Ukwazisa: Isiseko seenkqubo zokutya

Amandla omthetho asisiseko solawulo lwale mihla lokulima. Iipalamente, iingqungquthela, kunye nezinye iziqu zomthetho zidala izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezichaza indlela umhlaba osetyenziswa ngayo, indlela abalimi abaxhaswa ngayo, nendlela ukutya okufikelela ngayo kwiitafile zeebhiliyoni ezingamawaka ezigidi. Ukusuka kwifama encinane yentsapho ukuya kwishishini le-agriri, ngamnye umcuphi ekuboneni ukutya usebenza ngaphakathi kwemithetho emiselwe ngabalawuli bemithetho. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano oluntsonkothile lutyhila isizathu sokuba ukulawula okunempumelelo kungekuphela nje kokusebenza kokhuseleko lokutya, ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho, nokulondolozwa kobundlobo.

Iingcinezelo zezolimo namhlanje zijongene neengcinezelo ezingathethekiyo: utshintsho lwemozulu, ukwanda kwabantu, ukunqongophala kwamanzi, kunye neemarike ezishushu. Iimpendulo ezisemthethweni kule mingeni zingaqinisa okanye ziphucule ukuhambelana nokutya. Xa imithetho isekwa kakuhle kwaye ixhaswa ngokwaneleyo, inganyusa imveliso, ikhusele ubuncwane bendalo, iqinisekise ukuba ukutya okunesondlo kuyafumaneka kubo bonke. Ngokuchasene noko, imigaqo-nkqubo engenziwa kakuhle okanye etyeshelweyo ingakhokelela ekunqongoneni kokutya, ubuhlwempu, nokuwohloka kwemekobume. Eli nqaku lihlola iziphumo ezininzi ezikhoyo zemithetho yolawulo yezezolimo nokutya, ukuvavanyazisa ubuchule, imingeni, kunye namathuba achaza oku kungqungqula okubalulekileyo.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho Wezolimo

Amaqumrhu agunyazisa umthetho anempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwezolimo ngezixhobo ezininzi: amatyala okulungisa ingeniso, imimiselo yolawulo, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye neendleko zefama ezibanzi. Le mithetho inika imali kawonke-wonke, imisela imigaqo, kwaye ichaza amalungelo neembopheleleko kulo lonke icandelo lokulima. Le nkqubo idla ngokubandakanyeka ingxubusho enzulu phakathi kwabagcini-matyala, kuquka imibutho yabalimi, abathengi, amaqela abathengi, kunye nabaxhasi bemekobume bemeko-bume. Le mithetho iveza ezona zinto ziphambili, enoba zikhulisa imveliso, zikhuthaza ukuphuhlisa inkqubela-mali, zikhusela ukukhuselwa kokudla, okanye zikhusela ukulimala kokusingqonga imekobume.

Inkxaso Engqalileyo Kubalimi: Iimpahla ezingaphantsi kunye ne-inshorensi

Enye yeezixhobo ezibonakalayo zowiso-mthetho yinkxaso engqalileyo kumafama. Kumazwe amaninzi amisela iinkqubo ezinika ingeniso ehlawulwayo, inkxaso, okanye inkxaso-mali yegalelo lezinto ezifana nembewu kunye nenyomfa. Umzekelo, iBhili yeFomati yaseUnited States, edla ngokutsha kwakhona rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu, iquka iinkqubo zorhwebo, i-inshorensi yolimo, kunye neenkqubo zokulondolozwa kwemali. Kumazwe aseYurophu, inkqubo eQhubeleneyo ye-Acompulment Policy (CAP) ilawula amawaka ezigidi zee-euros ukuhlawula ngokuthe ngqo abalimi kunye nemisebenzi yokuphuhlisa izityalo. Umthetho onjalo ukuzimisela ukukhusela abathengi kwixabiso, iintlekele zemozulu, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuveliswa kwemveliso yezolimo yezolimo yemali kuhlala kulungile nangalo. Ii-inshorenside, ngokukodwa, ivumela ukuba abalimi bafumaneke kwiingxaki zendalo, nezinye iingozi.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo solawulo: Ukhuseleko, Ubunjani, neMigangatho yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho ukwamisela imithetho yokukhusela ukutya, intlalo-ntle yezilwanyana, kunye nokukhusela indalo. Imithetho elawula ukuvunywa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusetyenziswa kwesichumiso, kunye nomgangatho wamanzi ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imisebenzi yokulima kunye nempilo yoluntu. I-Foood Safety Modertization Act (FSMA) eUnited States, ngokomzekelo, yaqalisa ukujolisa ekukhuseleni ukungcoliswa kwazo, ifuna ulawulo olubanzi lokuthintela imveliso yokutya. Ngokufanayo, imigaqo engqongqo ye-Europe yeMibutho ye-Uni elawula ukusetyenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ne-oklecustom ibeke amabharderstal. Le milinganiselo ayikhuseli nje kuphela abasebenzi kodwa ingundanisa amandla, njengoko amazwe amele avumelane nokungenisa imilinganiselo esemthethweni esemthethweni. Imigaqo enxulumene nokutyaniswa kwemiqatha yezonotyalingo zezorhwebo, ngoxa imimiselo elungele ukutshoniswa kwemidanga.

