Ukuvakala kwemithetho kumela enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla kodwa ezisoloko zityeshelwa ekusungulweni kwenkqubo yorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo lixubusha izivumelwano lize limise imigangatho ye-staff, iKhomishini igcina igunya elisemthethweni kurhwebo lwangaphandle, kwaye ukuva kusebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala apho abenzi bomthetho bemimiselo bemimiselo bemimiselo bemimiselo ingqina ukuba igunya. Ezi ntlanganiso zisesikweni azingokwenziwa nje kwento ezifutshane; zindawo apho iinkundla zezopolitilitili, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezingqinisi zezorhwebo zidityaniswa khona ekuhleni, kwaye umgaqo wezorhwebo ubuchule obusetyenziswayo. U. Ubuchule borhwebo bubulula indlela ukuphembelela impembelelo yezizwe ngezizwe ezifuna ngayo ukuyila ukwenziwa kwazo, izixhobo zobugcisa zobugcisa obuqhelekileyo ezikhoyo, ingxelo yembali yeziphumo zazo, kunye nengxelo yezopolitiki esetyenziswayo kwezopolitiki kwimicimbi kwezobupolitiko.

Indima ephambili yokuchongwa kwetyala lengxubevange kwinkqubo yorhwebo

Amandla eNgqungquthela kurhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe asekelwe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko, elinika isebe lemithetho igunya lokuba "lihlanganise urhwebo namazwe asemzini". Eli gunya linikwe ngokwenxenye ngenkqubo efana neTrade Congress Promotion Aguvertion Aguvertive (TPA), kodwa ukuva kuseyindawo engundoqo yeBhunga ukuba libonise ulawulo, liqokelele ulwazi, lize liphembelele izivumelwano zorhwebo. Inkqubo yekomiti yeCanternal (8) ngokucala ngokwemo iKomiti ye-Canternal ye-Phondo kunye neHwers neNdlela-AD.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nokumiselwa kweKomiti

Ukwabiwa kwegunya lorhwebo kwiNgqungquthela kuthetha ukuba akukho sivumelwano sorhwebo esinokuthi sisebenze ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ukuva linyathelo lokuqala ekwakheni irekhodi enika imvume okanye echasayo. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeMali, iqhuba ukuviwa kweenjongo ezithe zathethwa nguMongameli ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe iintetho ezisesikweni, kuqwalaselwe umbhalo wokugqibela wezivumelwano, kunye namavoti okuncomela ukuncomela ukuqhatha. Ngokufanayo, iNdlela neNdlela yeNdlela kunye neNdlela yokuSebe leMkhosi yezorhwebo igcina ukuva ukuvavanywa kwezivumelwano ezikhoyo kunye nemiphumo yezoqoqosho yezenzo zokurhoxilonga. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba ukuva akunakwenzekangacingisiswanga emva kwemiqatha kodwa amacandelo enkqubo enkqubo.

Iindidi zeendlebe nemisebenzi yazo yokuzitshintsha

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko enxulumene norhwebo kuthatha iifomu eziliqela, nganye ineziphumo ezahlukeneyo. kugcinwa ukuqokelela ulwazi phambi kokugqiba amatyala , umzekelo, ukuva kwiBpartisan Congregation Trade Priestsion kunye noMthetho wokuphendula ka-2015 onceda ukumila kweTPA. ukuva [ kuvavanywa kwemithetho yezorhwebo nakwamanye amagosa orhwebo] kuhlola indlela abasebenzi bezorhwebo abasebenza ngayo, njengendlela iSebe lokuthengisa izinto ezihamba phambili eliziphetheyo kwiimeko ezilwa nolwaphulo-Dandom. [[FLTLTFL:4] [ult:5] [ult:5] ukuva kwengxaki ye-unyaka othengwa ngu-% 2005, ukusetyenziswa koncedo lwe-TS. Uxrentellisteans (R.3]) kunye namanye amagosa amagosa amagosa amagosa amagosa amaziko amaziko amaziko amaziko amaziko amaziko afumana amatyala eenkonzo afumana amatyala athelela kwimicimbi kwimicimbi

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Kumgaqo - siseko Worhwebo

Iindlebe ziphembelela inkqubo yorhwebo ngeendlela eziliqela ezahlukileyo: uxinzelelo olungqalileyo lwemithetho, uluvo lukawonke-wonke olungangqalanga olubumba, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamazwi achazayo. Inkqubo nganye isebenza ngokwemeko yezobupolitika apho izihlalo zekomiti, ukhokelo lweqela, kunye namaqela anomdla akhuphisana ukuchaza iintetho zengxoxo.

