IOrdinance yeNtshona Koloni yowe-1787: Isiseko esiluhlaza sesiseko sophuhliso lomGaqo-siseko waseMerika

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. usoloko unconywa njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, olunye uxwebhu oluphawula iziganeko ludlule kwiiveki ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba iNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko iphumele indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo esemthethweni neyobupolitika yohlanga. I-Northwest Ordinance yowe-1787 yayingaphezulu kakhulu kunesenzo solawulo olulula. Yaseka imodeli yolawulo lwelizwe. Yawamisela imodeli yesizwe, inkqesho engundoqo, yazakhele imbambano yamalungelo asisiseko, yaza yamelana nembambano yobukhoboka kwimimandla. Imigaqo yayo yaphembelela ngqo isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, iBhili yamaLungelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-Ordance. Ukuqonda i-Ordance ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela intlalo lwasekuqaleni lwamalungelo e-Riphablikiblictic nolawulo lwe-rbactic.

Imeko Yembali: Uhlanga Oluguqulwayo

Isiphelo semfazwe yendaleko sashiya i-United States ingumazwe amakhulu, angalungelelaniyo entshona yeeNtaba ze-Apachachian. IKhomyutha esebenzela phantsi kweNtloko ezibuthathaka, yajamelana nocelomngeni olucinezelekileyo: indlela yokulawula la mazwe kwaye ekugqibeleni awadibanisa. Imigudu yangaphambili, efana neLand Ordance yowewaka ka1785, yayithetha uphando kunye nokuthengiswa kwelizwe kodwa ayizange inikeze isiseko sombutho wezopolitiko. Ukusilela kolawulo lwangaphambili lwe-Rhovisience / /ance /aphons edance isebenzisa ulawulo olungenalusileyo olunguquqululo. Ilizwe lase-Northwest Ordance lavela kule njongo yokuthintela ukutshintsha. Njengoko umbhali-mbali u-Genecklevertsburg waphawula uGenelder, uGenecklandsburg wachaza umgudu wokwandisa i-Riphabliki-othe, ukuba isiseko se-America.

IOrdinance yabhaliswa yikomiti eyayiquka uNathan Dane, uWilliam Nott, noRufus King, phakathi kwezinye. Yadlula ngoJulayi 1787, iiveki ezimbalwa kuphela phambi kokuba iNdibano yeFiladelphia igqitywe umGaqo-siseko. Eli xesha alikhawulezi; la maxwebhu mabini abelana ngezaphulo zokwenziwa kweedrafti kunye neengcambu zengqondo. IOrdinance yalungiselela uvavanyo olusebenzayo kulawulo lwasemthethweni abathunywa bomGaqo-siseko ababenokuwuqwalasela kwaye bafunde kuwo.

Imigaqo Engundoqo namalungiselelo eNtshonantshona

INorthwest Ordinance luxwebhu olufutshane ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa amanqaku ayo amathandathu ayenemigaqo esisiseko eyayiza kuvakala ngomthetho - siseko waseMerika kangangeenkulungwane.

Ulawulo olubi nolukhokelela kuburhulumente

IOrdinance yaseka inkqubo yenqanaba lendaleko yeendawo ezintathu. Ekuqaleni, iKhomishini yamisa irhuluneli, unobhala, kunye nabagwebi abathathu ukuba balawule ingingqi. Xa abantu abakhululekileyo bafikelela ku 5 000, abemi bayakwazi ukukhetha indibano yabameli. Ekugqibeleni, xa abemi befikelela kuma-60 000, ummandla unokuba sebenzisa umgaqo-siseko woburhulumente kunye nomthetho-siseko wesizwe olinganayo. Le migaqo izakungena kumanyano olulinganayo nolawulo lwakuqala. Le ngcamango ifikeleleka "ukunyuswa”[[FL:1]. [FFFOLT]] yayithetha ukuba amaphondo amatsha ayengena entlalo-ngangeni-ngangeni-ngalinganiyo kodwa alinganayo. Lo mgaqo, kamva u-Ad Creast Christmascle IV, icandelo 3.3], i-epuljian, i-1848, i-18444, i-18, i-1843, i-inyo49, ichaza ukuba i-ithe i-e

Amalungelo Asisiseko Nenkululeko

IOrdinance iquka irejista yamalungelo achaza iBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente ngeminyaka emine. Inqaku II liqinisekisa:

  • Inkululeko Yonqulo
  • Habeas corpus
  • Ukuchotshelwa Kwetyala
  • Umelo oluchazayo
  • Ukulinganisela kwimali ehlawulwayo nebheyile
  • Asikho isohlwayo senkohlakalo okanye esingaqhelekanga
  • Inkqubo elindelekileyo phambi kokuba umntu ahluthwe impahla
  • Inkululeko yokugweba (iintendelezo ezivulekileyo)

Ezi migaqo zokhuseleko zazingeyonjongo nje ezingekho ngqiqweni. Zazingumthetho onyanzelekileyo kwimimandla, kwaye zazifuzisela ngqo ulwimi uJames Madison awayeza kulucebisa kamva kwiKhomishini yokuqala. Oku bekungeyiyo ingozi. abasunguli babeqonda ukuba ulawulo lwempulakhe lwalufuna ukhuseleko olulungileyo kurhulumente ongenelelayo.

Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka Kwindawo Esentla - ntshona

Mhlawumbi esona lungiselelo liphikisanayo leOrdinance yayiyiGatya VI: “Akuyi kubakho bukhoboka okanye ubukhoboka obuzenzekelayo kummandla obenziweyo, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho.” Lo yayingumthetho wokuqala wesizwe wokwahlula ubukhoboka kwimimandla. Yayimele ukonakalisa okungundoqo kwezopolitiko phakathi kwamazwe asemntla nasezantsi. Kamva lo mgca wawuza kuvala umlomo wokwabelana inkxaso yasemantla kwezinye imicimbi, kuquka nekhoboka elibalekayo elifuna ukubuya kwamakhoboka aphumile. Umthetho womhlaba wawuwubeke ngokusemthethweni umda osemthethweni woMlambo iOhio kodwa wawuvalelwe ngokufanelekileyo. Lo mgca wawuza kungenelela kukwahlulo lweMissouri-1820-Nbra, kuquka noMgaqo-o-o-omgathi woMgaqo-wo-wo-womgathi weNxeli ka-ngo woMgaqombo weN.

Igalelo lokwahlukana lomthetho lo-Ordinance lalidida: alizange likhulule abantu abangamakhoboka ababesele behleli kummandla kodwa lalela ukwanda kwalo. Lalikwane binzana lamakhoboka abasabayo elahlala lisebenza. Noko ke, ladala imizekelo yokuziphatha neyomgaqo-siseko. Xa kamva iBhunga laphikisana ngokwanda kobukhoboka kwiLouisiana Purchase kunye neCestion yaseMexico, abapheli bobukhobo bemfazwe kunye nabaxhasi bobukhoboka bathetha iNorthern Ordinance njengesiseko. UAbraham Lincoln, kwingxoxo yakhe yowe-1858 noStick Douglas, waphikisa ukuba abaququzeleli babefuna ukubeka ubukhoboka kwindlela yokutshatyalaliswa, besalathath'uk'uk'uk'Ordance.

Impembelelo kuphuhliso lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika

I-Ordinance yaseNtshona Koloni yayingengomthetho nje wengingqi; yayiluxwebhu olugunyazisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente wesizwe namalungelo abemi. Impembelelo yayo ichaphazela iinkalo ezininzi ezingundoqo zomGaqo-siseko wokugqibela.

Umanyano kunye negunya likaRhulumente weSizwe

IOrdinance emiselwe ukuba urhulumente wesizwe wayenegunya lokulawula amasimi kunye nokuvuma amaphondo amatsha. Oku yayikubonakaliswa okungqalileyo kwamandla karhulumente awayengekho kwiZicwangciso zeConfederation, ezazigcine onke amagunya kumazwe. iPropenti Claus [ (Icandelo]]) (Icandelo 3) linika iBhunga amandla okubeka iMithetho nenze yonke imithetho efunekayo kwiSithilikethili okanye enye iMandla ye-United States. Le mithetho, isoloko ilandela ngqo imizekelo yeNtshona-Ordinance, yaba sisiseko somgaqo wezwe, ulwando lwasentshona, kwanendalo yesizwe. [FULD] [2][FT][3]

Ngaphezu koko, iOrdinance yamisela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente wesizwe wayeya kulawula ulawulo lwelizwe ngamagosa amiselweyo, inkqubo eyavumela ukuba uMgaqo-siseko usebenze. Oku kwavelisa igunya elinamandla elingumbindi kwimimandla, kamva elaba ngumzekelo wolawulo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni, kuquka iSithili saseColumbia kunye nemimandla yaphesheya njenge-Puerto Rico neGuam.

