abantu abangatshatanga okanye izibini ezitshatileyo, kuquka amaqabane angoondini afanayo, bajamelana nemiqobo okanye inkathalo ecacileyo. Ingcamango yokuba umtshato phakathi kwendoda nomfazi . .

Izithintelo zomgangatho wangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba umlinganiselo womtshato uqalise ekuqaleni kowama- 2000, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zifanayo zazingenandlela yokufumana ulwalamano lwesibini, olusuka kumazwe amaninzi. Kwanakumazwe apho ukukhuliswa kwamakhaya kwakunokwenzeka khona ngeLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe yayivalwa rhoqo. Ingqiqo ekhankanywe ngamazwe amaninzi afumanayo yayikukuba ilizwe lomntwana lemvelaphi lisenokungaluqondi ulwalamano lwesibini, olunokuba lungabangela ukuba i-vsavesi, ubumi, okanye ulwaziwo olusemthethweni. Oku kwabangela ukuba izibini azinakukwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ngenxa yokuba ulwalamano lwazo lungaqwalalelwanga, kodwa zazingenakugqalwa ngenxa yokuba zazingatshati phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ezinye izibini ezingatshatiso ezingomtshato, nokuba zijamelene nemiqobo, ukuba zinokujamelana nemiqobo engokwasemthethweni.

Iinguqulelo Zangaphambili Nexesha Elibalulekileyo

Isiphelo somtshato saqalisa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthe ngcembe ngokusemthethweni kumazwe ngamanye. I-Netherlands yaba luhlanga lokuqala ukubhalisa umtshato ongokwasemtshatweni ngo-2001, kulandelwa ngumthetho osemthethweni we-Belgium, waseSpeyin, eSpeyin, kunye namanye. Ulawulo ngalunye olutsha olwamkela ukulingana komtshato luvule ngokunempumelelo ukulingana kwawo kwizibini ezingokwasehlabathini ngezizwe ngezizwe. Noko ke, ukufumana umtshato wamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kuxhomekeke kwizivumelwano ezithe ngqo, hayi kumthetho wamakhaya. Nasemva kokuba amalungelo omtshato anwe, amazwe amaninzi athunyelwa ngokuphandle, i-aaase-Afrika, kunye nenxalenye ye-Latin America-99, awavumangaqheliseli ukumisela iinkqubo zokutholwa kwezibini ezifanayo, ukuchaza imithetho yazo okanye izithethe. Intlanganiso ye-Hagueaeauthorio Retation, eyathiwe, eyathiwayo, ijonge kwiindlela ezisemgangatho, kodwa ide ide ide ithethel

IMisebenzi yeFrame engokwasemthethweni elawula ukukhulisa abantwana behlabathi lonke

Ukumkelwa komntwana zwenibanzi ngummandla entsonkothileyo obandakanya intsalela emininzi yomthetho: iNdibano yeHague, imithetho yasekhaya yelizwe lomntwana elivela kulo, nemithetho yokufuduka yelizwe elo lifumanayo. Amalungelo omtshato achaphazela umaleko ngamnye ngokwahlukileyo.

Indibano YaseHague Engokungeniswa Kwabantwana Abangena Emva

INdibano yeHague imisela ukuba ukukhuliswa kwabantwana abatsha kumele kube yeyona nto iphambili kumntwana nokuba onke amaqabane kufuneka avume ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoxa ingachazi iimfuno ezimalunga nemeko yomtshato yabazali abakhulisa umntwana, iqikelela ukuba ilizwe ngalinye liya kusebenzisa imilinganiselo yalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukwamkela uvumo lwelizwe lokutshata kuxhomekeke ekulinganiseni komtshato. Kodwa ukuba ilizwe lomntwana aliluqondi umtshato olinganayo, umgaqo wezivumelwano zokwazisana ungawufumana phantsi kweConvention. Amazwe athe ngokusemthethweni anokuwuphatha ngokulula umtshato ofanayo-wesini-xhulumane ngokulinganayo izibini ezithene nezibini ezitshatileyo ezitheneyo ekuthatheni inxaxheba. [FUPT] i-Exptional:[3]

