Iintetho zembali azingomagama achukumisekayo ngexesha. Ziyingcinga yobomi boluntu, zithatha imizabalazo neeminqweno ezichazayo zobukhokho belizwe labo. Ukusuka kumanxweme amatye ase-Athene yamandulo ukuya kumanyathelo eSikhumbuzo seLincoln, izithethi zisebenzise amandla okuthetha ukuchaza oko sikutyala koorhulumente bethu noko simele sikufumane. Le ngxoxo ihlala ihleli phakathi kwamalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zentlalo-demokhrasi. Ngokuhlolisisa ezi ngxakitha, siveza izifundo ezingapheliyo ekulondolozeni inkululeko, ukunyanzela okusesikweni, nokufeza imisebenzi yethu njengabemi abakhutheleyo. Ukuqonda le mbali sinyathelo lokuqala ekubhaleni isahluko esilandelayo sengxelo yethu yezezentlalo-rhulumente esabelanayo.

Amandla Okuthetha Ehlabathini Elicekethekisayo

Izithethi ezisebenzayo azibadluliseli nje ulwazi; benza amava anzulu angokweemvakalelo kunye nnengqondo. Baxhomekeke kwimiqathango enzulu efuna uncedo-lwazi----athos, nelogos `ukuguqula iingqondo kunye nokukhuthaza isenzo. Ii-FLT:0] Frederrick Douglass[[[FLL:1], [FLT], Winston umqulu wesignograclate [[FLT], [[FLT], [iiiiiiiiinter nyaniso] yayiqonda ukuba ukulwela amalungelo kuqalwa ngolwimi. [intetho ka-185], “Yintoni esetyenziswa ngumkhonzi wesine?" esetyenziswa ekuqhazukiseni ubugqili benkululeko yobukhoboka. [ukuqhatha ubugqisho obubo obubo obuqhaqhaqhaqhaqhaqhathiswa okanye ubugosa obabuliso obungondlolo basekuhlaleni, ukuphikisayo, ukuveza imigaqo-

Ngokufanayo, Franklin D. Roosevelt usebenzise idilesi yakhe ka1941 yeSizwe se-Union ukucacisa umbono wehlabathi lasemva kwemfazwe elisekelwe kumalungelo ehlabathi lonke. Ngokuchaza “Inkululeko yokuthetha”. Inkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko yokufuna ukungabikho, kwaye inkululeko ekusweleni, kunye nenkululeko ekuzoyikeni. [Ii-FOSET] yayingasasetyenziswa ngokubhekiselele nje ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lohlanga kodwa yayikukhusela umlinganiselo wehlabathi lonke wamalungelo abantu. Oku kubonisa amandla embalini ukwandisa ingqiqo yokuziphatha kohlanga. Ababonisi nje amaxabiso akhoyo; bayazimisela ngokukhutheleyo, bebeka izicangcangcambu ezintsha ukuze baphumele.

Uphando lwala manqaku lukwabonisa ukubaluleka komongo. Intetho enikelwa ngexesha lengxaki (imfazwe yamakhaya, uDondomba Omkhulu, iNtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abantu) inobunzima obahlukileyo kunobo bunikelwa ngexesha loxolo. Ungxamiseko lomzuzu luqinisa amazwi esithethi. Ngoko ke, ukuhlalutya iintetho zembali kufuna ukuqonda izikhalazo ezithi ngqo, uloyiko, kunye nethemba elazikhuthazayo. Olu hlalutyo lwemeko lunika ukuqonda okutyebileyo, okucacileyo ngendlela amalungelo azuze ngayo, akhuselwa ngayo, kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, alahleka ngayo.

Amatye Afanelekileyo: Izifundo ezivela kwiPodium

Kuzo zonke iinkulungwane, abaxhasi baye bawabeka kwisikhululo ukuze banike abantu amalungelo asisiseko.Le ntetho isebenza njengesiseko sokhuseleko olusemthethweni namhlanje.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nendibano

Akukho lungelo liphambili kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo kunenkululeko yokuthetha ingqondo yomntu nokuhlanganisana ngoxolo. Iintetho zembali ezikhusela eli lungelo zisoloko zivela ngexesha lengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iinkokeli zabasebenzi kunye neencwadi ezibhalisayo zazisoloko zibanjwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa la malungelo. Iintetho zazo ezivela edokisini okanye kwiseli yentolongo zaba nenkxaso enamandla kwinkolelo yokuba inkululeko yesiseko samalungelo aphuma apho bonke abanye abantu baqungquthela khona. Ezi zizathu ziphikisa ukuba urhulumente odambisa ukungavumelani okusisiseko. Ilungelo lokuthetha nokuhlanganisa azimelengasetyenziswa njengendlela yokulungisa, kodwa njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lolawulo, imbopheleleko ekwabelana nabo bonke abemi ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abemi babo banyaniseburhulumenteni ukuba banyanise.