Uphando lweNkcukacha yeGunyaziso

Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela ithe ngqo yokuva inkqubo yokuma kwesizwe kukubeka amagosa esebe eliphetheyo phantsi koqwalaselo. Xa uNobhala wezorhwebo efaka ubungqina, amalungu asebenzisa ukubuza ukunyanzelisa iingcaciso, ukuthethelela imvume, okanye ukukhupha izithembiso. Umzekelo, ebudeni bomvakaliso woluvo olungqalileyo eUnited States Mexico-Mexico-192019kkandada Agreement (USKA), uDemocrates wacinezela ulawulo lweTRUMP ukwenzela ukunyanzeleka nokusebenza kunye nelungiselelo lemekobume. Ulawulo ekugqibeleni luye lwavuma ukuquka iindlela ezinamandla zokuhlola, ezibangelwa nguxinzelelo olusetyenziswayo kwezo ndlebe. Oku kunika ubungqina kuba yi-partmentation yenkqubo yokuva. [[FULD] i-Crevertionment Office Office [FFFF1] iphawu lokuhlola izivumelwano zezivumelwano zemithetho-ognognobonkethi yesivumelwano esifuna ukusetyenziswa komthetho okanye ukusetyenziswa komthetho.

Iimbono Zabantu Nokuphenjelelwa Kwamajelo Onxibelelwano

Ukuvakala ziziganeko zikawonke-wonke, ezisoloko zikhutshelwa okanye zikhutshelwa kwi-intanethi, zivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba banxibelelane ngqo neziqu. Ukujolisa kwejenali kwintengiselwano ephawulekayo `njenge-intelligence ithengiswe yimveliso eyenziwe phesheya kwelizwe ukubonisa ukulahlekelwa kwemisebenzi, kwaye i-Gawulayo iyakwazi ukutshintsha impembelelo yoluntu. Ngexesha le-1993 i-NAFTA, amaqhina alungelelanisiweyo enkqenkqenkqeza phambili, kunye nobungqina obuphakamileyo obuvela nguRosos Perot athe andisa inkcenkcenkceza ngesandi yemisebenzi ehamba imazantsi omda. Ingcinezelo ekhokelela kwizivumelwano zezoburhulumente kwimisebenzi engaphandle kwimisebenzi engekho kwimibhalo yokuqala. Kwixesha lokuphulaphula, ii-oveyibhusayithi ze-opluise, eziphumayo kunye nokuhomba kwe-oventi ye-oppoignotensi.

Ukunikela Ubungqina Nokuqhaqhatha

Ukuvakala asikokungquzulwano olubhaliweyo phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho namagosa; kwakhona banika iqonga labasebenzi beplanga elilungisa iindleko zemali, amaqela angezongeniso, izifundiswa, kunye noorhulumente bamanye amazwe (_ukunikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano. Le ndlela iquka iqela lamangqina, ngalinye elinengxelo ebhaliweyo epapashiweyo kwingxelo ebhaliweyo. Le ngxelo iba yingxelo yesebe labasebenzi bekomiti elungisa iindleko zemali okanye kwamanye amaqumrhu alinganisa iinkqubo. Umzekelo, ukuva nge-Trans-PPPP) kuboniswa kubungqina obuvela kwiinkampani ezithakazela izinto ezikhusela iingqondo ezinamandla, edityaniswa nobungqina obuvela kumaqela empilo kawonke. Okuthelekisa ukuva kwezo zichaphazelelweyo eziphembeleyo kunye neenkqubo ezithe kokugqibela zobugciciso [PNTP] [icence-Accence]

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Ngetyala Lomgaqo - siseko Worhwebo

Impembelelo yamatyala aququzelelwayo eentlanganiso iboniswa ngeyona ndlela kwimizekelo yembali apho ukuva kwaguqula ngqo izivumelwano zorhwebo eziphambili. Amatyala amathathu agqalwa njengendlela amele ngayo kwaye aneziphumo ezihlala zihleli.

