Table of Contents
Ukwazisa
Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iIndo-Paciophic ibiyindawo yeholo yemibutho yangaphandle yelizwe lase-Australia. Njengegunya eliphakathi elithe nzulu kwezorhwebo, ulawulo lwenkcubeko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuma okucwangcisayo kukaCanberra kunqabile ukunqulwa ziingcamango kuphela. Endaweni yoko, ijijwe kakhulu yiprojekthi ye-pragmitic, kwaye idla ngokuba namandla, inkxalabo yoshishino lwasekhaya. Ukusuka kwi-intsimbi okanye ibhombu ye-Australia yeNtshona Koloni ukuya kumagumbi eyunivesithi eMelbourney, ukhuseleko eSydney, iziko lorhwebo zisebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokutsala ulawulo lwemithetho yangaphandle. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano lwe-Symbian, i-octricity, i-octrities, kunye neendawo eziphambili ze-octivesbources.
Imeko Engokwembali: Ukusuka Kwizinto Zokhuseleko Ukusa Kwimeko Yezoqoqosho
Iinguqulelo zezoqoqosho zase-Australia ziyinto yakutshanje. Ngaphambi kweminyaka yee-1980, izoqoqosho zazikhuseleke kakhulu, ziphawuleka ngokuba nemithetho ephezulu elawula imali nenkqubo yezoqoqosho enzima. Inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle yachazwa kakhulu yimfundiso ye-"“Abahlobo abakhulu nabanamandla”." Eyokuqala i-United Kingdom, ngoko iUnited States/ixhala elinzulu ngokusondelela e-Asia.
Urhulumente weHawke noKagat woo1980 kunye noweminyaka yonyaka ka1990 bachitha uninzi lwale misebenzi yokwakha yokukhusela. Ukudada kwedola yase-Australia, ukupheliswa kwecandelo lebhanki, kunye nokuhla kwemithetho enzulu kwanyanzelisa uqoqosho ukuba lube lukhuphiswano lwehlabathi lonke. Olu tshintsho lwezoqoqosho lwaluneenkqubo zoburhulumente ezinzulu zamanye amazwe. I-Australia yayingasajongi i-Asia njengesoyikiso kodwa njengemakethengi yayo yokuqala. Ukwenziwa kwe-Asia-Pacieconomic Cooperation (APEC) yaba ngumphumo otheze ngqo kule ngqiqo mitsha yezoqoqosho ejonge ngaphandle, eyayixhaswa ziinkokeli zase-Australia ezifuna ukuxhobisa urhwebo kumazwe.
Urhulumente we-Howard (1996-2007) waphinda-phinda kabini kule ndlela, isayina izivumelwano zorhwebo ze-binadale ze-oyile ne-Singapore, iThailand, kwaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo, iUnited States (AUSFTA). Ngonyaka ka-2010, impumelelo yezoqoqosho yase-Australia yayidibene ne-Asiya. ITshayina yaba liqabane layo elikhulu lorhwebo, ukuthenga i-iron orronal e-oyileyo ye-oyile ye-injini ye-injini, amalahle, kunye ne-oyile ye-oyile ye-gesi yendalo (LNNG). Le nyaniso yezoqoqosho yamisela inkqubo yangaphandle yesivumelwano esinenkathalo, eyayiyilelwe ukukhusela i-Beijingyjing njengenk ye-opera yelizwe yelizwe lonke. [[FLTLD: 0]
Amaqela Amashishini Aphambili Arhoxisa IAgenda
Ingcamango ebanzi ‘ yezilangazelelo zeshishini” ibandakanya iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamacandelo, nganye eneminwe eyahlukeneyo yeminwe yangaphandle. Ukuqonda iimfuno ezithile zezi mveliso kutyhila isizathu sokuba iAustralia ibeka ulwalamano oluthile nemigaqo ethile phezu kwezinye.
Ukwenziwa komatshini kunye notshintsho lwamandla
Akukho candelo lingqina amandla orhwebo lwase-Australia kwimiqathango yangaphandle kunemigodi kunye nezibonelelo. Iinkampani ezifana ne-BHP, Rio Tinto, kunye neFortescue zivelisa amawaka ezigidi zemali, ngokuyintloko ukusuka kuthutho oluthunyelwa e-Asia. Izilangazelelo zazo zicacile: ukufumaneka kweemarike, iindleko ezivulekileyo zeenqanawa, kunye nokusingqongileyo kokutya okuzinzileyo kwemali. IBhunga le-Minerals eOstreliya [[ linye lamaqela asebenzayo abhenelayo kwilizwe, ngokuqhubekayo ekukhuthazeni izivumelwano zentengiso zesisa nemigaqo echasene nokuphuma kwemali ngaphandle korhwebo.
