Iindlebe zeBhunga zimela enye yezona nkqubo zibonakalayo nezinamandla apho isebe lemithetho lilawula khona isebe eliphetheyo, kwaye, ngokukhethekileyo, lijonge amaqumrhu alawulayo. Ezi zenzo zisesikweni, eziqhutywa ziikomiti zeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli, zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlola, ukuphendula, kunye nenkqubela yenkqubo. Ngoxa uluntu lusoloko lubona utshintshiswano oluphawulekayo phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho kunye namagosa equlukileyo, impembelelo enzulu yalatha le micimbiso yomthetho, ukumisela imithetho, kunye nolwalathiso olusemgangathweni wolawulo-siseko. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kubafundi abalawula ulawulo, inkqubo kawonke, kunye nomthetho, njengoko kutyhila ulungelelwano oluntsonko kunye nolungelelwano lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelikani.

Isiseko solawulo lweBhunga loMgaqo-siseko noMgaqo-siseko

Ligunya leKhomishini lokuqhuba amatyala lisekelwe kumandla ayo owiso-mthetho nawolawulo phantsi kweGatya I lomGaqo-siseko. Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungachazi ngokucacileyo ukuchongwa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iwamkela amandla afunekayo okuphanda njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho. Eli gunya ligqalwa njengelibalulekileyo ukuze iNkomfa iqokelele ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze kwenziwe imiyalelo echaziweyo, ijonge ukuphunyezwa kwaloo mithetho, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imali kawonke-wonke isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo.

Amandla Okuthenga Namandla Ophando

Izixhobo eziphambili ezimbini zinika impembelelo yazo: amandla engxowa-mali namandla okuphanda. Ngenkqubo yokuphanda, iKhomishini ingamisela inkxaso-mali kwisebe elihambisana nemigaqo-nkqubo ethile okanye iinguqu. Iimvo zophando, ngokujika, zivumela iKhomishini ukuba inyanzelise ubungqina namaxwebhu asemaqulunqinisweni namaqela azimeleyo. Umba wesibonelelo Mcrain v. Daughherty [197] [197]) imigaqo ehluliwe iqinisekisa ukuba igunya leBhunga loMbango libanzi njengegunya layo lomthetho, lilungiselele ukuxelelwa kwenjongo esemthethweni esemthethweni. Kamva, ulawulo olufana [[FLT:W] v.[5]

Ezi siseko zomGaqo-siseko zinika ukuchotshelwa kwetyala elikhethekileyo. Xa intloko yombutho ibizwa ukuba ingqine, ukuthobela kunyanzelekile ngaphandle kokuba isaziso sokubekwa kwelungelo eliphezulu sinyusiwe (/ kunye neso sidla ngokukhuphisana. Esi siseko somthetho siqinisekisa ukuba ukuva akungokomfuziselo kodwa kuthwala ubunzima bokuchaphazelwa okunokwenzeka, ii-athopona, kwaneziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni zobungqina bobuxoki.

Iintlobo zetyala lengqungquthela kunye nemisebenzi yazo edityanisiweyo

Ngoxa onke amava ebandakanya ukubuza, injongo yawo iyahlukahluka kakhulu, ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kucacisa indlela nganye enokuwaphembelela ngayo amaziko alawulayo karhulumente.

Ukuva Ngokuphapheleyo

Uluvo oluphangaleleyo lolona luqhelekileyo. Injongo yabo ephambili kukuhlola ukusebenza kwesebe, ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweenkqubo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nemiyalelo yomthetho. Umzekelo, i-ofisi yokuphendula yoRhulumente (GAO) isoloko ikhupha iingxelo phambi kokuba kuthethwe, inika isiseko esiyinyaniso sokubuza. Amaqumrhu aphulaphuli abanokuyilungisa intsilelo, ukucacisa imimiselo, okanye oovimba abasisigxina.