INAFTA Neendlebe zowe - 1993

I-North American Free Trade Agreement yasayinwa ngo-1992, kodwa ukudityaniswa kwayo kwakuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano soburhulumente. Phakathi koFebruwari noNovemba 1993, iKomiti yeNdlu kunye neNdlela yokuLawula neKomiti yezeMali yasebenza yafaka izivumelwano ezininzi. Izivumelwano zemisebenzi, amaqela emeko-bume, kunye nabavelisi bezolimo zangqina, ngokufuthi benenkcazelo engqubanayo ngemisebenzi kunye nempembelelo yezoqoqosho. Iindlebe ezityhilelwe ngokunzulu kwiNtlanganiso yeDemo-mocratic Party, kwaye ulawulo lweClinton lwanyanzeleka ukuqhuba izivumelwano zongezelelwa kwintsebenzi nezokukhusela indalo. Ezi zivumelwano, ezizalwa ngokungqalileyo ngenxa yokuva, zazidityaniswa kwiNaFTA Ilption Act. Abaxhasi babonisa ukuba abaphulaphuli bemkelele umzekelo wendlela yokulungisa urhwebo; abachani bawanele ekukhuseleni abasebenzi baseMelikan, kodwa zombini ezisa inkxaso.

Imfazwe yeTshayina ye-U.S. (208-2019)

Amatyala abekwe ngumphathi weTrump kwimpahla yamaTshayina ekuqaleni abekwa ngegunya eliphetheyo phantsi kweCandelo 301 loMthetho weTrade ka 1974. Kodwa ukuva kwequmrhu kwaba yindawo yokulwa impikiswano ngeziphumo zezoqoqosho. NgoJulayi 2018, iKomiti yeMali yeNdlu yeeMali yaba nesihloko esibalulekileyo sokuba "Inkcubeko yeMali yeMali eMelika eBasebenzi nabaMasimali. Abalimi, nabathengi, bangqinela ukudityaniswa kweminxeba edizayo kunye nabathengisi bemiqathango yokunikezela ngeminxeba kunye nokurhoxina kwemiqathango yemali. Oku kwanikela iplatifomu yokugxeka i-bipartian, kwaye ukuphendula kwaveza umphako wemali emali engamawaka ezigidini. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuva okwakhelwa kwe-bibini kwe-bibini ekwayam, i-Bhunga lorhwebo lokulungisa, ukuxhobisa iNgxeko, ukuqhuba i-mali ye-301. Ngexesha lokuphendula i-A. [F.]

ITPP neUSMCA: Ukusuka kwinkcaso ukuya kuphengululo

I-Trans-Paccial ofisi yoGunyaniso yaqhutyelwa ekusithekeni phakathi kowama-2010 nowama-2015, kodwa yakuba ikhululwe, iKhomishini yaba neendlebe ezisasazekileyo ezibhencayo ezichaphazelekayo. Abahlalutyi ngasekhohlo nasekunene bachaziwe abanganiki zilungiselelo lokusebenzisa imali, amalungelo abasebenzi, kunye neprojekthi. Ukuva kwaveliswa kwe-bipartistan kwaveliswa ngokuchasene nemvume ekhawulezayo, kwaye ngo-2016 kwathi ukusetyenziswa kwe-Creatting kwathunyelwa kwi-TPP, ukuva kubhekiselwe kwi-eemva okuthenjiweyo okuthe kwaba yi-USMCA. Ukuva kwe-USCA kwaveliswa kwe-US kwaye-2019 kwakuphawuleka ngenxa yendima esebenzayo yekomiti ye-Dmocratic ofisi eyayifuna ukunyanzelwa, ikhokelela ekuquququququzelweni kwezixhobo ze-e-TPRCM.

Imikhosi Nezahlula - mbombo Zezobupolitika

Impembelelo yokuva kwiinkqubo zorhwebo ingumngxuma wabalawuli abanamandla, ukhokelo lwekomiti kunye nempembelelo yezixhobo zokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Urhwebo beliyimbambano enqamlezayo ngokwembali, kodwa kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje iye yanda ngokuya iphela.