IBhili yamaLungelo: Intelekelelo Yokhuphiswano

Xa iNgqungquthela yokuqala yadibana ngo 1789 ukuze ilungise imposiso kuMgaqo-siseko, uJames Madison wasebenzisa kakhulu iindleko zikarhulumente zamalungelo kunye ne-Northern Ordinance. Isiqinisekiso sika-Ordinance se [[FLT: 0] siphendulwe ngabachopheli-mthetho , inkqubo ephambili [[FLT], kunye [[FLT:]] nenkululeko yonqulo ngqo] iphembele ngqo ulwimi lwesihlanu, isiThathu, nesiHlawulo Sokuqala. Umthetho woMdalelo woburhulumente woburhulumente wodwa [[FLt:] kunye noonke ulunyulo lwamagqwwwww `'.[Ft]

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yokuthetha nokucofa: IOrdinince ikhusele zombini, kwaye uLawulo lokuqala lwazimisela.
  • Ekunene ukuhlanganisa nokucela: IOrdinance yaqinisekisa ilungelo ‘ lokunikezela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela ukulungisa izikhalazo,” elona xesha kamva liqukiwe kuMgqino wokuqala.
  • Ukhuseleko lwempahla: Igalelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo yeOrdinance leprojekthi lixelelwe ukuthatha kwesihlanu uPhinda-zinziso.

Uphando lwegunya lesiZwe kunye “noNongquzulwano weSizwe”

INkundla ePhakamileyo ikhankanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-Northern Ordinance xa itolika igunya lorhulumente kwimimandla. uDred Scott v. Sandford [1857], iNkulumbuso enguRoger Taney ixhomekeke kwiOrdance ukuphikisa ukuba iBhunga linamandla okulawula amangingqi, nangona ngokuphikisayo waphikisa ukuba ukuvalwa komgaqo-siseko wobukhoboka akusebenzisanga kummandla wamazantsi omgca weOrdannce. Kamva, [[FLT:] u-ehdes v. Biglaw [1901]) kunye ne Infals Cases, iNkundla yasebenzisa ulwahlulo lwezo-Ordance kukwahlulo (umgathi wendlela) kwilizwe elisusela kwilizwe ([206]).[5]

Pollard v. Hagan (1845), iNkundla yathi urhulumente omtsha wamkeleka phantsi kwe Ordinance wanelungelo kumxholo ofanayo kumazwe antywiliselweyo njengamazwe angaphambili. Kwaye United States v. Curtiss- Warrrrrft Rport Corp. [193], Justice George Sutherland wacaphula i Ordance ukuphikisa ukuba amandla karhulumente worhulumente kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle kunye nolawulo lwendawo alusebenzi nje. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba iOrdance ihlala iyinxalenye ephila kutoliko lwemithetho-siseko.

Ilifa Nentsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli

Umzekelo Wolwando Nolawulo LwamaRiphabliki

I-Northwest Ordinance yabonisa ukuba uhlobo lukarhulumente we-republic lunganwenwa kwilizwekazi elikhulu ngaphandle kokubekwa amandla kubukhosi obunobuzwilakhe. Yadala inkqubo yokuba imimandla igxininise kwiimeko zokuzilawula ngokwayo namalungelo alinganayo, imodeli eyasetyenziswa kamva kwiLouisiana Purchase (1883), i-Oregon Territory (1848), kwaye yonke i-Missispich ephakathi kweNtshona. I-Ordance iquka ukugxininiswa kwemiqathango yemfundo [[FLD: 0] ulwandiso lomthetho [[FLT:]] luye lwathintela udidi lwelizwe elibonakala likho kwilizwe laseYurophu lisenza ipropatinti kwaye endaweni yoko layila inkqubo ekhuthaza ukuhlalisa, ingeniso, kunye nemfundo. I-Ordance yaquka nokukhuthaza imfundo ka-ISGreeksonGreatry, i-ErGenegames.