Ilungelo Lokungalingani Nokusesikweni

IArc yeentetho zembali zibonakalisa ngamandla imfuneko yokulingana kwamabhinqa phantsi komthetho. Elizabeth Cady Stanton “iSindululo sika-“Sibhengezo sikaSentiments” [1848] sabonisa ngabom ulwimi lweSindululo senkululeko sokuphikisana nokulingana kwamabhinqa, isenzo esinamandla esibalaselisa ukususwa kwesiqingatha sabemi besizwe kwizithembiso ezisungulweyo. uMarin King Jr. [ii] iSindululo “sindululo seSindululo sokulwa nomkhosi wamabhinqa sinye isikhululo esilawulayo esifuna okusesikweni. UKumkani akabheki nje kumthetho ophezulu, uthetha ukuba akukho mthetho ongekho semthethweni. [FLT.] [FLT.] Sisibonelo sifundiswa yilungelo elithenjiweyo kodwa asimele sikhuselwe yimeko esilungileyo.

Ilungelo Lokudlala

Ilungelo lokuvota yinkqubo abahlala kuyo abalawula ngayo urhulumente wabo. Iintetho ezininzi ezichukumisayo kwimbali zidilesi zokubhalisa. Susan B. Anthony intetho ethethwa ngu-“ Ingaba yiCrime ukuya eVote?” (1873), enikezelwe emva kokuba ebanjiwe ngenxa yokuvota, efake i-franchcesc engundoqo njengelungelo elisenkabeni lobumi. Wathi isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sokhuseleko kubantu ngabanye siquka ilungelo lokuvota, ilungelo lokuba akukho rhulumente umele aphinde abe line. Ezi ntetho zibalase umzabalazo wokwenza ummeli onyanisekileyo. Zisikhumbuza ukuba ilungelo lokuvota kwaye zifuna ukuhlala nokuhlala.

Imali Engatshintshiyo: Iimbopheleleko Zabemi

Amalungelo asoloko exoxwa ngokuzimela, kodwa iintetho zembali zisoloko ziwadibanisa neembopheleleko ezihambelanayo. Ibutho elikhululekileyo alinakuphila ngaphandle kobumi obubandakanyekileyo, obuxeliweyo, nobukulungeleyo ukuncama izinto ezintle ezifanayo. Olu lwalamano lungumxholo ongundoqo wezona zinto zibalulekileyo zembali.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Nomthetho

Kudumedu wakhe othi “Indawo ebanzi,” ithe thayile idemokhrasi yase-Athene kodwa ngokukhawuleza wagxininisa imisebenzi yabemi bayo. Waphikisa ngelithi ummi ongathabathi nxaxheba kubomi babantu bonke akakhange angabi nanxaxheba kodwa akancedi nto kwilizwe. Le ngcamango i-("demokhrasi" ifuna inxaxheba esebenzayo", ngumxholo oziphindaphindayo. uJohn F. Kennedy idilesi ye-omatili efake lento kwifomu yayo edumileyo: “Ungabuzi nto ilizwe lakho linokuyenza ngenxa yakho."" ingenza ukuba ukwenzele oko unokukwenzela ilizwe lakho." Oku kukhuthaza ukuba sifumane amalungelo akhuthazwe ngumsebenzi ozinziswe ngumsebenzi ozinzileyo ngomzamo womthetho wobumimi. [[FLT] [FLT]] [196:3] [196]] [1961])) ngokuthobela umthetho osebenza kulo, abasebenzi boluntu abasebenzi, abasebenzi bemisebenzi abasebenzi, abasebenziyo.

Imbopheleleko Yokuphaphama

Ixabiso lenkululeko lihlala lithe gqolo. Iintetho zembali zilumkisa ukuba amalungelo akasokuzenzi. uDemon Jefferson wachaza ngokudumileyo ukuba “inkqubela yendalo yezinto kukukhupha nokulawula umhlaba.” Iintetho ezinikezelwe ukuhlola amandla karhulumente zigxininisa indima yommi njengewotshi. [[FLT:] Anti-Federalist[[[FLT:] amaphephandaba nezithethi ezilumkisa ngokuthe ngqo ngokunyanzeliswa kwamandla nokugxininisa imfuneko yokuphaphazanyiswa kwamandla. Kwane nyaka wama-20, i-Spetrogsssss [Foctive Smith [5]': [DT] i-Decleacean ye-cean ye-SChective, ithetha ngokungqalileyo ngokubhekisele kumandla okuthenjiswa kwegunya lokuthetha kwegunya kuluntu, kwana.

Intlonelo Novelwano Kubantu Abangafaniyo

I-Anfly Lincoln [[FLT: 1] i-Idilesi yesibini yoNxulumaniso yeNkcubeko. Ngokusondela kwimfazwe yabemi, uLincoln wabiza “ukuphatha nomnye" kwaye“ wonke umntu.” Wawumisela umsebenzi wokwakha uhlanga kungengowokohlwaywa, kodwa woxolelaniso. Le ntetho ifundisa ukuba iimbopheleleko zobumi zidlulele ngaphaya kwemisebenzi esemthethweni ukuquka imbopheleleko yokuziphatha yokubopha amanxeba kunye nokuhlonela isidima sabachasi bezobupolitika. Kwidemokhrasi eyahlukeneyo, abemi kufuneka bahlakulele ubuchule bokuphulaphula iimbono ezahlukeneyo nokubaluleka komntu ngamnye. Ngaphandle kokuthembana kwasemthethweni.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwindawo Efihlakeleyo

Ukuhlolisisa iintetho ezingqalileyo kunikela izifundo ezicacileyo, ezi asizozinto nje zembali; zingumzekelo wendlela yokuchaza amalungelo neembopheleleko ngamaxesha amanqam namathuba.

IDilesi kaGettysburg (1863)

Kumagama nje angama-72, uAbraham Lincoln uchaza kwakhona uvavanyo lwaseMelika. Wajika-jika ukusuka kwidabi elithile ukuya kwingcamango yendalo iphela: “Ukuba olu hlanga, phantsi koThixo, luya kuzalwa ngokutsha inkululeko , kwaye urhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, akayi kutshabalala emhlabeni. Intetho ayiyi kuguqulelwa kwakhona imfazwe yeSizwe njengemfazwe nje ekhoyo phezu komanyano, kodwa njengovavanyo lokuba naluphi na uhlanga olunikezelwe kumgaqo wokulingana nolunokusinda. Sisifundo esinzulu ekulondolozeni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nxamnye nolwahlulo lwangaphakathi. Lincoln wabiza abaphilayo ukuba bazinikele kumsebenzi owenziweyo, umsebenzi owenziwe ngamandla.

Inkululeko Emine (1941)

Inikezelwe kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinanye phambi kohlaselo kwiZibuko iPearl, iFranklin D. Roosevelt yedilesi kawonke wonke ejolise ekususeni uluvo lokwahlukana noondisholo olusebenzayo kwinkxaso ekhoyo. Wabhala umfanekiso wehlabathi osekelwe kwinkululeko yoluntu ezine ezibalulekileyo. Le ntetho yaba yeyokutshintsha ngenxa yokuba yandisa intsingiselo yemfazwe yaseMelika ukuquka amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Yabeka ityala kumazwe aseMelika ukukhokela umlo nxamnye nemikhosi enzima. Kamva iRhudomsda yaba lityala lenkululeko ekwizindululo zenkululeko ezine ezibalulekileyo zoluntu. [[FLT.[FLD] [FLT]] [FLT]], ibonisa indlela enokuthi intetho yomongameli omnye womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ezibonisa ngayo iingxelo zezizwe ngezizwe.

Ndinephupha (1963)

Mhlawumbi eyona ntetho ibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, ..[FLT King Jr.] Idilesi kaMartin Luther u-Flut : Washington ngumphathi weklasi ekudibaniseni amalungelo kwimisebenzi. uKumkani wanyanzelisa ukuba abavukeli babe nembopheleleko yokuqhuba umlo wabo ngesidima nengqeqesho, “abavumeli ukulwa kwethu komzimba ukuba kungcolise ugonyamelo.” Wafaka umlo wamalungelo abantu njengemfuneko “yokufumana imali” ephawulweyo,” benoxanduva ulawulo lwalo lwalo lwalo lwalo lwamaxwebhu alo okuqalisa. Intetho ithetha ithetha ithetha ngobuxoki kwimbono wayo yexesha elizayo. Ibiza abamhlophe nabamnyama kunye, ikhumbuza abaninzi ukuba ixhoba labo abambalwa.

Andinguye umfazi? (1851)

Ukunikezelwa kwendibano yamabhinqa eAkron, eOhio, Inyaniso yeQuery intetho engachananga yalungela uluvo olukhoyo lokuba amabhinqa ayebuthathaka kakhulu okanye engakwazi ukufikelela amalungelo alinganayo. Ukusebenzisa amava akhe njengebhinqa elikhotyokisiweyo ngaphambili, waphelisa ukuthethelelana ngengqondo ngesondo nangohlanga. Ukungavumelani kwakhe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, “Ain’s Doma?” wanyanzela abaphulaphuli ukuba baxolelane nobungqina bokwenene bamava akhe okuphila. Le ntetho ngumbhalo osisiseko wokudibana kombutho, ukufundisa oko kumele kuthethe ukulwa okungaqhelekanga kwamalungelo abo basemacaleni. Inyaniso ibandakanya ityala lomnye uxandumiso lomnye othetha ngengcinezelo.

IiNkqubo zaNgoku: Ubumi bamanani kunye neSikwere sikaWonke-wonke

Imigaqo efakwe kwezi ntetho zembali isebenza ngokuchanekileyo namhlanje, ingakumbi kumongo wezobugcisa bezobugcisa. Ilungelo lokukhulula ukuthetha, ukukhuselwa ngamaninzi, ngoku lisetyenziswa zizigidi zezigidi kwimigangatho yezentlalo-ntle. Noko ke, iimbopheleleko ze-Pixeccobucrip [[ ezihambisana neli lungelo lingatshintshanga, nokuba ngaba i-metal ine. Intengiso yeengcamango, ingcamango ekudala emva kuJohn Stuart Milll noJastice Oliveh Welving Holmes, ixhomekeke kwingxoxo eqinileyo. Kodwa imarike enente exubileyo ngoku ibandakanya ukuqinisekisa imithombo nokucinga ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku.

Ngaphezu koko, uxanduva lwentlonelo novelwano lubaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Intetho yangaphakathi isoloko ingenawo amava okudibana ngobuso nobuso. Iintetho zembali zisikhumbuza ukuba ukuganana okunempumelelo kubandakanya ukunyanzelisa, hayi ukugweba nje. Inkalipho yokuthetha ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni mayidityaniswe nobulumko bokuphulaphula. Kanye njengokuba uMargaret Chase Smith wamelana neqela lakhe, abemi bale mihla banembopheleleko yokucel ’ umngeni ogqwethiweyo kunye nokutshabhisa abantu abahlala nabo. Idolophu eneziqumrhu elineyo ifuna ukusebenza, abaxhasi abanoxanduva abaxhasa amaxabiso oMmiselo Wokuqala weMimiselo ngelixa isenza intetho yesidlalo apho intle inokuba yinyaniso.

Isiphelo: Incoko Ehlala Ihleli

Iintetho ezinzulu zembali aziziniki mpendulo ilula. Endaweni yoko, ziphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokusesikweni, ukulingana, nokuzincama. Zisikhumbuza ukuba amalungelo awangomthetho omntu owedwa; afuna ukuzikhusela okusebenzayo. Iimbopheleleko azinzima; zinelungelo lokuphila kwibutho labantu elikhululekileyo. Ukusuka ekufuneni “ukuzalwa ngokutsha kwenkululeko” kwiphupha lohlanga olugwetyelwe ngombala, ezi zinto zimisela umgangatho wehambo yasekuhlaleni. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka. Imbopheleleko yokuphulaphula, nokuthetha ngoku kukuthi.

Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Ezamkelelwa Abemi Bale Mihla

  • Zifunde izinto ezidlulileyo. Iimpikiswano ezisetyenziswa nguLincoln, Douglas, noKumkani aziphelelwa lixesha; zizixhobo zokuhlalutya imibandela yangoku kunye nokwakha iingxoxo ezisebenzayo zobulungisa namhlanje.
  • Yamkela uhlobo oluphindwayo lwamalungelo. Lonke ilungelo olifunayo liza noxanduva. Ilungelo lokukhululeka lifuna umsebenzi wokuba yinyaniso nokuhlonela ilungelo lokuva abanye.
  • I- isebenza ngokukhutheleyo. Ibutho elikhululekileyo aliyomidlalo yokubukela. Ukusebenza, ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo loluntu luxanduva oluyimfuneko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ziqhelise ukuphapha. Ukukhusela amaziko edemokhrasi kwaye ugcine amagosa akho anyuliweyo ephendulile. Yiba ngumthengi onolwazi kwaye uxhathise ukusasazwa kolwazi.
  • Ulwazelelelo. Amandla edemokhrasi alinganiswa ngendlela aphatha ngayo awona malungu abuthathaka. Sebenzisa umgaqo othi “ubuchule qha qha qha kunxibelelwano lwakho nabanye.

Ukufunda kwiintetho zembali kungaphezulu kunokuzilolonga nje ngokwemfundo. Kuluncedo ukuba ngummi othenjiswa, onoxanduva, nonempumelelo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha umanyano olufezekileyo. Amazwi exesha elidlulileyo zizikhanyiso ezikhokelayo zangoku. Amalungelo asisiseko entetho, indibano, kunye nokulingana kulondolozwa kuphela ngokuqhubeka nokuqhelisela nokuzikhusela ezi mbopheleleko. Ilifa laba bathethi bakhulu alikho nje kuphela kumazwi abawathethayo, kodwa kwizenzo abawakhuthazayo kuthi namhlanje.