Imithetho ekhethekileyo yelizwe nezivumelwano zezobuhlanga

Kwanangaphandle kwesakhiwo se-Hague, ukuthathelwa umtshato kusenzeka phakathi kwamazwe amabini anezivumelwano ezingokwahlukana. Ngokwahlukileyo, ezi zivumelwano zisoloko zibonakalisa iimfuno zomtshato zelizwe elithunyelwayo. Umzekelo, amazwe anjengoMzantsi Korea kunye ne-Ethiopia ngokwembali afuna ukuba abazali abaza kutshata ixeshana elincinane kwaye bangabi nambali yoqhawulo mtshato, ngoxa bengenawo amaqhina olwaphulo-mthetho afanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-Colombia ne-Brazil iye yavuleka ngakumbi emva kokuba ithe yayamkele ngokusemthethweni umtshato okanye imitshato yoluntu. Isiphumo seso sisenzo esingumsebenzi esidityani: isibini esinokufumana lula kwilizwe elinye sisenokuvalwa ekulaleni uqhawulo olungommelwane.

Impembelelo Yokulingana Komtshato Ngokufumana Abantwana Abangakhuliswanga

Ukwanda kwamalungelo omtshato kuye kwandisa ngokuthe ngqo iqumrhu labazali abafanelekela ukukhuliswa.

Izibini ezidityanisiweyo

Izibini ezitshatileyo ezilinganayo, ukulingana kwamathuba asemthethweni abalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba zifanele zamkeleke njani emhlabeni wonke. Kumazwe apho umtshato osisigalo-sobufanayo uvunywa khona, ezi zibini ngoku zingasebenzisa imijelo efanayo nezibini ezitshatileyo, zixhomekeke kwizifundo zasekhaya ezifanayo, uvavanyo lwemali, kunye namaxesha okulinda. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kumazwe [FLT] [1] Amalungelo oMqululo [[FLT]] lubonisa ukuba inani lezibini ezitshatile ezilinganayo ezisamkelayo ezisehlabathini zinyuke ngokuzinzileyo kumazwe amiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, zisejamelene nemiqobo, ezinye izithintelo ezingok ’ ezithi zifuna uxwebhu, njengoko ubungqina beluvomele umtshato welizwe okanye umtshato womntwana osemthethweni.

Izibini Ezingatshatanga

Amalungelo omtshato akwachaphazela izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Kumazwe amaninzi, amaziko okukhulisa abantwana abatshatileyo afuna ukuba izibini zitshate ixesha elithile. Ngokufuthi iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemihlanu (ukubonisa ukuzinza. Ngokulingana komtshato, amanye amazwe ayawophula izimvo ezifunekayo zomtshato kwizibini ezingafaniyo, eqonda ukuba ulwalamano olusondeleyo aluchazwanga kuphela ngesiqinisekiso somtshato. Kodwa kwezinye izivumelwano, izibini ezingatshatanga (iiiindlela enye okanye ezichaseneyo) zisajamelene nemiqobo, ingakumbi ukuba azinakutshata ngenxa yemiqathango esemthethweni okanye ukhetho lobuqu. Ukudityaniswa phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato nokufumana umntwana womtshato nokungeniswa komtshato kudlulela ngaphaya kweLGTQ neentsapho zonke ezingomtshato.

Abazali Abangenaqabane

Amalungelo omtshato achaphazela ngokungangqalanga nabazali abangenamaqabane ngokufanayo. Kumazwe apho umtshato ongomnye wesini esifanayo ungekho mthethweni, iLGBTQ + umntu omnye isenokumkelwa njengomntu ngamnye, kodwa isoloko ijongene nohlolo oluphezulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kumagunya omgangatho womtshato, abazali abangabodwa abanotyekelo oluqhelekileyo baphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Noko ke, ukuthumela amazwe asenokunyanzelela kakhulu ekubekeni abantwana nezibini ezitshatileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi izithethe zelizwe ezifumanayo, ezinokunciphisa amathuba okucela omnye.

Iingxaki Nemiqobo

Naphezu kwenkqubela ebalulekileyo, imiqobo emininzi isekho. Le miqobo isuka ekungqubaniseni kwasemthethweni, ekuxhathiseni kwenkcubeko, nokuntsonkotha kwemfuno yokufumana ulwamkelo oluninzi.

Ukungawagqali Amazwe njengaPhakathiswayo

Mhlawumbi eyona mqobo inkulu yeyokuba ilizwe lomntwana elidala lingakuboni ukulingana komtshato konke konke. Nokuba isibini esingokwabelana ngesondo sitshate ngokusemthethweni kwilizwe laso, uhlanga oluthumelayo lungasichasa isicelo saso ngenxa yokuba umtshato waso ungenakho ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni yasekuhlaleni. Oku kuye kwenzeka kumazwe afana Russia [, enokuthi ingabikho ukunyulwa kwabantwana abatshatiweyo kunye namalungu afanayo asemthethweni kwilizwe lakubo, yaye iGatala, evumela kuphela izibini ezitshatileyo zichazwe yimithetho yayo yamakhaya. Iziphumo zidla ngokutshabalalisa: abantwana abanokuhlala besamkela kwi-octive, ngexa iintsapho ezinothando ziguqulwa kumacala asemthethweni.