Oku kuguqulela ngqo kwimithetho yamazwe angaphandle. ISebe leMicimbi yaMazwe Angaphandle neTrade (DFAT) linikela ubuncwane obubalulekileyo ekuxhaseni icandelo lemigodi ukufikelela emarikeni. I-Australia-Cchina Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) ka- 2015, eyakhupha iijaji zamandla nezibonelelo, yaba loloyiso olukhulu kwidanga lokufumana imigodi. Ukukhangela phambili, “izinto ezibalulekileyo” iprojekthium, i-cobalt, inkcess, ixakene, isenza imibutho emitsha yemicimbi, iqhuba unxulumano neUnited States, iJapan, neSouth Korea, ukuze ikhusele amatyathanga ukusuka kwimikhosi yamaTshayina.
Ishishini lezolimo nele-Agri
Imali yezolimo ye-Australia licandelo elikwixabiso eliphezulu, elithe tye elithe tye lixhomekeke kakhulu kwiMasipala. Inkomo, iwayini, irhasi, ingqolowa, kunye noboya berhasi zithunyelwa kwiimarike kulo mmandla. Le nkqubo yangaphandle ifuna ukugxininiswa ekukhuseleni ibhayoloji, kwizivumelwano zokuhlala komnye umntu, nokususwa komgwebi.
Impembelelo yecandelo lokulima yaboniswa ngokucacileyo ebudeni benkxwaleko yorhwebo e-2020-2023 neTshayina. Xa iBeijing ifaka amathambeka aphezulu kwiwayini, irhasi, nenyama yenkomo, uluntu lwabalimi lwathwala ipetroli. Oku kwabangela uxinzelelo olukhulu lwezopolitiko kurhulumente ukucombulula iingxabano, ukuphembelela isimbo neqhinga likaCanberra malunga neBeijing. Ukunyanzelisa kwecandelo lokurba lokurbangisa kukwa kwentengiso kukwaye kwabangela ukungquzulana kwakutshanje kwezo zezo ngqungquthela, kuquka i-Australia------Placentoloneyo kunye ne- Tradentialcovement (ACMANDLATrection)[FLD:1].
Imfundo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Namandla Angephi
Imfundo yehlabathi lonke yeyona nkonzo ithengwayo e-Ostreliya, ixabisa ngaphezu kwee-$30 zezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka. Impembelelo yecandelo kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe ichumile kodwa inzulu. Iqhuba inkqubo ye-visa, ikhuthaza iindlela zokufuduka ezivulekileyo, kwaye yenza ii-alumini ezinzulu ngaphaya kwe-Indo-Pacific.
Izamkelo eziphambili zolawulo lwezikhundla ezithe zangena kulawulo logcino-lwazi olulungenelweyo logcino-mvume lwabafundi, amalungelo omsebenzi oqeqesho lwasemva, kunye nezicwangciso ezintle zokufuduka. Oku kuye kwenza iSebe leMicimbi Yasekhaya laba ngumenzi-ndaba ongundoqo kwiingxoxo zezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, isiphumo se-almni singumthombo obalulekileyo wamandla athambileyo. Amakhulu amawaka eenkokeli zexesha elizayo asuka e-Indonesia, eMalaysia, eIndiya, naseTshayina aye afunda eOstreliya, edala unxulumano oluhlala luhleli kunye nolo lwezopoliti zixhobo ezikhuthaza urhwebo noshishino olude.
Ikomkhulu lemali nelamandla
Idanga elingu-3,5 yezigidi zezigidi zeerandi eOstreliya lingumthombo omkhulu wekomkhulu lotyalo-mali olufuna ukubuya ngaphaya kwe-Indo-Pacific. Abaphathi bemali neebhanki zase-Australia bafuna iimeko ezisigxina zolawulo, iinkqubo zomthetho ezibonisa ngokucacileyo, kunye nemithetho yokuveliswa kotyalo-mali.
Imiba yomgaqo-nkqubo wecandelo lemali langaphandle ijolise kwizivumelwano zotyalo-mali (iiBHIT) kunye nentsebenziswano yolawulo. Iibhanki zase-Australia zinyukele kakhulu eAsia, kwaye ukhuseleko lwazo luxhomekeke kumgangatho wezoshishino lwezoshishino lwengingqi. Icandelo lingumxhasi onamandla wezakhiwo zengingqi njenge-ASEAN+3 yeMacronomic Uphando lwezemali kunye nokutyhalela phambili imigaqo yemali.
Ushishino lokhuselo kunye ne-autonomy ecwangcisiweyo
Ishishini lokuzikhusela licandelo elikhula ngokukhawuleza nelinempembelelo kwezobupolitika. Isivumelwano seAUKUS, ingakumbi, siye sayinyusa ngamandla le nkampani, sabangela ukuba isebenzise imali eninzi yokuzikhusela ne-US ne-UK ngokunzulu isebenzisane ne-US, iinkampani ezifana neBE Systems, iLürssen neAustal zizezona ziphambili kwimisebenzi yeOstreliya.
Impembelelo yalo candelo iqhubela inkqubo yangaphandle kubume obukhuselekileyo obunamandla. Inceda ukuvalwa kwezisongelo zengingqi kunye nemfuneko yokunqanda. Ishishini lokhuselo liqhuba izigqibo zokufumana izinto, ezifana nokukhetha ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa zasekuhlaleni, ezineempembelelo ezinkulu zezobugqeba. Ikwadala ubuchule obunamandla boshishino lwe-US, isenza nayiphi na into ebangela ukukhutshwa kwezixhobo zezoshishino eWashington ingacingi.
Ubuchule Bempembelelo Yezonyango
Izilangazelelo zeshishini azidada nje emoyeni; zidluliselwa ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo ngobuchule obumiselweyo. “ucango olujikelezayo” phakathi korhulumente namaqumrhu eenkampani lubhalwe kakuhle eCanberra, naba balungiseleli bangaphambili bethatha imikhosi yabalawuli emigodini, kwimali nakwiinkampani zokuzikhusela.
Iqumrhu lezentengiselwano ligxininise kakhulu. IBhunga leBhunga le-Australia, iCandelo loMashishini noHlalo, kunye neencopho ezidityanisiweyo ezifana neBhunga leMinerals zilawula impembelelo ebalulekileyo. Iinkonzo zorhwebo ezikhokelwa ngabaPhathiswa abaPhathiswa nabaPhathiswa zisoloko zizaliswe yi-CEOs, zisenza kungabikho mahluko phakathi kwezixhobo zelizwe nezorhwebo. Iminikelo yezobupolitika, ngoxa ilawulwa, isahamba kakhulu ukuya kumaqela amakhulu, iqinisekisa ukufikelela koomatiloshe abakwimpungezo abanobuchule begunya.
Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ishishini Lokwenziwa Komgaqo-nkqubo Wasemzini
Ukuhlolisisa amanyathelo athile angomgaqo wamanye amazwe kutyhila indlela ephawulekayo ekwakuphenjelelwa ngayo ishishini.
Ukulawula Ingxaki YaseChina
Ulwalamano lwe-Australia-China ngumzekelo ocacileyo wenkqubo yezoshishino eqhutyelwa kwelinye ilizwe. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, uluntu lwezoshishino lwakhokela ukunyanzeleka koganano. “Ulwalamano lwe-Australia-China-bipane” lwaluyiprojekthi yequmrhu. Xa uxanduva oluphambili luye lwavela ngokuvalwa kweHuawei kunye nokugxekwa kokuphatha kwe-CHOVAID-19, uluntu lwezoshishino ekuqaleni lwakhuthaza ukunqandwa.
Noko ke, njengokuba iTshayina yatshintshela kwingcinezelo yezoqoqosho (iirhasi zewayini, irhasi, inkomo), indawo yoluntu lwezoshishino yavela. Ngoxa isakhetha ukuganana, ngoku baxhasa “ulwandiso lwezintsomi” kunye no-“ulwakhiwo.” I- Le nkonzo ichaza ngokucacileyo olu tshintsho ekunyusweni kwayo. Inkqubo ephumela kwiziphumo yi-drived: ulwalamano lwezoqoqosho ngelixa kusakhiwa izihlalo nge-AUTUS kunye neQuad.
IAUKUS nesiseko sezemizi-mveliso
I-AUKUS isoloko ixoxwa ngokwendlela ezicwangcisiweyo, kodwa ingumgaqo-nkqubo woshishino ngokulinganayo. Isigqibo sokwakha iinkwili ezinamandla enyukliya eMzantsi Australia yimpendulo engqalileyo kumandla atsalayo oshishino lokhuselo kunye nombutho womanyano, onamaqhina omeleleyo ekwenzeni.
Isivumelwano sidala i-arhente eninzi, ii-$300 zezigidi ze-200 zenkqubo etshixayo kumatyathanga athile enkampani esebenzelayo. Impumelelo yoshishino esemva kwe-AUTUS ixhasa inkqubo eqinileyo yeChina kunye nolawulo lobugcisa obunzulu bokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Oku kwenza intumekelelo enamandla yokujonga i-Indo-Paciegg ngokujonga i-Indo ye-gcuntsbes kunokufumana ithuba elipheleleyo loshishino, imbono edla ngokungqubana necandelo lemigodi elisondeleleneyo.
Inyathelo LePasifiki
Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwe-Australia neziQithi zePasifiki kuqhutywa kakhulu zizinto zoshishino. ICwangciso se-Pasifiki ye-Ostreliya i-Boour Moolity (PALM) sisiseko sale nkqubo, ibonelela abasebenzi kwezolimo zase-Australia ngeli lixa behambisa ii-Retances kwizoqoqosho zePasifiki. I-Agri yeyona ingenisa ingeniso engundoqo kweli nyathelo.
Ngokubhekele phaya, iinkampani zase-Australia ezifana neTelstra zikhuphisana neefemu zamaTshayina ukwenzela izivumelwano zonxibelelwano kulo mmandla. I-Australian Infracraclaiculact Fanic fanancial yePasifiki (AIFFP) yenzelwe ukunikezela ngenye indlela kwimali-mboleko karhulumente waseTshayina ebambekayo, ukuvula iingcango zobunjineli base-Australia kunye neefektha zokwakha. Inkqubo yangaphandle yeyo, isiphumo, kukukhula ngqo kokhuphiswano lwezorhwebo neBeijing ukwenzela impembelelo kummandla okufuphi.
Imicimbi yorhwebo nomonakalo wempembelelo
I-nexus esondeleyo phakathi kweshishini namazwe angaphandle isoloko igxekwa kakhulu. Eyona nto iphambili kukuxinezeleka ngamalungelo abantu. Urhulumente wase-Australia usoloko etyholwa ngokugxeka kwakhe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu eTshayina, eMyanmar, naseCambodia ukukhusela amathuba orhwebo kunye noshishino. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ingeniso ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala yemigaqo.
Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili. I-Ostreliya yenye yezona zirhwebi ezinkulu ehlabathini zezixhobo zelahleko. Amandla aphembelela igesi kunye namalahle abangele ukuba oorhulumente bangakwazi ukusebenzisa imigaqo yemozulu enzima. Oku kubangele ukuba iOstreliya yonakalise ukuma kwayo namazwe ePasifiki Island, ajongene nezisongelo ezikhoyo ngokusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu kwaye agxeke iCanberra ngokubeka phambili izilangazelelo zemigodi kubomi bengingqi. Ukulungelelana phakathi kwenzuzo yezoqoqosho kunye nemigaqo yemithetho yezokuziphatha yangaphandle kusemgangathweni kusengucelomngeni olungaconjululwanga.
Ikamva Lesihlenga Soburhulumente Bezoqoqosho
Umhlaba weIndo-Pacious uyatshintsha, kwaye izilangazelelo zoshishino zase-Australia ziyatshintshana nayo. Unyuko lwezoqoqosho lwe Net Zero ludala ishishini elitsha (iiinjingalwazi, i-hydrogen eluhlaza, ikharbon) ngexa lisongela endala (amalahle ashushu, igesi). Oku kuya kuphinda kulungelelanise impembelelo yezobupolitika yamacandelo awahlukeneyo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukwahlulwa kwamatyathanga okunikezela emhlabeni wonke ngomnye uthunywashe ongundoqo. Ingxoxo phakathi “kokuphumelela” (urhwebo oluvulekileyo ngeTshayina) kunye“ nokuzikhusela” (ukuza kusondeza, ukunikezela ngemixokelelwano) iza kuchaza inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. Intetho yamashishini izakuba semgangathweni kule ngxoxo. Icandelo lemigodi linganyanzela ukuba kuqhubekeke ukudibana okunzulu ne-Asia, ngelixa i-lothesciso kunye necandelo lobugcisa lixhasa ukudityaniswa okuya kukhula nenkqubo ye-US.
Isiphelo
Inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia kwi-Indo-Paciodec ayinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokubala impembelelo enzulu nehlalayo yezilangazelelo zoshishino zasekhaya. Ukusuka ekuguqukeleni kwimbali ukuya kushishino lwe-Asia ngeminyaka yee-1980 ukuya kwisenzo sangoku sokulungelelanisa phakathi kweTshayina ne-United States, izinto eziphambili zequmrhu zilolonga ucwangciso lwesizwe. Olu lwalamano alulonakonakala ngokwemvelo; luyimpatho yendalo yedemokhrasi ekhululekileyo kunye norhwebo oluthengiselekileyo. Kodwa, luvela ngorhwebo olunzulu kunye neengxaki, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele amalungelo abantu kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume.
Kubafundi bolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ityala lase-Australia linikela isifundo esicacileyo: isakhiwo sezoqoqosho siqhubela phambili indlela yokuziphatha elungeleleneyo. Inkqubo yexesha elizayo iza kugqitywa kungekuphela nje ngezisongelo kunye nezivumelwano, kodwa ngeemfuno ezijikelezayo zentsimbi, umrhwebi wezolimo, umxhasi wezixhobo zombane weyunivesithi, kunye nenkampani yokuzikhusela. Ukuqonda le nexus kubalulekile ekuqhubeni igeopolitics entsonkothileyo ye-Indo-Pacific.