Uphando Ngeendlebe

Ukuva okuthe ngqo kweekomiti kubangelwa ziingxibo ezithe ngqo zokuziphatha okubi, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubuqhophololo, okanye ukuxhatshazwa. Basoloko befumana usasazo olunzulu lwe-theminali kwaye bangakhokelela kutshintsho olukhulu. Ukuva okungachananga kubandakanya [[[FLT: 0]] ukuva kweKomiti evayo kwingxaki yemali yonyaka ka-2009, ebhenca izenzo eziyingozi kwaye inegalelo ekudluleni kwe-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noKhuselo lokhuseleko. Olunye umzekelo woluvo olubalulekileyo luyiKomiti ye-Chuthess ye-CYM] ye-1970, eyaphanda iziko lokuxhaphaza kobuntwini lwelizwe lwelizwe lobuGwe-Elversity Surveillance (IS). Oku kunegalelo lokuva okungenze ngomthetho kodwa kungene ngomthetho oluchaphayo, njengoko kusenziwa ngamagosa sikawonke.

Iindlebe Eziwisiweyo

Ukuva okusemthethweni kulungiselelwe ukuqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe kumatyala acetyisiweyo aza kuguqula igunya lombutho, isakhiwo, okanye inkxaso-mali. Ezi zicelo zingunogada obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuyila umthetho. Umzekelo, ukuva ngomthetho wemozulu kusoloko kunikela ubungqina obuvela kumagosa e-EPA malunga nokungabi nakufezeka kunye nexabiso lemigaqo ecetyisiweyo. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa ezi ndlebe ukuvavanya ukuvavanya inkxaso yezopolitiko, kwaye abameli basebenzisa ingxelo yokucombulula izicelo zabo zomthetho we-acccounts. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuva kwemithetho kusebenza njengesilumkiso: ukuba umbutho uzalisekiso umthetho ongayithandiyo, umthetho usenokuveliswa ukuze upheliswe ngokusetyenziswa komthetho weBhunga lo Mthetho.

Uqinisekiso

Nangona zingesoloko zijongwa njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokulawula, ukuqinisekiswa kweendlebe zeentloko zomasebe kunye namagosa aphezulu anempembelelo engangqalanga. Ngexesha lale mithetho, abaququzeleli babuza imibuzo ngentanda-bulumko yabo yokulawula, izinto eziphambili, kunye neembono kwimithetho ekhoyo. Iimpendulo zomtyunjwa zinokulolonga ulwalathiso lweziko lomaziko kangangeminyaka ethile. Umzekelo, umtyunjwa oziphetheyo oziphetheyo ochasene nomthetho ongqongqo onamandla angabonisa ukutshintshwa kwe-dentingiswa kwe-Federal Trademment Commission. Ezi zimvo zivumela iBhunga ukuba ibeke iimeko ezicacileyo kwi-nomine, maxa likhupha izithembiso zokungaluleki kwizenzo ezithile okanye ukusukela uphando oluthile.

Umatshini Wempembelelo: Indlela Iziva Ezibunjwe Ngayo Ukuziphatha Kweendlebe

Iinkqubo eziliqela ziguqulela ubungqina nolwalathiso lukawonke wonke kwiinguqu ezibonakalayo.

Uxinzelelo Loluntu Nobuchule Bamajelo

Iindlebe ezinamacala ahlukeneyo ezizisa ulawulo lwesizwe. Xa isitulo sekomiti sibuza umlawuli we-EPA ngokukhawulezileyo malunga nokulibaziseka komthetho wamanzi acocekileyo, ijelo-ndaba liyenza intsebenziswe. Oku kuphawula koluntu kunyanzela amaziko ukuba aphendule ngokukhawuleza, ngokufuthi akhuphe ukhokelo olutsha, akhawulezise uhlolo, okanye ahlengahlengise izigqibo ezingathandwayo.

Isisongelo Somthetho okanye Sokonakalisa Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

IBhunga lisoloko livakala linemiqathango yomthetho engqalileyo. Uxwebhu lokuva oluchaza ukuchitha imali echithwe ngumbutho olawulayo lungalandelwa yimali ephelisa ukulawulwa kwalo okanye ethintela igunya lalo lokumisela imithetho. Into enokwenzeka yesenzo esinjalo yanele ukwenza ukuba amaqumrhu alungelelene ngakumbi kwimicimbi yombutho. Umzekelo, emva kokuva okutyhiliweyo okulibazisa kweFDA ekuhloleni iziyobisi eziqhelekileyo, umbutho ozibophelele ekuvumeleni ngokukhawuleza, ngokwenxalenye uphephe iimfuno zemithetho eziya kulinganisela ingqiqo yawo.