Ukungafani Kwezithethe Nonqulo

Ukufumana umntwana womtshato akuyonto ingenamsebenzi. Izithethe zenkcubeko nonqulo ziphembelela kakhulu imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe. Kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi okanye amaKristu abambelele kwisithethe, umtshato ongokwesini omnye awuchaphazekanga kuphela kodwa ukwangumGqibeko. Amagosa okukhulisa abantwana kula mazwe asenokungakufuni ukubeka abantwana nezibini ezingoonobufanayo, nokuba imithetho yelizwe evumayo iyakuvumela oko. Ukuyeka le mikhethe kufuna unxibelelwano, imfundo, yaye ngokufuthi ukungenelela kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe exhasa umdla ophambili kubantwana kumgangatho womtshato wabazali.

Ubunzima Obungokomthetho Nemilinganiselo Efanelekileyo

Kwanakumazwe ahambela phambili, ukungavisisani kungavela. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo ase-U.S. anemithetho ekhusela abameli bonqulo bokutholwa ngabantwana abangafuniyo ukusebenza nezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo, nangona umthetho karhulumente uvumela ucalucalulo olunjalo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Oku kuthetha ukuba isibini esifanayo esingokwabelana ngesondo elinye kwilizwe sinokuba nendlela yokufumana abantwana, ngoxa isibini sesinye kwiphondo sijongene neemeko zoburhulumente sijongene nokungavumi koothunywa bezonyango abaninzi. Kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe, kukwakho nemigangatho edityaniweyo enokuba neqabane elinye elinobudlelane kodwa hayi elinye, kuxhomekeke kwizivumelwano zonxulumano okanye kwizivumelwano.

Uhlolisiso Lwamatyala: Indlela Amalungelo Omtshato Ambangela Ngayo Ukufumana Abantwana Abangakumbi

Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kumazwe athile lubalaselisa indlela amalungelo omtshato anokusetyenziswa ngayo ehlabathini lonke.

Amazwe Anenkqubela: IKhanada NeNetherlands

IKhanada, eyamkeleka ngokwasemthethweni ngomtshato omnye ngonyaka ka-2005, ineyona nkqubo iphambili yokufumana abantwana abatshateyo. Amaziko okukhulisa abantwana abatshakazi aqhele ukuphatha izibini ezitshatileyo ezifanayo nezinye ezitshatileyo, kwaye urhulumente waseKhanada usebenza ngokuthumela amazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubumi babantwana abuthintelwa bubumi bomtshato wabazali. INetherlands, uvulindlela kulingana nomthetho womtshato, unengxelo efanayo. Amaziko okufumana abantwana abatshatileyo kuwo omabini amazwe asebenzisanayo nemibutho eMzantsi Afrika, iPhilippines, kunye neColombia ukukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwabantwana ngokwezibini ezifanayo. [[FLT:] [[FLT] [1] [FLT] [FLT] [FLD]

Amazwe Abekek ’ Imiqathango: ERashiya NasePoland

IRashiya inikeza umahluko ocacileyo. Emva kokuphelisa ukuthathelwa umtshato omnye ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona, iRashiya yakwalela ukuthathwa kwabantwana ngokusemthethweni, izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni zisuka kulo naliphi na ilizwe ngo-2013, ichaza umnqweno wokukhusela abantwana kwimeko-bume yentsapho. Oku kuphelisa ngokunempumelelo ukukhuselwa kwamazwe ngamazwe eRashiya yiLGBTQ + zize zibangele ukuba abantu abatshatileyo bafumaneke njengabangama-LBTQ. Ngokufanayo, iPoland, engawuqondi umtshato ofanayo noweexx, ifuna ukuba abazali abanokutshata ubuncinane iminyaka emibini kwaye ngokucacileyo bangabi namalungu afanayo anokuqwalaselwa. Ngenxa yoko, abameli basePoland basebenza kuphela nezibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo, kunye nokufumana i-excothene.