Umthetho Nokhuseleko Lokutya: Ikhonkco Elingqalileyo

Ukukhuseleka kokutya kubakho xa bonke abantu, ngalo lonke ixesha, befumana ukutya okwaneleyo, okungokwentlalo, nokunezoqoqosho okukhuselekileyo nokunesondlo okuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zokutya. Izenzo zomthetho ziphembelela ngamnye kwezi ntsika zine – ukufumaneka kwazo, ukufumaneka, ukusetyenziswa, nokuzinziswa. Imithetho exhasa ukuveliswa kwemveliso yezolimo, ukuphucula ingeniso, ukulondolozwa kwamaxabiso, nokugcinwa kokutya kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe inkqubo yokutya eyomeleleyo.

Uphuhliso nokwenzeka

Imithetho elawulayo ebangela ukuba imveliso yasekhaya iphucule ukufumaneka kokutya. Uphando kunye nophuhliso lwemali yezityalo eziphuculiweyo, iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela kunye nomatshini zinganyusa ngokuphawulekayo. Iiqumrhu ezigunyazisa ukwenziwa kwemali kwizikhululo zophando lwezolimo kunye neenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezinika ukusasaza ezona zinto zingcono kumafama. Umthetho weSizwe se-Indiya weSizwe se-Food Security Act uyalela ukuba urhulumente afumane izidlo ezincinane ezixhasa amaxabiso aphantsi, ngaloo ndlela akhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwengqolowa kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhayisi. Kodwa ke, imigaqo-nkqubo enjalo isenokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka korhwebo kwizinto ezidityaniweyo ezidityaniweyo.

Ukufikelela nokusebenziseka

Kwanaxa ukutya kuninzi, ubuhlwempu nokungalingani kunokuthintela abantu ukuba bangene kuko. Umthetho ungakuthetha oku ngeenkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezinjengezitembu zokutya, iinkqubo zokutya kwesikolo, kunye nenkxaso-mali ejoliswe ekuxhaseni. Ubuchule be-Brazil yeZero Hunger, obuquka ukuthunyelwa kwemali kunye nongeniselo lwentsapho, bubonisa indlela imigaqo-siseko sowiso-mthetho enokuthi ikwazi ngayo ukunyusa izigidi zabantu ekungakhuseleki kokutya. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa ulawulo lwexabiso okanye izigcini-ngqolowa ezifanelekileyo ukunqanda amaxabiso phakathi kweengxaki. I-World Food Programme ([FFFF:FF [2]][FLT:]]][FLT]] [[FLT]]]]]) uqikelelo lokuba minyaka lemini yobomi buxhomekeke kwiminyaniso ye-ognognowding.