Impembelelo kukhokelo lwama-arhente nakumaziko

Ukuva okuphezulu kungakhokelela ekuyekeni okanye ekulungiseni iimpendulo zamagosa ombutho. Xa ubungqina bomphathi buphikisana nobungqina okanye bubonakala bungachaphazeki, izicelo zokususwa zinokuba zezona zingathintelekiyo kwezobupolitika. Ngaphezu koko, ixesha kunye nobuncwane obuchithwayo ekulungiseleleni ukuva , ukuqhuba uhlolo lwangaphakathi, ukuqhuba kunye nabasebenzi bequmrhu-/regasi ithuba elibalulekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umbutho olindele ukuva rhoqo kusenokuguqula iinkqubo zawo zokusebenza ukugxininisa ukucingela umngcipheko nogcino-mthetho, ukukhuthaza ukulumkiswa okubalulekileyo kokusinda kwezobupolitika kuyinto ephambili.

Iseti yentengiso kunye nomthetho we-arhente

Amaziko omthetho ayazi kakuhle indlela ejolise ngayo imeko yezobupolitika kwiBhunga. Ukuva ubungqina kusoloko kusenziwa kwiindawo apho abenzi bomthetho abaphambili bengavumelani nemithetho ekhoyo okanye ecetyisiweyo. Ii-atmosfera zingarhoxa okanye zilungise imithetho ecetywayo ekulindeleni ukuviwa okuchaseneyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuva okukha inkxaso ye-bipartisan kwinyathelo lokuqala lombutho kungaqinisa isandla sawo ekuthetheni ngokuqulu-ngxuza kunye nokuhlola okugweba. Le mpendulo iqinisekisa ukuba ukuva akuyoziganeko zexesha elinye kodwa inxalenye yengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe.

Uhlolisiso Lweendlebe Ezibalulekileyo

Ukuhlolisisa iindlebe ezithile kunikela ubungqina obucacileyo bempembelelo yazo kwimibutho elawulayo.

IKomiti YeCawa Yowe - 1970 Nolawulo Lobuntlola

IKomiti Yokukhetha Izifundo Zemisebenzi Yolawulo Lolawulo neSpecial Accountings, eyaziwa njengeKomiti yeCawa, yafumana ulwaphulo-mthetho ngo 1975 nango 1976. Yatyhila ukuba i-CIA, FBI, kunye namanye amaqumrhu obuchule aye abandakanyeke ekuhloleni ingqwalasela zasekhaya, ukubulala, neminye imisebenzi engekho mthethweni. Umsebenzi wekomiti wakhokelela ngqo ekudalweni kwe- Inkculty Surveillance Act (FALT)[FY:1] kunye nokusekwa kweekomiti zolawulo lobuntlola obusisigxina buchule kuzo zombini izindlu. Amaqumrhu afana neFederal abona iinkqubo zawo zolawulo oluphezulu ziqhutywa ngokugqibeleleyo, kunye ne-DoJ zisebenzisa izikhokelo ezintsha zokuthintela ukusetyenziswa koophulo. Le meko ibonisa indlela yokuva okusetyenziswa komthetho okusetyenziswa komthetho.

Ukuva Iingxaki Zemali Notshintsho Oluyalelayo

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iKhomishini yaba namaCEO abonisa ukuthotyelwa kwe-CEO kwamaziko amakhulu kunye nabalawuli abavela kwi-SEC, iDederal Reserve, kunye neSebe lezezimali. Ukuva okubhencwa kokungaphumelelanga kolawulo lolawulo, kuquka ukungakwazi kwe-SEC ukuchonga udweliso lukaMadoff kaPonzi nomthetho we-Federal Reformation ka-Device ka-2010. Phakathi kweenguquko ezininzi, i-Federal Reserves yadala ulawulo lwezentelligence (FB) kunye noxinzelelo lwezikomkhulu lwezopolitiki lwasebenzisa ukudlulisa umgaqo we-Foct noluhlolo oluhlaziweyo, umgaqo wenkqubo yokulungisa i-Purcet.

Ukuva Ngokucotha

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, ukuva kwequmrhu elijonge kwiCDC, iFDA, neHHS yomthetho kwabuza isantya sokuvunywa kwemichiza, ukucaca kokhokelo loluntu, kunye nokuthembeka kovavanyo. Ezi ndlebe zafak ’ isandla ekutshintsheni i-CDC, kuquka ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona konxibelelwano lwayo kunye nokusasazwa kogcino-lwazi. I-FDA yajamelana noxinzelelo lokulungisa iinkqubo zonyango kunye nezitofu ngoxa igcina imilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Nangona zingeyozo zonke izindululo ezikhoyo eziziziinguqu eziye zahlala zikho, ngokungenakuphindwa zandisa ukusabela nokubonakala okucacileyo ngexesha likaxakeka konyango lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo wolwando oluphambili lokuphembelela ukuphembelela impembelelo kwimibutho yempilo yexesha elizayo.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwemekobume: I - EPA Nemozulu Ivakala

Ukuva ngemibandela yemeko-bume kuye kwayitshintsha ngokuphindaphindiweyo imisebenzi ye-EPA. Kwiminyaka yoo1990, ukuva okuchaphazelekayo kokusetyenziswa kwe-EPA kuMthetho woMthombo Ococekileyo kwakhokelela kwimilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya onamandla wesizwe kumgangatho we-ozone kunye nowokwahlukana. Kutshanje, ukuva nge-EPA's "Abalawuli baseUnited States" kubangele ukuba ijelo lokulungisa intsingiselo yamaxesha amaninzi, njengoko uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika kwiBhunga kunye nabaxhasi bemiqathango yemingxube luphembelela ukusetyenziswa kwe-ocestera. Isisongelo soMgaqo-siseko we-ontathsi ngaphantsi kwe-Angresssion, ngokufuthi esijongwe ngokuva, kugcina i-EPA ilumkile malunga nokukhula kwayo ngaphandle kokuxhaswa yi-mthetho.

Imida Nokugxekwa KweeNkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Nangona zinamandla, iindlebe azisosixhobo sokuvelela esigqibeleleyo.

Ukwahlula-hlula kunye nokuma

Ukuva kusenokuba ziindawo zokuma kobungangamsha kwezobupolitika kunokuba kuphandwe ngokunyanisekileyo. Xa amalungu esebenzisa ixesha elabelwe iintetho ezichaphazelekayo okanye amangqina kunokuba ahlasele imibuzo encinci enzima, ixabiso lokuva njengendlela yokufumana inyani liyancitshiswa. Oku kusenokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwaye kukwenze kube lula ukuba amaziko aphelise ukugxekwa njengentshukumisa yezobupolitika. Ukuvela kwamaziko ezentlalo kuye kwawuqinisa lo tyekelo, njengoko abacuphi besandi bedla ngokufihla uhlalutyo.

Ulwazi olungaphelelanga kunye nohlahlo lwecebo

Iikomiti zolawulo zisoloko zingenabo ubuchule obunzulu bobugcisa obunabo abameli abajongene nabo. Ngoxa benokuqesha abasebenzi abanobuchule, ukuntsonkotha kwemimandla emininzi elawulayo . "njengezixhobo zemali, ezonyango, okanye iinkqubo zezixhobo eziphambili"izinto ezinokuthi ziphose imbambano enzima. Izezobuphicotho zikwazi ukukhetha amaxwebhu namangqina abawanikayo, kusetyenziswa izithintelo ezisemthethweni kunye nelungelo lokulinganisela umgangatho wokuva. Nangona i-supepenas ikwazi ukunyanzela imveliso, le nkqubo isenokuphosa ixesha elinzima kwaye isenokusetyenziswa kangangeminyaka emininzi.

Amandla Okulawula okanye Okuphembelela Abantu Ngokugqith ’ Emgceni

Ukungenelela kweKhomishini yeNkxaso kunokwenza okungaphaya kolawulo olusemthethweni ukunqumla umgca ukuya kulawulo oluncinane. Xa amalungu ekomiti nganye efaka ingcinezelo kwintloko yombutho othile ukuxhasa umsebenzi othile okanye ukucotha umthetho owenzakalisa ushishino lwasekuhlaleni, umdla kawonke-wonke usenokugqwethwa. Umgca phakathi kobuveleli nempembelelo engafanelekanga usoloko umfiliba, kwaye abameli banokuzifumanisa bethwele izigcayiseli zemfuno engquzulanayo evela kumaqela ahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo esezantsi yomfuziselo

Uninzi lweendlebe azivelisi mthetho, ummiselo, okanye isenzo sokuqinisekisa. Impembelelo yazo isenokuba yeyomfuziselo / ukungathobeli okanye ukunyanzela umbandela ukuba ubonwe ngabantu. Nangona umfuziselo unokuthi ekugqibeleni ukhokelele ekutshintsheni, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukuva kusenokuba yinto ethabathela indawo yokusebenza, ukunika abamisi-mthetho ithuba lokubonakala benamandla kwimbambano ngaphandle kokudlulisa amatyala. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amagosa afunda ngokulula ukufumanisa isiphango sokuva, ngentembelo yokuba iingqwalasela zezobupolitika ziya kusuka kwezinye iindawo.

Indima yemigaqo-nkqubo yokuzimela geqe kunye nokunikwa kwayo ityala

Amaqumrhu alawulayo anjenge-SEC, FTC, ne-FCC adla ngokusekwa njengamasebe azimeleyo, okuthetha ukuba iinkokeli zawo zisebenzisa amagama asisigxina kwaye zingasuswa ngenxa yesizathu. Le nkululeko yenzelwe ukubakhusela kwingcinezelo yexeshana elifutshane yezobupolitika. Noko ke, ibangela uxanduva lomsebenzi wolawulo lobugqeba. Xa kuviwa kucelwa umbutho ozimeleyo izigqibo, le ntlangano ingaphikisa ukuba iBhunga lizama ukuthoba ukuzimela kwalo.

Iinkundla zixhase ukufaneleka kolawulo lombutho woburhulumente kwanakumaziko azimeleyo, kodwa amandla anzima. Ngokomzekelo, iFTC ngokwembali iye yavingxwa kakhulu ngamaqela omabini. Ngoxa abameli beli qumrhu benokuthi bachase imiyalelo engqalileyo, basasengozini yokuncitshiswa koqingqo-mali, ukulawulwa kwemithetho-mthetho, nokuhlazeka kwabantu. Oku kuphendula okubini kweBhunga kunye neenkundla zenkundla zelifa lemveli kuzenza iinkonzo ezithile zezona zifundo zempembelelo ebangel ’ umdla. Isitshixo sikukuba ukuva kusebenza njenge-chezukisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzimela akuthethi ukuba akukho ngxelo.

Isiphelo

Iindlebe zeBhunga leMibutho yeMibutho yeNkcubeko zikude lee nemeko esisiseko yenkqubo yeMerika yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izenzo, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni yamaqumrhu alawulayo. Ukusuka kwiSityhilo seKomiti yeCawa ekwayamathisa ubuchule bokulawula inkxwaleko yemali ekwathi yazala iCFB, iindlebe zisoloko ziqinisekisa amandla azo okuguqula utshintsho lwemithetho lwemithetho. Kwangaxeshanye, imiqathango yabo, imiqathango yemali, kunye nomngcipheko wokongamela izinto, kunye nomqondiso wesenzo sokuva esingentla kwemali esisivayo sisisisixhobo esinye phakathi kwezixhobo ezininzi zolawulo lolawulo lwezomthetho. Kuba abafundi, nabemi abaqondayo, besazi indlela yokwanelisa le nkqubo yomthetho-demokhrasi nenkqubo yolawulo-mthetho.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uhlolo lweNkonzo yophando lweKhompola-mali kwingxelo yoLawulo olupheleleyo lwe-Intecostation , i-ofisi ye-Projekthi yeGovernment ye-Projectieance kuphando olunxulumeneyo, kunye nerekhodi yogcino-Mhlatho-mali kwiKomiti yeCawa [[FLT]]