UHlaziyo lwesibini loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luseyenye yezona zinto zidibene kakhulu. Ngonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asithoba asixhenxe njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, luvakalisa oku: “Umthetho olungeleleneyo weMilitia, ekubeni uyimfuneko kukhuseleko lukaRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha iiXhoba, ayisayi kuphikiswa.” Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, esi sigwebo sinye besingumbandela onzima ongomthetho, wezobupolitika, kunye nempikiswano yenkcubeko. Ukuqonda intsingiselo yeSinyuso sifuna ukuxilongwa kwemvelaphi yaso, ukucaphula izigwebo zezo zomthetho, kunye nemibuzo enyanzekileyo kawonke eqhubeka ibumba iingxoxo zesizwe macala nemipu.

Isiseko Sembali SoMthetho Wesibini Ohlaziyiweyo

Imvelaphi yoMphetho wesibini isekelwe kwisithethe somthetho wamaNgesi kunye namava angaqhelekanga amathanga aseMerika. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungu ka1689 yayiqinisekisa ilungelo lamaProtestanti lokuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela, kodwa eli lungelo laliphantsi komgaqo wepalamente kwaye lalingengomntu onegunya ngokwengqiqo yale mihla. IMelika yeKoloni, noko ke, yaphuhlisa isithethe esinamandla sokusebenza kwemikhosi yazweni lonke. Yonke i-îbodibe emhlophe ekhululekileyo yayilindeleke ukuba ibe nezixhobo zokukhusela uluntu. Le nkqubo yayiyimfuneko eluncedo kwimidabini ehlala ingenabemi kwaye ikhuselwa ngokuchasene nemikhosi, eyayingathenjwa ngokubanziwa zizixhobo zobuzwilal.

Ngexesha lemfazwe yendaleko, la maqela alawula amathanga aseka isiseko sokuxhathisa kweMerika. Impumelelo yommi oxhobileyo uArgésalders nxamnye nee-British asoloko ekhuthaza inkolelo yokuba abantu abaxhobileyo babebalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko. Emva kokuzimela, abaFako bazama ukumelana nendlela yokulawula urhulumente 769 amajoni karhulumente amatsha agunya urhulumente orhulumente ukuphakamisa umkhosi. IConstitution yeConstical Convention malunga nemithetho yemikhosi yeQumrhu I, icandelo 8 labonisa amaxhala anzulu ngegunya lomkhosi ombindi. Icandelo le- Antiparedalist, elikhokelwa ngamanani afana noPatric Henry noGeorge Mason, lathiyathi gunya likarhulumente linika igunya elikhulu kakhulu kurhulumente orhulumente, kwaye abantu bamele bakhusele ii-Rhulumente.

UJames Madison, owabhalisa iBhili yamaLungelo, ekuqaleni wayewugqala umthetho wamalungelo karhulumente njengongayimfuneko. Kodwa ekugqibeleni wanikezela kwimfuno esasazekileyo yokukhusela okucacileyo. UMthetho Wesibini wokuLandliswa waba yimveliso yokuyekelela: wenzelwe ukuqinisekisa urhulumente ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukuphelisa imikhosi okanye abantu. Ibinzana elithi “obelawula kakuhle uMiltia” yayingengomqathango wasekunene kodwa yayiyinkcazelo yokuba amazwe anokukwazi ukugcina amajoni asebenzayo abemi (*slander amajoni anamandla alwayo. Ngoko uMndululo waqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokufumana ukhuseleko kunye nelungelo lomntu ngamnye, nangona ulwalamano oluchanileyo phakathi kwabo lwaluza kuhlala lukho iinkulungwane.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sombhalo neyokutolika

Imibuzo ephambili esekelwe kwinkcazelo eyintloko esekelwe kumabinzana amathathu abalulekileyo athi: “Imithetho elungileyo yeMilitia,” kunye“ nelungelo labantu,” kunye “lokugcina nokuthwala Izixhobo.” Ngalinye kula mabinzana lineentsingiselo ezicacileyo zembali ezazisa uhlalutyo lwezi mithetho - siseko.

Imikhosi kaClaus

Ibinzana elithi “obenolawulo oluhle lweMilitia” libhekisela kwiqumrhu labemi abaqeqeshiweyo, abalungeleleneyo, nabaxhotyiselwe ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo. Ngexesha lokusekwa, amajoni ayequka bonke abamhlophe abakwaziyo phakathi kweminyaka ethile, ababefuneka ukuba banikezele izixhobo zabo.“ Ulawulo olulungileyo” lwaluthetha ukuba luqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye lungathintelwanga kakhulu. Abanye abaphengululi bezomthetho baphikisa ukuba eli binzana libekelwe umda ekukhonzeni kobupolitika kuphela, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ngelithi lichaza injongo ngaphandle kokubeka umda wasekunene. Inkundla ephakamileyo ithetha ukuba i-Difithility kwi yeFility. [FLT] v.

Ilungelo Labantu

IBill of Rights isebenzisa ibinzana elithi “abantu” kwiyokuQala, eyesibini, Eyesine, Eyesini, EyesiHlaliso. Ku [[FLT: 0], iNkundla yaphawula ukuba kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo,“ abantu” babhekisela kubantu ngabanye, hayi kwizinto ezidibeneyo. Ngoko ke, iSindululo sesibini sikhusela umntu ngamnye olungileyo, hayi ilungelo lamazwe lokugcina imikhosi. Olu hlalutyo lombhalo luye lwangundoqo ekuqondeni okukomphambili kwezamqululo loMgalelo njengenkululeko yobuqu.

Gcina kwaye Uthwale Iizixhobo

Ekusungulweni, “izixhobo” zithetha ukuba nemipu kwikhaya likabani, ngeli xesha“ uphathe izixhobo” ziphethe intsingiselo yomkhosi ``ukuphatha izixhobo kumsebenzi welizwe' kodwa kwakhona unentsingiselo ebanzi yokuphatha izixhobo zokwenzela zona ngokwazo. igqiba kwelokuba “ukuphatha izixhobo” kubandakanya ukuphatha imipu ukwenzela ukukhusela umntu, hayi nje umxholo wemikhosi. Le nkcazelo ichaphazela kakhulu imithetho yezibham zanamhlanje.

Iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili ezicacisayo zilawula intetho yomgaqo-siseko kwiSihlaziyo sesibini: iNkundla yantlandlolo kunye nomGaqo-siseko ophilayo. AbaLawuli bezoqobo bafuna ukufumana kwakhona intsingiselo yombhalo ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwemiqathango. AbaLawuli bomgaqo-siseko baphikisa ngelithi uMphetho-siseko umele uvumelane neemeko zangoku kunye nokuqondwa okuguquguqukayo kwenkululeko nokhuseleko. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zaxhasa kakhulu indlela yokumiselwa kwenkqubo yoqobo, ifuna ukuba imigaqo yemipu ivisisane nesithethe sembali somthetho wemipu.

Izigqibo Ezibalaseleyo ZeNkundla

INkundla Ephakamileyo ayizange ithethe ngokungqalileyo ngoMmiselo Wesibini kwiinkulungwane ezimbini emva kokupheliswa kwayo.

Isithili saseColumbia v. Heller (2008)

I-Heller, iNkundla yajamelana nocelomngeni kwiWashington, D.C. uthintelo lompu, olwalela ukuba kubekho imipu esemthethweni ekhaya kwaye ifune ukuba nayiphi na imipu esemthethweni igcinwe ithulwe idityaniswe okanye ibotshwe ngesitshixo sokutshixa. Ngovoti engu 5764, iNkundla yagawula ukuvalwa, isithi iSinyusi sesiBini sikhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nesixhobo sokuzilolonga ngenkani ekhaya. UJajiji Antonin Scalia, ubhale uhlahlolo olunembali lwemibhalo yoMgalelo kunye nokuseka kwemithombo. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba umlomo ukhuselwe ukuba umlomo ungabi nako “ukunye ukukhusela umntu ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezingalawulekiyo."

Heller was a landmark because it resolved the long‑standing question of whether the Second Amendment guarantees an individual right. But it left many other issues unresolved, including whether the right applies to state and local governments and what types of firearms and regulations are permissible. The logic of Heller would soon be extended.

McDonald v. iSixeko saseChicago (2010)

[Isigqibo seNkundla] [i-McDonald, iNkundla yabuza umbandela wokuququzelelwa ``````Iziphenduli''' Okwesibini' isebenza kumazwe ngeSicwangciso se-145th Claus's Procesting Claus. Kwisigqibo seNkundla yaphendula uewe. Uluvo lweNkuhlela, olubhalwe nguSamuel Alito, lwathi nelungelo lokugcina nokuthwala izixhobo zobuqu kunye nezixhobo zokuzithwala ngokwazo zingundoqo wenkululeko eMelika yokubophelele kwinkululeko egunyazwe lonke. Esi sigqibo siqinisekisa ukuba [[FLT.] uluvo lwamathetho, ukhuseli wemithetho yelizwe, uluvavanisa umgaqo wemipulgethiwe .[FLT]

Zizonke, Iheller kunye [McDonald]'s' yaseka umgangatho womgaqo-siseko wamalungelo emipu, kodwa yashiya umlinganiselo othe ngqo womthetho ovunyelweyo kwiinkundla ezisezantsi. Kwishumi leminyaka, iinkundla ze-appelte zixhasa uludwe olubanzi lwemilinganiselo yolawulo lwemipu ngaphantsi kohlolo oluphakathi, ulungelelanisa iimfuno zikarhulumente nxamnye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Lo sivumelwano saqukunjelwa sesiso siso siso sisombululo sesibini sesibini.

Ilizwe laseNew York Rifle & Intlangano yePistol v. Bruen (2022)

Bruen, iNkundla yawisa imfuneko “efanelekileyo” yephepha-mvume lokuphatha umlonyeni ofihlakeleyo phambi kwabantu. Ukuba umthetho wangoku awunawo umthetho wembali ukusuka kwixesha lokusungulwa okanye ixesha elisemva nje kwenkulungwane yekhulu leminyaka le-191919), uchaza uvavanyo olutsha lokuvavanya uLawulo lweSigqibo soLawulo sesibini, lumele lubonise ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ulawulo lwemipu lumele“ luvumelane nesithethe sembali sesizwe somthetho wemipu." Ukuba umthetho wangoku awunayo imithetho esetyenziswayo ebanzi ekwimbalini, okanye ungenawo umqathango womthetho oye wasetyenziswa kwimicimbi yompu, emva nje kwenkulungwane yekhulu le-1919191950, umele ungabi nayiphikiswa." Oku kuvavanywa“ ukuvavanywa kwemithetho yephondo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemipu yezo yezixhobo."

Bruen itshintshe ngokuphawulekayo indawo yokudlala, yenza uhlalutyo lwembali olungundoqo loMgaqo-nkqubo wesiBini. Iinkundla ngoku zixakene nemibuzo enzima ngendlela yokusebenzisa imipu yale mihla kunye nemithetho ye-18th 93 kunye ne-19thcenturiveaugeoution. Isigqibo siye saphinda saqinisa ingxoxo yezopolitiko kulawulo lwemipu, njengokuba izikhululo zikarhulumente kunye neengqungquthela zijongene nokungaqiniseki ngokokuba ingasinda njani kucelomngeni lwemithetho yesomGaqo-siseko.

Impikiswano yenkqubo yemipu yexesha elizayo

Intsingiselo yeSecond Amendment ayisathethwa nje kuphela.

Imvelaphi yendalo

Umthetho womanyano ufuna ukuxilonga okungasemva kuphela ukuthengwa kwabantu abathengisa imipu egunyazisiweyo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba ngu-sarjing “umngxuma wompu" ivumela ukuthengiswa kwemipu kwabucala (kuquka ezo ziboniswa yimipu kunye ne-intanethi) ukuba kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuhlola. Abaxhasi bemvelaphi yendalo yonke baphikisa ukuba ukuvala lo mngxuma wemipu kuya kunciphisa ukuqukuqela kwemipu ukuze ithintele abantu ngaphandle kokuzithwalisa ngokungafanelekanga ii-miqathango zomthetho. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi imiyalelo enjalo iyaba nzima, ifuna ubhaliso lwesizwe (enokuphikiswa ngokwalo), kwaye ayinakuvumelana nokuqondwa kwembali kweSibini sokuHlo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo ayikawiselanga umthetho othe ngqo owenziweyo wokwenza ucelomngeni kumthetho wesiqalo.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwezi zixhobo Zivaliwe

Uphengululo lokuncitshiswa kwemipu edityanisiweyo edityanisiweyo kwimiqathango edityanisiweyo echazwe njenge- izixhobo zokulwa ezisetyenziswayo. zasebenza ukususela ngo-199 ukuya ku-2004 kwaye ziye zamiswa kumaphondo amaninzi. Uphando lokuphumelela kwazo ekunciphiseni ukudubulana kwabantu kunye nogonyamelo lwemipu ludityanisiwe, kodwa zihlala zingumba onamandla womfuziselo. Kumva wompu [we-[FLT: 0] Bruen, iinkundla ezininzi zesiphaluka ziye zaxhasa ukuvalwa kombuso ngokufumana imithetho engokwembali ekusunguleni i-Ropera eyingozi kunye nengaqhelekanga. Ezinye inkundla zihlabekele phantsi izigwebo ezinjalo.

Imithetho Yeflegi Ebomvu

Imiyalelo yokhuseleko olugqithisileyo (ERPOS) ivumela amalungu entsapho okanye abasebenzi bomthetho ukuba bacele inkundla ukuba basuse imipu okwethutyana kubantu ababonakala beyingozi kubo okanye kwabanye. Le mithetho iye yamiselwa kumaphondo angaphezu kwamashumi amabini anambini kwaye iye yanconywa ngokuthintela ukuzibulala nokudubulana kwabantu abaninzi. Abachasi baphakamisa inkxalabo efunekayo baze baphikisane nokuba ukuphangwa kwemipu ngaphandle kwemvume yesaphuli-mthetho kungaphazamisana nokukhuselwa kweSibini soMphengululo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko zixhasa imithetho ebomvu yeflegi, kodwa emva konyaka we-12 Bruen, iingxaki ezintsha ziyavela.

Imfundiso yeQumrhu neNqaba iStatus

Imithetho yezorhulumente eyandisa ilungelo lokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo buqu ayibhekisi ngqo kwiSichibiyelo sesibini, kodwa idityaniswa nezithethe ezibanzi zamalungelo emipu. “imfundiso yecawa” iphelisa umsebenzi wokurhoxa xa umntu ehlaselwa kwikhaya lakhe.“ Imithetho yecala le jiko-mvume" idlulisela lo mgaqo naphi na apho umntu anelungelo elisemthethweni lokuba khona. Le mithetho iyaphikisana ngenxa yokuba ikhokelela kwingxwabangxwaba ebulalayo kwizithuba zikawonke wonke. Ingumbandela womthetho karhulumente, kodwa ibonisa imbono yehlabathi apho ukuzixhobisa ngobuqu kunguwo.

Indima Yokunganyaniseki Neembono Zabantu

Imibutho emacala omabini kule ngxoxo yemipu inempembelelo ephawulekayo kumthetho, kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni nakwimbono yabantu.

Amalungelo eMipu Alawulwa

INational Rifle Association (NRA) yeyona ilungelelaniswa yamalungelo emipu eyaziwa kakuhle. yasekwa ngo-1871, i-NRA ngokwembali ijolise kwiempawu zobugqwirha nokhuseleko kodwa itshintshelwe kwimithetho yezobupolitika kwi1970. Ijongene nobuninzi bolawulo lwemipu, abaphathi-politiki, kwaye iququzelela abavoti. uGun Moners of America (GAP) kunye noMphetho wesibini weMfumende (SAF) ithatha isigxilo esinzima kakhulu, isoloko igxeka i-NRA njengenomlinganiselo ophakathi kakhulu. I-SAF ibingumphathi wento ephambili kwiimeko ezininzi zesibini zeSigqibo sesibini soMbetho, kuquka kunye [FFFFF] [FFFFFFFF] kunye [5] kunye [ictFFFFFF] Amaqela elungele ukuqinisekisa urhulumente, urhulumente lwendalo, urhulumente, urhulumente oluthe ngaphaya lwemeko oluthe ngaphaya komthetho oluthe ngaphaya lweN.

Ukulawulwa Kwemipu

Amaqumrhu anjenge-Avestown for Gun Safety, iGiffords Law Center, kunye nenkamlo kaBrady yokunqanda ugonyamelo lweGun ukunyanzelisa imiqathango engqongqo. Abonisa inani lempilo yoluntu logonyamelo lwemipu /angaphezulu kwama-455 000 ekwi-2022, ngokutsho kweCDC kwaye aphikisa ukuba imithetho esengqiqweni iyavisisana noMmiselo wesibini njengoko uchazwe kwi [FLT:] Heller [[. Agxininisa isithethe sembali somthetho, njengemithetho elawula ukugcina imipupu yemfazwe kunye nokuphatha izixhobo ezifihliweyo, ukuphikisa okokuba imiqathango emininzi yanamhlanje ineengcambu ezinzulu.

Uluvo Loluntu

Uthelekelelo lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwamaMelika luxhasa imilinganiso ethile yolawulo lwemipu, enjengemvelaphi yomhlaba wonke kunye nemithetho ebomvu yeflegi, ngoxa ixhasa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nemipu. Lo mba unqumla iintambo zomkhosi, nangona ulwando luphezulu phakathi kwabaxhasi bamalungelo emipu. Ukutshintshela kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ekuchazeni uHlaziyo lwesibini lokuHlaziyo akukhange kulushukumise ngendlela ephawulekayo uluvo lukawonke wonke, kodwa iye yaguqula uluvo lwezo lwezopolitiliti: ngoku ingqina ukuba imiqathango emininzi ethandwayo ayihambisani, yenza inkqubela yemithetho yowiso-mthetho ihambe phambili.

Ulwalathiso Nemibuzo Engaconjululwanga

Isigqibo Bruen sivule isahluko esitsha kwimithetho yesiBini yoMphengululo wesiBini, kodwa imibuzo emininzi ayiphendulwanga. Enye yezona zinto zicinezelo zincinci kukuba iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise njani “imposiso . uvavanyo lwembali lusoloko ludidabanisa, kwaye abagwebi kufuneka bagqibe indlela yokuyila imithetho yangoku kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi elinesibini. Umzekelo, umthetho owenqanda ukusetyenziswa kwamaphephancwadi amakhulu emfazweni uneziququ zamazwe amaninzi unezingangeni elinokulinganisela inani lomntu? Obunye ubungqina bembali bucebisa ukuba ukusungula inkqubo ekwayo, kodwa leyo ibiza imali eninzi.

Enye imbambano engalungiswanga lububanzi be "indawo ezibuthathaka". Heller kunye Bruen, iNkundla yaqonda ukuba imipu ingokwaliwa “kwindawo ezicaphukileyo". Enje "ezizikolo kunye nezakhiwo zikarhulumente. Kodwa uluvo lubonakala lumisela iziqulu-ziko ezinjalo kwindawo apho imipu iye yavalwa ngokwesithethe. Inokwa imo yesixhobo solawulo oluphezulu, ipaki, okanye imivalo evakalayo njengeendawo ezichaphazamileyo? Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyahlula, kwaye iNkungaluvo oluphezulu lufuna ukunikezela ngoncedo.

Ukongezelela, ukuvalwa komgaqo-siseko kweentlobo ezithile zabantu, njengabo bangaphantsi kwama-21 okanye abo baphantsi kwezenzo zogonyamelo zasekhaya ezithintela imiyalelo, bayavavanywa. United States v. Rahimi [2024], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho karhulumente othintela abantu abaphantsi kogonyamelo lwasekhaya ekunqandeni imiyalelo yokuba babe nemipu. Inkundla, kwisigqibo esingaqhelekanga, yafumana isithethe esaneleyo sembali sokubulala abantu abayingozi. Le meko ibonisa ukuba Bru] ayinikezeli yonke imithetho ethintelayo engekho mpu, kodwa ifuna ukuthethelelwa okunzima kwembali.

Ingxoxo emalunga noMphetho wesibini ayikapheliswa. Iinguqu zezobugcisa `njenge 3Djáged mipu kunye “nemipu exhobisayo"" "ibeka imingeni emitsha yokulawula""" ingxinaniso yezobupolitika ekhoyo. Ukubekwa kwezobupolitika kumacala onke kubonisa ukuba akukho zimpawu zokulwa. Kodwa umbuzo ongundoqo womgaqo-siseko uhlala ufana nowangowewakangowewaka liwaka lamawaka asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anamashumi amathathu anesibhozo: indlela yokuxolelanisa ilungelo lokuziquququzelela ngokwawo kunye nomsebenzi wesizwe kunye nenyaniso yale mihla efuna ukulungele ukulingana nenkululeko nokhuseleko.

Isiphelo

UHlaliso Lwesibini asiyondawo yomyuziyam; luyinxalenye ephilayo yomthetho-siseko waseMerika eqhubeka iguquka ngokutolika kwezahlulelo, isenzo sowiso-mthetho, kunye nentetho yesidlangalala. Imvelaphi yayo yembali kwisithethe somkhosi kunye noloyiko lwamandla aphambili isekho kwimpikiswano yanamhlanje. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT]]] [iNkundla] [iNkumgangatho] [[FLT]]] [iiindawo], [[FLT], [iiiiiiindlela ebanzi] ezibekwe kuyo isandi, kwaye [[FLT] Bru] ezizicacingisileyo nezimvo zicacime ngokutyiweyo, kwaye zicalula ngokugqithisyo ukuba umenzi wemiqathango olungileyo wobucala, kwaye zikhuthaza ukukhusela iimfazwe zobuqu zobuqu, kodwa zikwabangela ubunzima obutsha obuninzi ekusebenziseni ngokomthetho womthetho omkhulu, kunye nobunzima obuqhelekileyo, kunye nobunzima obuqhelekileyo bokubonakalisayo bokuzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzi

Ufundo olubhekele phaya: iCornell Information Institute inikeza okubhaliweyo okupheleleyo kunye noluvo lwe Uguqulo olupheleleyo. Iprojekthi ye-Oyez inika ugqibo oluneenkcukacha lwetyala [[[FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]] i-[FLT][5] ne-[FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT][5]] [[FLT]][2]] iPFLT] iPFFD [ict iPifD [12] IsiXhowhome.[12] inikeza i-PFLT] i-evom yoluntu kuluntu olukhoyo.[3]