Imbambano Yokukhotyokiswa Kwabantu Abangamacandelo

Ukwalelwa koMlambo iOrdinance kwabangela ulwahlulo olwahlulayo olwathi lwabumba imicimbi yezobupolitika yaseMerika iminyaka emalunga nama-70. Njengoko amazwe amatsha ongezelelwa kumanyano, ulungelelwano lwamazwe amakhoboka namakhulu lwaba ngumba oyintloko. IOrdinance yamisela umgaqo wokuba iBhunga likwazi ukulawula ubukhoboka kwimimandla, igunya elingalinikwanga ngokucacileyo kodwa elisetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Lo mgaqo waqinisekiswa kamva kwiMissouri Ukuyekelela, wacetyiswa ekuwisweni kweKansas-Nebraska Act (1854), kwaye ekugqibeleni lazinziwa yimfazwe yemveli kunye nesindululo se-13. U-Ordinance umi ngoluvo lwayo lwesizwe umiqathango olungalungangeniselwanga, usukelo olungasayi kufikelela ngokupheleleyo de ku-1655.

Impembelelo Kumthetho Owoyikekayo Owenziwa Kamva

Ingqungquthela yadlulisela imithetho efanayo kwamanye amangingqi: uMzantsintshona Ordinance (1790) kummandla osezantsi koMlambo iOhio (Kenty kunye neTennessee) yavumela ubukhoboka kodwa ngandlela ifana ne-Northernst Ordinance. Imodeli ye-Jefferson yolawulo lwezwe .Amagosa amiselweyo, indlela ehamba kancinci ukuya kulawulo, irethi yelungelo (ukuyakheka) ngaphaya komda. Umthetho we Homestead ka-162 kunye noMphathi we-pacioms . [[FLT:] Imisebenzi ye-PGraiselksity

Kwanasenkulungwane yama-20, imigaqo yeNtshona Koloni yenziwa iAlaska yaba yisizwe (1959) kunye nephondo laseHawaii (1959). Ingcamango yokuba imimandla ifanele ibe nendlela ecacileyo yokufumana ubumi ngokupheleleyo isekelwe ngokunzulu kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika.

Iingcinga ZomGaqo-siseko Nabasunguli Benjongo

Abaphengululi badla ngokuphikisana ukuba ngaba Abaseki babefuna urhulumente wesizwe onamandla okanye ingqokelela yamazwe azimeleyo. I-Ordinance inikela ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba abalawuli abaphambili bexesha lobuNxulumani baxhasa uhlanga olumanyeneyo olunolawulo olusembindini kulwandiso. IOrdinance yagqithiswa phantsi kweMigaqo yeNkqutyana, kodwa yathatha amagunya orhulumente awayengawavumelanga ngokucacileyo amanqaku. Oku kuvuma ukusebenzisa amandla achaziweyo afuziselayo afuziselayo [[[FLT: 0]] ayimfuneko nolulawulo olufanelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko. UJames Magcison, u-Alette Hamilton, kunye nabanye abaquluthelela i-Ordination bacaphula amaGqums njengobungqina bokuba umGaqonga omtsha akawenzanga rhulumente omtsha kodwa omele asetyenziswa kakade.

IOrdinance yakwaqinisa iqinisekisa irepublican isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko weSiqendu (Artle IV, Icandelo 4: “IUnited States iza kuqinisekisa kwiLizwe ngalinye ku-Union ARiphablikian Force"). Ngokufuna ukuba oorhulumente belizwe babe yirepublican, i-Ordinance bamisele umgangatho ekumele ukuba wonke amagunya amatsha ahlangatyeniswe kuwo.

Isiphelo

I-Northwest Ordinance yowe-1787 yayingeyonto eyandulela umGaqo-siseko; yayiyinxalenye engundoqo yokuphuhliswa komGaqo-siseko waseMerika. Yachaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye nemimandla, amalungelo asisiseko, abekwe umda, kwaye yaseka imodeli yobukhoboka, ingumzekelo wesizwe esiqhubeka sibumba umanyano. Impembelelo yayo iyabonakala kwiBhili yamaLungelo, kwiingxelo zomGaqo-siseko, nakwizigqibo zeNkulwano ePhakamileyo ezisalawula umthetho wengi namhlanje. Kumntu nabani na ofuna ukuqonda imvelaphi ye-Americanmentalism, ulwando, kunye nenkululeko, i-Northern Ordance ifunda ngokuyimfuneko.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga umbhalo opheleleyo we-Northwest Ordinance kwi-website kaNational Archives. Kwindima yayo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko, bona Article IV ye-U.S.[. Umphengululi ongomthetho [[FLT:] uchaza i-Ornard Schrtz ithetha nge-Ordinance ngobunzulu. Ukuchaphazela kwayo ebukhobokeni, ibhekisela ku-Missouri [[FLT:]] kunye [FLT][FLT]]