Ukutya okuzinzileyo nokutya

Umthetho ukwalolonga ubunjani bokuzondla obufumaneka ekuveliseni ukutya. Ukhuselo lwesitya esiqhelekileyo esineevithamini kunye neeminerali, imiqathango ekwimiqathango yokuthambisa amafutha, kunye neemfuno zokuwabhala amagama zinceda ekuphuculeni iziphumo zokutya. Imithetho ekhuthaza ukuncancisa nokulawula iintsana ibalulekile kwisondlo sabantwana abaselula. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zolimo ezikhuthaza ukuveliswa kweziqhamo, imifuno, kunye nemiqumbu zingenza inkqubela yendlela yokutya ezahlukahlukeneyo. Intlangano yempilo yehlabathi ([FLT]]]] [iithel]]) ikhuthaza ukuba kunciphelwe amanyathelo emimiselo emithetho emithetho yokwakhenke, ezidibanisa izifo ezingacothanga zinokudlo.

Ukuzinza Nokuzinziswa

Ukhuseleko lokutya lufuna ukuba inkqubo imelane nokumothuka – nokuba ivela kwiziganeko zemozulu, imfazwe, okanye ukungahleleki kwezoqoqosho. Umthetho omisela ukugcinwa kokutya kwelizwe, iindlela zokusabela kongxamiseko, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lwentlekele wongeza umaleko wokuzinza. Umzekelo, i-Afrikan Rication Caparity (ARC) yi-antium esebenzisa i-parametric inishuwarensium enika imali ekhawulezileyo kumazwe ajongene nembalelane nemvula. Ukuxhasa komthetho okuqinisekisa ukuba imali ikhona ngaphambi kokuba kufike intlekele. Ukongeza, imithetho exhasa imozulu yokulondoloza umhlaba, kuquka ukulondoloza umhlaba, ukuvuna amanzi, kunye ne-agroforyry, ukunceda ukumelana nemozulu.

Ingqikelelo yomhlaba wonke: Uphando lwetyala kwiMpahla yoMgaqo-siseko

Uhlolisiso olubonisa indlela oluneziphumo ezingafaniyo. Olu hlolisiso lubalaselisa impumelelo nokungaphumeleli, lunika izifundo kubenzi bemithetho ehlabathini lonke.

IBhili Yefama YaseUnited States

IBhili yeFama ingumthetho omkhulu, exabisa amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka. Igubungela imali exhotyisiweyo yefama (imfuno kunye ne-inshorensi ye-oyile) iinkqubo zokulondolozwa kwezondlobolozo, uncedo lokufumana isondlo (SNAP – i-SonalitionInternotional Impliation Programme), kunye norhwebo lokulima. Ukufakwa kwe-SNAP - okunika uncedo lokutya okuneemali ezifumana imali ephantsi kwizindlu - iyenza ibe ngumthetho ophambili ochasene nokhuthuntuthuzeko lwemali kwilizwe. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezityalo ezimbalwa (umganyana, sohayi) kwindleko yezo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezezemeko-meko-mentlalo. Noko ke, imali yemali igcina inkxaso ekulondolozeni ukutya okuzinzileyo nokunga kuqoqoswa kobuxhaka kwemali phakathi kobuxhaka. [F.][1]

Umgaqo-nkqubo Wobulimi Oqhelekileyo WaseYurophu (CAP)

ICAP yenye yemithetho emidala nenentsingiselo yezolimo ehlabathini. Ekuqaleni ijoliswe ekuveliseni imveliso engakumbi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iye yavela ukuze imisele ubugosa bokusingqongileyo, inkqubela-phambili yasemaphandleni, kunye nengeniso entle kubalimi. ICap “yokwakha yengcaciso” iquka i-eco-chemess ezinika abalimi umvuzo wokufumana imisebenzi eqhubekayo, enjengokuzitshitshiza, ukulima, ukulima, nokugcina ingca ehlala ihleli. Iinguqu zakutshanje zidibanise isahluzo esithene nemilinganiselo engqongqo yemekobume bendalo. Nangona zigxekwa zexabiso kunye nokuntsonkothile okuntsonkothile, iCAP ngokufanelekileyo iqinisekise ukuba iYurophu ihlale isazisa ngokuzinziwa kokwayo, njengokuzinziwa kwemijeko yezityalo, kunye nokukhusela umhlaba wayo ohlala umhlaba wasemaphandleni.

Utshintsho Lwezolimo LwaseBrazil

I-Brazil inikela umzekelo onamandla wendlela uphuhliso lwemithetho elawulayo olunokuqhuba ngayo ulwando lwezolimo ngeli xesha ixhasa ukuhlaziywa komhlaba, ukufumaneka kwemali ngetyala kubanini-mali, kunye notyalo kuphando lwezolimo (ngokulindelekileyo nguEMBRAPA, i-Brazil Agricultural Research Corporation Corporation), iguqukile ukusuka ekutyeni ukutya ukuya kwindlu yombane yezolimo lwehlabathi lonke. Kwangaxesha linye, urhulumente wasungula inkqubo yokulawula iNtlanga, eyasebenzisa zombini iimali kunye nezenzo zolawulo lokulawula ukulungiselela izikolo, iibhanki zokutya, kunye nokufumana inkxaso kweentsapho. Amava eBrazil abonisa ukuba imigudu yomthetho kufuneka ilungelelaniswe kumacala eencwadi kunye nemigangatho karhulumente ukuze kuphumele ukhuseleko ekukhungweni lokutya kwiimpuzwano.

Ucelomngeni Kumhlaba Ophezulu

Ngelixesha umthetho unokuba negalelo elilungileyo, uyakwazi ukuqhubana neengxaki. Imigca yezopolitiko, iphenjelelwa zizinto ezinamandla, kunye nemijikelo yexeshana elifutshane idla ngokuthintela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yexesha elide. Kumazwe amaninzi, inkxaso-mali yezolimo inceda abalimi abatyebileyo nabezoshishino, ishiya abambalwa abakwindawo ephantsi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yokutya yanamhlanje kuthetha ukuba umthetho uvelise iziphumo ezingaqondakaliyo, ezifana nokuwohloka kwemekobume yemekobume okanye ukugqwetha kwemarike.

Imali Nezinto Ezikhethekileyo Zezobupolitika

Inkqubo yezolimo iphenjelelwa yimpembelelo ephambili yokuphembelela. Amaqela anamandla ezinto, isichumiso kunye neenkampani zembewu, kunye nabaququzeli bomsebenzi wokutya basoloko belawula abamisi-mthetho. Oku kungaphumela kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokuba ukuveliswa kwemveliso kubekwe phambili kugcino lwemeko-bume okanye isondlo. Umzekelo, iswekile kunye noshishino lokutya okuququzelelwayo lulwe ngempumelelo kwimiqathango eyingozi kwiindawo ezininzi. Ukulungelelanisa ezi zinto zikhuphisanayo kulucelomngeni olungapheliyo kubaqulunqeni, kufuna ukuba mhlophe, ukubekwa kwemiqathango esekelwe kwisigqibo sogcino-mdla.

Izilondolozi nobuchule

Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo akanabo ubuchule bolawulo, ukulungiselela, nokunyanzelisa imithetho yezolimo esebenzayo. Imali eyaneleyo yamasebe karhulumente, ukonakala, kunye nolawulo olubuthathaka lunganciphisa kwanomthetho omiselwe kakuhle. Uncedo lobugcisa oluvela kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, njengeFood and Agriculture Organization (]FAO]), lunganceda ekuqiniseni iinkqubo zemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezemithetho kunye nolawulo. Umzekelo, i-FAO, i-FAO, ikhupha imodeli yemithetho yemodeli yezokulungiselela uqeqesho kumthetho wokutya.

Ukuqhelana Nemozulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kulungisa umhlaba wolimo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kunokwenzeka ngamanye amaqumrhu emithetho elawula imo yezulu. Iziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu, ukutshintsha kwamaxesha okukhula, kunye neengcinezelo ezintsha zezinambuzane eziyingozi zifuna ukuthambeka, ukujongwa phambili kwemithetho. Kodwa iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho zisoloko zicotha kwaye zisebenzisana. Amanye amaziko azama ukuphinda alungelelanise imithetho equka iingxelo ezinyanzelisayo, iingcinga-mkelo ezizenzekelayo zokusebenza ezisekelwe kwiempawu zemozulu, kunye nokuguquka kolungelelaniso lwamaziko okuzinzileyo ukuze ahlaziye imigangatho ngaphandle kokutshintsha komthetho wemithetho yezentengiso.

Amathuba Okomeleza Impembelelo Yomthetho

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, kukho amathuba abalulekileyo okuba abamisi-mthetho baphucule inkqubo yokulima nokhuseleko lokutya. Ubugcisa bokubhena, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, nokusebenzisana nolawulo olupheleleyo zizinto ezingundoqo.

Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olungcono kunye nohlalutyo kunganceda abalawuli bemithetho ukuba benze imithetho ephumelela ngakumbi. Ukuva okukude, umfanekiso wesatellite, kunye nogcino-lwazi lomgangatho wefama lwenze kukwazi ukujoliswe ngqo kwinkxaso-mali kunye nongenelelo. Amaqumrhu asemthethweni angazimisela ii-ofisi zophando oluzimeleyo okanye iqabane kunye neeyunivesithi ukuvelisa ubungqina obunokwenziwa. Umzekelo, i-Congregational Bactal Backebral Office kunye neZiko lophando lwaseYurophu lwezentengiso lunika uhlolisiso olungqongqo olwazisa iindleko-mali.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nezivumelwano Zorhwebo

Ukhuseleko lokutya yingxaki yomhlaba wonke engaphaya kwemida yesizwe. Izivumelwano zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, njengaleyo iphantsi kweWorld Trade Organization (WTO), zimisela imithetho echaphazela umthetho wezolimo wasekhaya. Abameli-mthetho kufuneka baqhube ezi zicwangciso ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe iyavumelana ngexesha ikhusela abavelisi abangakhuselekanga. Iingingqi ezifana ne-Afrikaan Union ziphuhlisa iindlela zokulima ezivumelanayo ezinokubangela ukuthengiselana komda onqamlezayo kunye nezigcini-kutya eziditya okudibeneyo. Ukusebenzisana nemilinganiselo yezizwe kunye nokwabelana ngeminye imisebenzi engcono njenge-GlobalForum on Food Secut and Ortrition kunceda amazwe afunde kwiimpumelelo neentsilelo.

Ukomeleza Ulawulo

Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ezibandakanya abalimi, abantu bomthonyama, abantu bomthonyama, kunye namabhinqa zikhokelela kwiziphumo ezithe tye nezinempumelelo. Ukuva iindlebe zikawonke-wonke, ukunxibelelana nababhexeshi boorhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhuba inqwelo-moya zivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bavavanye iingcamango baze bakhe ingqinelane. Amanye amazwe amisele amabhunga okukhusela ukutya kwesizwe okanye amaqumrhu akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa koosomashishini bezolimo. Ukunika amaqela aphantsi komthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba acombulule iziphumo ezingundoqo zendlala nobuhlwempu kunokuba aqhube intlalo.

Isiphelo: ISiphakamiso Somthetho Sekamva Lokutya Okukhuselekileyo

Amandla okunika umthetho asiyongcamango engacacanga; yinkqubo esetyenziswayo ukuze amabutho oluntu akhethe ukubeka isiseko sokutya nokukhusela iinkqubo zawo. Ukuxhasa abalimi nge-inshorensi kunye nenkxaso-mali yokulawula ukhuseleko lokutya nokukhuthaza iindlela ezizinzileyo, imithetho imisela uzinzo nokungalinganiyo kokutya. Imizekelo yeUnited States, i-European Union, kunye neBrazil ibonisa ukuba umthetho omiselwe kakuhle ungayikhulisa imveliso kunye nokunciphisa indlala, kodwa kuphela xa uxelelwa ngobungqina, uxa uxanduva kubemi, kwaye ukulungelelanisa ukuvela kwezisongelo. Ukhuseleko lokutya ekugqibeleni luzibophakamiso lwezopolitiki nolusemthethweni – olufuna ingqalelo oluqhubekayo, urhwebo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwemeko-mo yendalo. Njengoko abantu besanda iingcinezelo, ukhetho lwemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho olulungiselelwe kwizizukulwana, ukufikelela kobugcinezelelwa, nokutyetyiswa kokutya okufanelekileyo, kufuneka baqaphele ukuba bacinge ukuba baqhubeke ukuba bafumane ukuphumelela komnye ukuphumelela komsebenzi woku kusetyenziswa koku kusetyenziswa kwehlabathi lomhlaba wonke.