Ulawulo lweKomiti nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Izihlalo zekomiti zinamandla amakhulu okucwangcisa ukuva, ukumema amangqina, nokumisela umlinganiselo wokubuza. Isitulo esichasene nesivumelwano sorhwebo singalizisa ukuva okanye sifake ifuthe kwimiba engalunganga, ngelixesha isitulo esixhasayo sinokuyilungisa inkqubo kwaye sibize amangqina alungileyo. Umzekelo, ebudeni bemvolo-2007-20088 yokuchola kwiColumbia Free Trade Active Active, ngoko indoda ephambili yeNdlela yeNdlela kunye neMathelela-Mandla iKomiti Charles Reangelo ivumela ubungqina obubanzi kumaqela asebenzayo abalaselisa ugonyamelo oluchasene neenkokeli zomanyano eColombia, ngokunempumelelo de kufikelelwe izivumelwano ezisecaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, phantsi kolawulo lweRepublican Republican Collegions ephethe iimfo ezigxininisa iingene zezoqoqosho, nto ekhokelela ekuphumeni ngokukhawuleza. Lawo ligunyaza eli gunyazi liqinisekisa ukuba lingangeni eliphakathi kwizixhobo zemfazwe zemfazwe.

Indima Yezikhundla Neqela Elinomdla

Umzekelo, iCongress caucional caucuses . njenge Congregal Trade Working Group okanye iCongregational Steel Caucus , isoloko isebenzisa ukuva ukuphuhlisa ukuva kwamalungu ayo. Ushishino lweziqhulo lweziqhulo, luye lwasetyenziswa ngokwembali ukunyanzela imisebenzi echasene noxinzelelo okanye ii-gaffant ezingezorhwebo. Ngowama 2002, iindlebe ezibanjwe yiNdlundlwane yeNtsimbi yeCel Caucus ngaphambi kolawulo lwamabushe eBush kwintsimbi, ezathi kamva zabethwa yiWTO kodwa zaba neziphumo ezimfutshane. Amaqela anomdla aphulaphulayo ngokulungiselela “aluenjongo yokuziko-onke” ukungqinela, ukudityaniswa kweenkcus ezithengisileyo kunye nokurhoxisana kwe-mvoti ye-otho.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Indlela Ezinye Iinkcubeko EziliCandelo Lorhwebo

Inkqubo ye-U.S. asingomzekelo wolawulo lomthetho kuphela, kwaye ithelekisa namanye amazwe ibalaselisa amandla akhethekileyo okuva iindlebe zombutho. Ezinye iidemokhrasi azinazo iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke nezilawulayo.

IiKomiti Zorhwebo ZePalamente YaseYurophu

Kwi-European Union, inkqubo yorhwebo ngokuyintloko ibandakanya ukushwankathelwa kwemiba yezobugcisa kukwiKhomishini yaseYurophu, kodwa iKomiti yePalamente yaseYurophu ekwiNtlanganiso (Inta) ibamba ukuva kwayo ize ivote kwizivumelwano zorhwebo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-U.S. ukuviwa kwe-Inta iintlanganiso zoqhagamshelwano azikho zininzi kwaye itechnocraticaltics, ezibandakanya ukushwankathelana kweingcali zezobucukubhede kunokuba ziphendulwe ngabalawuli belizwe. Noko ke, iPalamente yaseYurophu iyakwazi ukuthelekisa ushishino, njengoko yenzayo kwi-Antiferiting Trance Active Accoriation (AA) Acconementalition) ngo-2012 emva kokuba kuveliwe ukuvunywa kwemiciso kawonke. I-ACTAtatatas, ulawulo lwemithetho-mthetho lungagwetyelwa xa kuthethwa ngobungqina.

Iinkqubo zeWestminster kunye noMqolo wePalamente

KwiBrine, Canada, nase-Australia, inkqubo yorhwebo ijongelwe ziikomiti zepalamente ezikhethiweyo. Ezi komiti zibamba amatyala emva kokuqukunjelwa, kunokuba zigqitywe ngexesha lokuthethana, zithintela impembelelo yazo kumbhalo wokugqibela. Umzekelo, ikomiti ye-UK’S International Trade ikhetha ukuchotshelwa kwekomiti elawula iposi yeBrtiff eqhubana ne-Australia, kodwa iingcebiso zayo azigunyazisanga. ECanada, iKomiti eSime kwi-International Trade ibamba amava ezindlebe, kodwa ifuthelelwa yi-omatilo aphambili ekulawuleni inkqubo yangaphandle. Imodeli i-U.S. i-s. ivumela ukuvalm okuthethwa kwemithetho ekwimigangatho emininzi yemithetho efuna ukuphunyezwa kwezorhwebo elinempembelelo ehlabathini lonke.

Ikamva Letyala Leengqungquthela Kwimeko Yezoqoqosho Etshintshayo Ehlabathini Lonke

Njengokuba urhwebo lwehlabathi luguquka, ngokufanayo nendima yokuva kwengqungquthela. Imingeni emitsha efana norhwebo lwamanani, imilinganiselo yemozulu enxulumene nemozulu kunye nokunikezela ngetsheyina kuza kufuna izixhobo zolawulo ezihlaziyiweyo kunye neefomati.

Utshintsho lwamanani kunye neendlebe zenyani

Isifo se-COVOID-19 esinyanzelisa iKhomishini enyanzelisa ukuba yamkele iqonga elisisigxina lokuva, utshintsho oluye lwaqhubeka ngenxa yobungqina obuthile. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kumgama okude kwandisa iinguqu zamangqina, kuquka ezo zeendawo ezahlukeneyo okanye uqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo lohambo. Noko ke, iindlebe zinokungabi naluxinezeleko lunamandla oluqhubela phambili intengiso yamajelo-mente, lunganciphisa impembelelo yawo kawonke-wonke. Ngoku iikomiti zizama ukukhusela ii-projekthi ezigcina i-person ngamandla ngelixa zivumela ukufikelela ekude. Le ndaleko indaleko ingenza ukuva kusebenze kakuhle kodwa nokungalawuleki kakhulu kwezobupolitika okuzakuba kubumba ukuphatha kwixesha elizayo.

Iingxaki Ezimanyeneyo: Urhwebo Lwamanani, Imozulu Nezinto Ezithengiswayo

Ukuva kwixa elizayo kuya kujolisa kwimimandla emithathu edityanisiweyo. Urhwebo lwe-digital lumba obalulekileyo wendawo yogcino-lwazi, ukwenziwa kwemida yokwayama, kunye nemigaqo yeqonga yobugcisa obusetyenziswayo obuya kuqwalasela ubuchule obuza kuqwalaselwayo obuza kuphinda bubekho iikomiti. Ukuphulaphula kwi-EU---U.S. Ukusebenza kwe-FOOralfic kubonise uxanduva phakathi kwabaxhasi bemfihlo-mfihlo kunye neenkampani zobugcisa. [[FLT]] ukuthelekisa ii-Clium kunye norhwebo [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] ukuva okuza kuhlola ulungiso lomda wekhabhaza, i-ngcangca, kunye nokutheliswa kwezivumelwano zezivumelwano zemeko-meko-bume. Ikomiti yemali esetyenziswa emva kwemiqatha, ezisetyenziswa ngumatshini esetyenziswayo, ezisetyenziswayo kuncedo oluninzi lwamayela emva kwe-Thomi, ezisetyenziswayo.

Isiphelo

Iindlebe ze-Congregation azinakuthethwa ngemithetho elandelwayo. Ziligumbi le-injini lempembelelo yowiso-mthetho kwiinkqubo zorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla orhwebo, i-foum yokufaka igalelo lolawulo, kunye nenkqubo yokuguqulela inkxalabo yoluntu kwiziphumo zekonkyelelo. Kwisivumelwano se-NAFTA kwisivumelwano sokuqinisekisa i-USMCA, iingxelo zibonisa ukuba ukuva kuyatshintsha izivumelwano zezorhwebo kwiindlela ezithenjiweyo. Iprojekthi yequm-yo ye-at , iplani yolawulo, ikomiti yoluntu, ubungqina basekuhlaleni, i-mediadiationtiontiontion, intengiselwano ye-menterreyities, i-oglay engenziwangasayinwanga yenkcaciso yemali, i-Genevanevaneva, ii-ographigneat, ii-mosmedians ezisetyenziswayo ezingo zisuka kwi-ognethi, ii-ogneachneach, apho i-o