Amathemba Nezincomo Zexesha Elizayo

Imfundiso engokwandiswa kwamalungelo omtshato ithetha ukuba ukwanda okuqhubekayo, kodwa inkqubela ekufumaneni ulwamkelo lwamazwe ngamazwe iya kufuna umgudu owenziwe ngabom ngabenzi bemithetho, ngamaqela olawulo, nangamaqumrhu azwenibanzi.

Ukuchaphazeleka Komgaqo-nkqubo neNdibano yeHague

Enye indlela ethembisayo kukulungisa okanye ukutolikwa kweNkomfa yeHague ngokucacileyo iquka imbonakalo yesondo njengendawo ekhuselekileyo kwizigqibo zokutholwa komntwana. Ngelixesha iNdibano igxininisa "kwinkxalabo entle yomntwana," ukucaciswa kokuba isimo somtshato kunye nendlela yesondo akumele kube yimiqobo ezenzekelayo enokuba kukukhuthaza amalungu awo ukuba alungelelanise imithetho yawo. Sekunjalo, ezinye iingcali ziye zabiza isivumelwano esifuna ukuba amazwe acinge zonke izibini ezitshatileyo ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zibhalwe ngamadoda atshatileyo. [FLT]F[F:2] [FLT] [FFF]] [FLT] [iF] [iFLT]] esikhuthaza ukuququlukileyo kwemithetho yokuba abantwana batshana kwiinkqubo zobund ’ ezikwindlayo zobuhlanga.

Ukubhanga Nomthetho

Imibutho engangeni mvuzo iyaqhubeka inyanzela ukutshintsha ngokusetyenziswa kwelinye ityala kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. Kwezinye iimeko, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ziye zavavanya imithetho yokufumana abantwana abangekho mthethweni engqongqo kwiinkundla, ziphumelele ilungelo lokufumana kumazwe awayewachasa ngaphambili. Umzekelo, ngo-2017, isibini esifanayo esingokwaseFransi siphumelele ekuthabatheni umntwana osuka eVietnam emva kokuba inkundla iwise umthetho wokuba ukungamkeli kweVietnam kungqubanise ekunene kwentsapho. Olo hlaselo lumisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo. Amaqela amaqela angoovimba abasebenza ngokuthumela amazwe ukukhankamisa ukunqothwa kweentsapho ezinkokeli kunye neenzuzo zokuvula iminyango ezifanelekileyo kwizibini ezinxulumene nezokucotha.

Indima Yemizimba Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Imibutho enjengeNkundla yamalungelo abantu yase-Europe e- kunye neKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe ezihlangene ikhuphe imithetho exhasa ngokungangqalanga amalungelo okufumana abantwana kumntu omnye kwizibini ezingokwasebugceni ngokuqinisekisa ilungelo kubomi bentsapho. Njengoko amazwe amaninzi axhasa amalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe, le mithetho ingamathidala amazwe ukuwavavanya ulwano lwawo. Ngokungakumbi, imigudu yemibutho yamazwe ahlukeneyo isenokuquka iirelathisi ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa kweenjongo zokufumana izivumelwano zokwamkelwa komtshato wokwamkelwa komnye umntu, ngokufanayo nendlela amazwe amaninzi ngoku ayazi ngayo izivumelwano zomtshato zokufuduka.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yamalungelo omtshato kwiinkqubo zokukhulisa abantwana ezizweni zonke inzulu kwaye iphindwa-jikelele. Ukuvunywa okusemthethweni kwemitshato efanayo ekhoyo emhlabeni wonke kuye kwavula imitshato ehlahliweyo ngaphambili, kubangela ukuba amawaka abantwana afumane amakhaya anothando kwaye avumele iintsapho ukuba zenzeke ngaphaya kwemida. Kodwa uhambo lukude lugqibelele. Imiqobo isekho ekuthumeleni amazwe abambelele kwiinkcazelo ezingaphelelanga zizonke zomtshato, kunye nokuchasana kwezithethe kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi ekhoyo kuqhubekeke kancinci. Njengoko ukulingana komtshato kuya kusanda kuxhaphazekile emhlabeni wonke, ithemba lokuba ukutholwa kweentsapho kuya kulandele isuti elinganayo, ukufika okuthe kratya, ukuphuma kwemijelo, kunye nokukhuthuthwa kwabantwana. Ekugqibeleni, ukwanda kwamalungelo omtshato akunakukhathalelwangangokwasemthethweni; kuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ngamnye unethuba lokukhula kwimibutho elizinzileyo, nokuba kuselulungele ukumiswa koorhulumente bomtshato ohlukeneyo, yaye kuququkwa namaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo.