Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphakathi kwamalungiselelo aphambili acwangcisiweyo nakweyiphi na idemokhrasi. Zibumba kungekuphela nje abo balawulayo kodwa kwakhona nendlela abemi abalujonga ngayo ulwalamano lwabo norhulumente kunye nomnye omnye. Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zonyulo olungundoqo zisebenzisa impembelelo ecacileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-ogracy zoluntu — ingqiqo yokuba ngumntu, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokuzinikela okudibeneyo okudibanisa abantu kwingingqi yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela apho iinkqubo ze-antiriantity zikhuthaza okanye zithintela ukuma, ukuzoba neziphumo zezentelekelelo, kunye nophando oluthelekele iinko.

Iinkqubo zoMphathiswa weMajoni

Iinkqubo zonyulo ezingundoqo zisekelwe kumgaqo wokuba umvoti okanye iqela elamkela olona khetho luninzi luphumelele kwisihlalo okanye unyulo. Olona tshintsho luqhelekileyo lukwindawo yokuqala yesibini (FPTPP), esetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, i-United States, iCanada, kunye neIndiya kunyulo olusezantsi. KwiFPTP, umvoti ngamnye ukhetha omnye kwisithili esinye, kwaye umvoti onento eninzi ichazwa njengempumlo. Olunye utshintsho olungundoqo luquka inkqubo ye-eququze i-endsss (uvotavel-end) kunye nokhetho (intente-offiffreant), omabini olwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele uninzi.

Ezi nkqubo zimi ngokuphikisana nomelo lolwahlulo (PR), olunika izihlalo kumaqela ngokumanyeneyo ngokwesabelo sawo sokuvota. Iinkqubo zooMajonita zidla ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abayinxalenye enye kunye neenkokeli ezicacileyo zepalamente, kodwa zisoloko zisenza oko ngexabiso eliphantsi lokumela amaqela amancinane namaqela elizwe okanye amanani angajongwanga kwimimandla ethile.

Imeko Yembali Nokukhuliswa Kwabantwana Abaselula

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yonyulo olungundoqo kunxulumene ngokwembali nolwandiso lomthetho-siseko kwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20. EBritane, iNguqulo Zezenzo ngokuthe ngcembe yanwebela inkqubo ye-frankance, ne-FPTP yagcinwa njengendlela elula neqhelekileyo. I-United States yamkela i-FPTPP kwiNdlu yabo yabameli njengenxalenye yokonakalisa umgaqo-siseko olungeleleneyo worhulumente noncedo lwamazwe. Amaqela amaninzi amaBritane adla ngokuzuz

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esizijikelezi-langa:

Ukwazi i-Cicobic yingcamango equka iingqiqo, impembelelo, kunye neenxalenye zokuziphatha. Iquka ukwazi amaziko ezobupolitika, ukunxulumene nelizwe, ukuthemba urhulumente, nokuvuma ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Amaqumrhu oonontlalo-ntle aphembelela ubuncinane ukuzazi ukuba ziziphi iindlela ezintathu: umelo, ukuphendula, kunye nokuququzelelwa kwezobupolitika.

Umelo noluvo lobulungu

Xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba amavoti abo aguqulela kwisikhundla — okokuba urhulumente uquka abantu abafana nabo — basenokuba negalelo elinamandla kwimfuno yoluntu. Iinkqubo zooMajortarian zinokulomeleza olu manyano kwisithili esiphumeleleyo, apho ummeli onyuliweyo anokudlelana nabo kukhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, kwisithili apho iqela okanye umvotelwa esoloko elahlekelwa, abavoti basenokuvakalelwa ukuba ilizwi labo lezobupolitika liyalahlwa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukubethwa kwemiqathango yezopolitiko linokuphelisa ukuthemba nokuthomalalisa ukuthelelwa kwabo.

Ukuphendula nokuphendula kukarhulumente

Iinkqubo zolawulo zidala umgca othe ngqo wokuziphendulela phakathi kwabameli kunye neMP yabo okanye abameli babo ngabanye. Oku kucacileyo kunokukhulisa ingqiqo yabemi yokusebenza — inkolelo yokuba imicimbi yabo yokuvota kwaye banokubeka amagosa anokuphendula. Kwakhona oorhulumente abanyanzelekileyo banika ityala elicacileyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo, ezinokuthi ziqinise iqhayiya xa ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yoluntu kunamandla. Ngokuchasene noko, xa oorhulumente abaphambili betyeshela izilangazelelo ezincinane okanye belandela imigaqo ehlukeneyo, imigaqo yokuziphendulela ityala ingabangenele ukunqanda ukudishwa kothando phakathi kwamaqela adityaniweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokuzichaza Kwesizwe

Isixokelelwano se-Electoral sibumba impucuko yezobupolitika ebanzi ngemiqondiso eziyithumelayo malunga nokusesikweni, ukhuphiswano, kunye nokufakwa. Iinkqubo zooMajoriyaria zisoloko zivelisa i-adversarial, iinxenye ezimbini ezinamandla anokuqinisa "iindawo ezithatha imbombo" zonke eziqwalaselweyo. Abami abakwizixokelelwano bangajonga ezopolitiko njengomdlalo weze-zerom, kunye nabahlobo abacacileyo kunye neentshaba. Oku kungaqinisa uphawu phakathi kweqela elikhulu kodwa ngexesha elinye lamaqela amancinane athene. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo zePR zityekele ekukhuthazeni ukulalanisa nokuqulutya, ukukhuthaza ukubonakala okuqulukileyo.

Impembelelo Kulwazi lweCubic: Umatshini ongundoqo

Impembelelo yenkqubo yokhetho olubalaseleyo ethetha ngezalathiso zoluntu isebenza ngemisebenzi emininzi edityanisiweyo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni umthetho ofanayo wokhetho uvelisa iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yentlalo nezobupolitika.

Ukujongana nemimandla yelizwe nokuzichaza

Ngenxa yokuba i-FPTP ixhomekeke kwimimandla enye, ithanda amaqela ngenkxaso yengingqi. Oku kunokukwandisa iMpawu yengingqi, njengase Canada apho iLiberal Parti lilawula impuma, iConservative Partior yasentshona, kunye ne Blocébécois imela iQuebec. UbuBhostia bungaqinisa ubukho boluntu kunye nomanyano lwesizwe. Kulo Bukumkani boMgaqo-siseko weScoptish National Party kunye nozimele buqu bubonisa ngokuyinxenye indlela i-FTPP evumela ngayo umhambiswano wengingqi ukuba ube namandla agqithisileyo kwipalamente.

Ukudideka Nokudideka

Enye yeenkalo ezibhaliweyo zeenkqubo eziphambili kukutyekela kwabo ukuvelisa iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo — apho ipesenti yezihlalo eziwiswe liqela lahlukile ngokuphawulekayo kwisabelo salo sokuvota. Ngonyulo lwe-2015 lwe-UK jikelele, iUnited Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) yazuza i-12,6% yevoti kodwa isihlalo esinye, ngoxa iScottish National Party yaphumelela 4.7 ekhulwini leevoti kunye nezihlalo 56. Iziphumo ezinjalo zingakhuthaza ukubonakala kokungalungisi nokrula kwamaqela amathathu, ukuthomalalisa ukudibana kwawo noluntu. Uphando lwezelo lwe-Information Society [[FLT: 0] lubonise oko kuhlalwe lizigosa eli lizigobe lizi linye iphondo. — Iqela elizivotiweyo lisoloko lizi lifumana nevoti yezopoliti.

Izixhobo Ezimbini Ezinamandla Nenkqubo Yezobupolitika

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe ezidla ngokuvelisa ukhuphiswano lwezahlulo ezimbini, njengoko amaqela esithathu enyanzelwa kukuvota okubalulekileyo. Ngoxa umthetho kaDuverger uxela kwangaphambili oku kuchaphazela umatshini, iziphumo zengqondo nezentlalo zibaluleke ngokufanayo. Inkqubo yecandelo lamaqela amabini iyakwazi ukulola ukwahlulwa kweengcamango kwaye inciphise isithuba sokufaka okanye ukunqumla izibongozo. EUnited States, inkqubo yeFPTPPPP ibanda ekukhuleni kokuchaphazeleka kwe-polantinanti — utyekelo lwee-Rhoversess zokujonga abachasi ngentiyo. Oku kuhlazisa uchazo lwesizwe, njengoko abantu bebonana ngakumbi neqela labo kunalo lizwe liphela.

Umelo lobuncinane kunye nokhuthuzo

Iinkqubo zobuMajoni zinengxelo edityanisiweyo ekumeleni ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nonqulo oluncinane. Kwesinye isandla, iqela elincinane elinabemi abambalwa linokufumana umelo kwisithili esininzi sobuneno obuncinane (umz., imimandla yase-American-American eMzantsi we-US). Kwelinye icala, iqela elincinane elisasazekileyo — njengabemi bamaSilamsi eNtshona Yurophu — ngokufuthi bakufumanisa kunzima ukukhetha abameli. Kwanaxa iqela elincinane limelweyo, lingabekwa ngokwemi kurhulumente olawulayo. ISTION yeInternational Union yeDemocravity kunye neEctoral Consolation (IDA) ibhale ingxelo yokuba amazwe asebenzisa iPR athambeka kakhulu ukuba abe nomgangatho wokumela amabhinqa kunye noogqeqesholo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Ngobunzulu

Ukuze siqonde indlela iinkqubo eziphambili ezibutshintsha ngayo ubukho babantu, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa amava amazwe aliqela.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Isithethe, Ukungagungqi Nokunganeliseki Okukhulayo

I-UK nguhlobo olungundoqo lwenkqubo yezikhulu zelizwe, isebenzise i-FPTP kangangeenkulungwane. Ngokwembali, inkqubo yafak' isandla kukhuphiswano oluzinzileyo lwezahluka-hlukeneyo phakathi kweConservative kunye neLabour, kwaye kwingqiqo eyomeleleyo yokuba lisizwe elisekelwe kulawulo lwepalamente kunye nemodeli yeWestminster. Noko ke, kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, inkqubo ifikelele phantsi koxinzelelo. Unyulo lwe- 2015 olunzima lokungalawuleki ngokomthetho kwabangela impikiswano emalunga nomthetho, kunye ne-Brettendium — ixesha elingundoqo elibhenziwayo — elibhenxileyo lityhilwe ngokunzulu kwinkcaso kunye nolwahlulo lwenkquluko.

Ilungu elingundoqo lomzekelo we-UK yindima yezihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Ngo-2019, phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke ii-constituence sathathwa njengesikhuselekileyo, intsingiselo yokuba isiphumo sisiphelo esingaqhelekanga. Abami kwezi zihlalo badla ngokuxela ukuthembana okuphantsi kurhulumente kunye nokuziva bebuthathaka kakhulu kwempembelelo yonyulo, njengoko kuqinisekiswe nguPhicotho woMbutho wePhondo we-Hanstard yeSivumelwano yePhondo [.

IUnited States: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Geographic nokudityaniswa Kobuntu Obuqhelekileyo

Inkqubo ye-US FPTP, idityaniswe nonyulo-wonke lomongameli kunye ne-Electoral College, ivelise imekobume yezobupolitika engqukuva enzulu. Ukuzichaza okuse-US kwakhiwe ngokwesithethe kujikeleze amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko owahlukeneyo kunye "nembiza" elungileyo. Noko ke, ukunyuka kokuchongwa komvoteli-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono — iDemocrats emadolobheni, iRiphabliki emimandla yasemaphandleni — inyuselwe kwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Lo mqulu ugxininiso ngokusetyenziswa kwexabiso lomthetho wesizwe omeleleyo. Isiphumo sithetha ukuba amalungu amaninzi eMerika ngoku ajonga iqela eliphikisana negxanduva eliphikisanayo njengesongelo kwilizwe, into efundwa kakhulu yinzululwazi yezopolitiko efana noCalsan Maason.

Gerrymandering — ukuzoba kwemida yesithili yokuxhasa iqela elinye — okubhekele phambili kuchaphazela le miphumela. Kumaphondo afana noMntla Carolina no-Ohio, iimaphu ezixhotyisiweyo ziveze iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingabonisiyo ukuvota okuthandwayo, ukulungiselela ukungana kwemida kunye nokungavumelani. Brenan Center for Justice iphikisa ukuba i-Gargerrymandering ilulaza ukukholelwa kwidemokhrasi ethandwayo kwaye inciphisa ukudibana kwezentlalo phakathi kwevoluleki kwi "packed" kwimimandla apho ivotimezo zithenjiweyo.

IKhanada: UbuGqwesa noMngeni woManyano lweSizwe

Inkqubo yeFPTP yaseKhanada isoloko igxininisa ingingqi yengingqi, ifak' isandla kumanqam omanyano lwesizwe ngamaxesha athile. Unyulo lwama-2019 kunye no-2021 lukarhulumente, lwavelisa ipalamente apho iLiberal Party ilawula khona iQuebec kunye neNtlanga eKhulu yeToronto kodwa ivaliwe kwimimandla ephezulu. Oku kugxininisa kukhuthaza amaqela ephondo ajolise izikhalazo zengingqi endaweni yemiba yesizwe. Ezi nkqubo zinamandla zibonisa indlela ezinokuthi ngayo imikhosi yasekuhlaleni i-Oftware yesizwe, ibe bubukho ngexesha elinye kwiNdlukwano yesizwe ekhethekileyo yaseQuebec. Ngelo xesha, ukunyuka kweKondla yeKomkhulu yesizwe eAlbert naseSaskatchewan ikhuthaza ingqiqo yokuqhela iNtshona. Ezi zinto ezinamandla zibonisa indlela ezinokubungela ngayo uluntu kunye neyantlukwano zasekuhlaleni kunye neyantluko yesizwe kunye neyantlukwano zesizwe.

Amava aseKhanada abonisa kwakhona ukuba iinkqubo zoorhulumente abazimi ngamaxesha athile kwiziphumo zazo. Ingxoxo yotshintsho lonyulo yonyulo ka 2016-2017, nangona ekugqibeleni yalahlwa, yabonakalisa ulwamkelelo olubanzi lokuba iFPTP ingasasebenzi kwilizwe ngentlobo-ntlobo. Uphando lukawonke-wonke lwabonisa ukuba inkoliso yabantu baseKhanada ixhasa uhlobo oluthile lwePR, icebisa ukuba ukunganeliseki kwinkqubo yangoku kuqalise ukuphelisa ukuthembana kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi.

EIndiya: Ukulawula Iintlobo Ngeentlobo NgeeNtlanganiso Zeenqanawa Ezinkulu

I-Indiya yeyona ingulawulo-moya lukhulu ehlabathini lonke kwaye isebenzisa i-FPP kwiLok Sabha (indlu esezantsi) yayo. Inkqubo iye yahlala kunye nentlalo, ulwimi, kunye neenguqu zonqulo ezigqithisileyo. Kwiminyaka yangaphambili emva kwenkululeko, i-FPTP inegalelo kwiNgqungquthela yeQela esekelwe kwimfuno-mdlalwano enkulu, ikhuthaza ukuxhasa intsebenziswano yesizwe esekelwe kwisizwe esekelwe kwisizwe sobuzwelonke kunye nefa lelizwe elingumthetho-BP. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunyuka kweBhariya Janata Party (BJP) phantsi kweNarendradi kubonise indlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo kakhulu iziko lobuzwe lomHindu. Ngokufumana izihlalo ezininzi ezingaphantsi kwama-40 ekhulwini evotiweyo, i-BP iye yakwazi ukusukela ukusukela kwiqela lamapolisa ngenye iincudiase.

Ityala lamaIndiya ligxininisa ukuba iziphumo zenkqubo yonyulo kwi-odoli yoluntu azinakwenziwa — zixhomekeke kakhulu kubadlali bezopolitiko abasebenza ngaphakathi kubo. Kwinkqubo yezoburhulumente, iqela elifumana uninzi "obenze imvume" (uninzi lwezihlalo ngaphandle kwenkoliso yamavoti) lungagunyazisa umyalelo onokuthi ungabonisi ukuthanda kohlanga lonke, liphakamise imibuzo ngokusemthethweni kwalo myalelo.

Iingenelo Ezimbi Neengozi

Amandla Okubonisa Ukuba uphi

  • [[UMTL:0] Ucacile nolula: Imibala iyayiqonda imithetho. Oku kukhanyisa kungaqinisa ingqiqo yokuba unyulo lulungile kwaye iziphumo zibonisa ukhetho lwasekuhlaleni, ukuba isithili sikhuphisana.
  • I-Project yokuphendula : isithili ngasinye sinommeli omnye. Abami bayakwazi ukudumisa okanye ukubeka ityala, okunokomeleza umanyano phakathi konyulo nonyulo.
  • Uzinzo lobuGosa: Icandelo elinye linceda ukwenziwa kwenkqubo ecacileyo. Kumazwe anezithethe zoluntu ezinamandla, olu luzinzo lungakhulisa ukuthembana kwamaziko kunye nesizwe.
  • Umelo lobudoda: Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lufumana ummeli onokuthi akhuthaze iminqweno yabo ekhethekileyo, aqinise iqhayiya elisekelwe kwindawo yoluntu.

Ubuthathaka Bokwaziwa Kwabantu

  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela amancinane: Abaxhasi bamaqela esithathu namaqela amancinane asasazekileyo basoloko bebona amavoti abo ephoswa. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kubangela ukungathembi nokuhlukana noluntu lwezobupolitika.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Geographic polantification: Inkqubo ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba ajolise ingqalelo kwisithili esijingayo, angazihoyi izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Oku kungenza ingqiqo yokuba uluntu lwako alunamsebenzi, kunciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwelo lizwe kwezobupolitika.
  • Ukhuphiswano lokwahlula-hlula kwezobupolitika: Ukhuphiswano olunezahlukano ludla ngokugxininisa ingxabano kunokuba luvumelane, lunciphisa ulwahlulo loluntu olwahlulweyo oluvela kwintsebenziswano ukutyhubela umahluko.
  • Ukulingana kwempembelelo: Imiqolo kwimimandla edibeneyo inamandla angenakulinganiswa, ngelixesha ezo zihlalo zikhuselekileyo zincinane. Oku kungawuphelisa umgaqo wokulingana kwezobupolitika obangela ukuba kubekho igama loluntu.

Uthelekiso lwengqiqo: Iinkqubo ze-Majoritharian v.Proportion

Uphando lwezizwe ngezizwe lufumana ukuba iinkqubo zolwahlulo zinxulunyaniswa nomvoti ophezulu, ulwaneliseko oluphezulu ngedemokhrasi, kunye nomgangatho osezantsi wokungakhathalelwa kwezobupolitika. Uhlolisiso olupapashwayo kwi- British Journal of Political Science[ ngu-André Blais kunye noogxambuli bengingqi bafumana ukuba abantu kumazwe ePR bachaza imigangatho ephezulu yokuphumelela ngaphandle kwedemokhrasi, inkolelo yokuba inkqubo yezobupolitika iyasabela kubemi. Le mvakalelo yokusabela yilungu elingundoqo lochazo lwezezentlalo-yo. Ngokufanayo, -DM. ibhale amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ezingundoqo zoomatilizo zomgangatho omgangatho osezantsi kwimiqatha yedemokhrasi, umgangatho ophantsi womgangatho ophantsi womgangatho ophantsi womgangatho ophantsi womgangatho othelelwayo.

Noko ke, iinkqubo ze-PR azinamngeni wazo wokwaziwa kwabantu. Zingavelisa iipalamente ezahlukeneyo kunye noorhulumente abamanyeneyo abangenatyala, abanokuthi banciphise uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokuvota neziphumo zenkqubo. Kwimeko yolwahlulo olunzulu lobuhlanga, i-PR ingafaka i-Ptrench e-actricity kunokuba yakhe igama elinye lohlanga. Umzekelo, eLebhanon okanye kudala iYugoslavia, ukuvuma okuthelekelelayo kuxhomekeke kumahlelo. Ngoko, ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo yokhetho kunye nolwazi olunzulu lwezentlalo.

Inkcitho Yomgaqo-nkqubo Nokuqwalasela Imfundo

Ukuqaphela impembelelo yenkqubo yezoburhulumente yokwaziwa kwabantu ineziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kubenzi benkqubo, abafundisi, kunye nabaxhasi. Abo bayila utshintsho lomatshini mabaqwalasele kungekuphela nje iziphumo zoomatshini ekuhlalisweni kodwa kwanempembelelo ende kwingqiqo yabemi yokuba ngamalungu kunye nokusebenza kwezobupolitika. Utshintsho olufana nokwamkela iinkqubo ezixubeneyo (njengoko kunjalo eJamani naseNew Zealand) okanye ukuvota okuneemfanelo (njenge-Australia kunye nezixeko ezininzi zase-US) lunganciphisa ezinye zeziphumo eziziphenelo ezizipheneyo zobukhobo obungezelelekileyo ngoxa lugcina urhulumente ozinzileyo nozinzileyo.

Kubafundisi, ukuqonda olu nxulumano kubalulekile ekufundiseni imfundo yoluntu. Uqeqesho oluhlola indlela imithetho yonyulo ebumba ngayo kunye nokuzichaza okunokuthi kuncede abafundi baqonde iimeko zombutho ezikhuthaza okanye ezilula ubumi bedemokhrasi. Kwakhona lubaxhobisa ukuba bahlolisise ngokungqongqo izicelo zokuguqula iprojekthi kumazwe abo. Umzekelo, ukufundisa ngenkqubo ye-FPPPPPP esetyenziswa kwiPalamente yaseSkotlani kunye nePalamente yaseYurophu kunika isiseko esicacileyo sokuhlalutya okuthelekisa.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezinamandla ezilawula ukuma kobume belizwe. Ngokuxhasa abaphumelele ngokucacileyo, oorhulumente abazinzileyo, nokuziphendulela ngokuthe ngqo, banokuqinisa ingqiqo yokuba phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi nakwimimandla ekhuphisanayo. Kodwa kwakhona zikwaneengozi zokungathobeki, ukuhlaliswa kwemimandla, ukuhlaliswa kwelizwe, kunye necandelo elinamandla elinokukwenza buthathaka, ukuchana okufunekayo kwidemokhrasi entle. Ulwalamano olungeyonto ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizithethe zezobupolitika, umgamgatho wentla-ntla, ubukho beminye imimandla efana ne-orhulumente, ulawulo-ntle, uluntu olukhululekileyo, nolwalunempumelelo. Noko ke, nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na imizamo enzulu yokuqonda okanye ukuguqula inkqubo yedemokhrasi kufuneka ithathe indima enzulu kwinkqubo yokhetho okanye yolwakhenke — ukuthoba ilungelenisa umanyano lwesizwe — ukuhlanganisa intlanganisa umanyano lwesizwe.

Njengokuba ulawulo-melo luzama ukumelana nokuncipha kokuthembana, ukunyuka kwepopulism, kunye nokwanda kwemimandla esukkileyo, ukuyila iinkqubo zonyulo kufuna ingqwalasela ehlaziyiweyo. Imodeli ephambili, eyakhe yabonwa njengomgangatho wegolide karhulumente ozinzileyo, ngoku ijongene nohlolo olubukhali lwendima yayo ekuhluleni ubuzwe bentlalo-ntle. Nokuba ngolwahlulo okanye ngolwahlulo lolwahlulo okanye ugcino-mthetho, olo sukelo kufuneka lube yinkqubo yonyulo ekhuthaza ulawulo olusebenzayo kunye nolwahlulo, luquka ingqiqo yoluntu lwezobupolitika.