Ilungelo Lokwenza Imfundo: Utshintsho Oluphawulekayo KwiSikolo samaIndiya

Ilungelo laseIndiya ukuya kuMthetho wemfundo (RTE), owenziwa ngo-2009, limela ixesha elithe shwaka kwiphulo lelizwe lokufuna ukufunda nokubhala kunye namathuba alinganayo. Ngokufundisa umntwana ngamnye ngesisa nangesinyanzelo phakathi kweminyaka emi-6 ne-14, uMgaqo ojolise ekupheliseni imiqobo emide yezemfundo, ubuhlwempu, kunye nenzululwazi yendalo eyagcina izigidi zabantu zingekho emagumbini okufundela. Ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi kamva, uMthetho weRTE uphinde watshintsha isiseko, imilinganiselo yokufundisa, kwanemigangatho yezifundo zamaIndiya, ngeli ngelixa kuthe gqolo.

Imbali NeGenesis Yalo Mthendeleko

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2009, umthetho we-Indiya wemfundo yamahhala (uGatya-mthetho 45) wawusoloko ulusukelo olunganyanzeliswanga. Nangona amashumi eminyaka enkqubela, izigidi zabantwana , ingakumbi amantombazana, amaDalits, ama-Adivasis, nabantwana abasuka kwiintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo . /Iindawo yomgaqo-siseko yama-86 yamkelekile okanye yabhaliswa kwizakhiwo eziphantsi. UkuHlahlela koMgaqo-siseko ngo-2002 kwenze umgangatho osisiseko wemfundo, kodwa kwathabatha iminyaka esixhenxe ukuphumelela umthetho. Ekugqibeleni uMthetho we-RTE wanika amacala asemthethweni, wabeka imigaqo ephantsi yesikolo kwilizwe lonke.

Lo mthetho wafumana impembelelo kwimimiselo yezizwe ngezizwe njengeNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo omntwana kunye nokuphumelela kwinqanaba lombuso elifana nemigudu yokwazisa yomgangatho wehlabathi e-Kerala kunye neenkqubo zokujonga uluntu lukaDelhi. Yasabela kwiziphumo zeStatus of Education Report (ASER), eyayisoloko ibonisa ukuba nabantwana ababhaliswe babengafundi ukufunda ukufunda ukufunda ukufunda nokubhala nokubhala. IRTEPHO yayijolise kungenelo kodwa kumgangatho, umgangatho womfundi/omfundisi, imigangatho yesiseko somgangatho, kunye nomntwana okwi-pedagogy.

Amalungiselelo Angundoqo Phantsi Komthetho Oyi-RT

UMthetho weRTE unika amalungelo neembopheleleko eziliqela. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo kubalulekile ekuhloleni impembelelo yawo kwizikolo zamaIndiya.

Imfundo eMasihla neNkxaso yamaXesha 6-14

Umntwana ngamnye unelungelo lokufumana imfundo yamahala kwisikolo sobume de agqitywe kwimfundo yokuqala. "Inkululeko" ithetha ukuba akukho mali yesikolo, irhafu, okanye iindleko ezinokuthi zithintele umntwana ukuba aye. "Unyanzelo" lubeka umsebenzi kurhulumente nakumagunya asekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyangena, uyaya, kwaye uyagqitywa.

Ukukhutshwa kwemiboniso yokuzikhusela

UMthetho wokwalela nayiphi na intlawulo (yomrhumo okanye yeminikelo efunekayo ukuze kwaziwe) kwaye uyalela ukuxilongwa kwabantwana okanye abazali ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvunywa. Oku kujolise ngqo kumaxhoba oqheliselo oluxhaphakileyo apho izikolo zabucala zifuna khona "iimali" ezisuka kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, ngokunempumelelo zithintela ukungena kwazo.

25% Ukuvuselelwa kwecandelo elibuthathaka ngokwezoqoqosho

Elinye lamalungiselelo aphikisanayo ligunyazisa ukuba zonke izikolo ezizimeleyo zokwenza imicimbi yabucala ngaphandle kwalawo akwimimandla encinane, qha, abeke ama-25% kwizihlalo zabantwana abasuka kumacandelo abuthathaka ngokwezoqoqosho nakumaqela asweleyo. Urhulumente uhlawula isikolo ngemali yemfundo yaba bantwana, ehlawulwa ngemali yesikolo sikarhulumente ngasinye okanye umrhumo wesikolo, nayiphi na ephantsi.

Imigangatho yemithetho

Lo mThetho uchaza imilinganiselo esezantsi yezakhiwo zesikolo, iindawo zokudlala, amathala eencwadi, izindlu zangasese ezahlukeneyo zamakhwenkwe namantombazana, amanzi okusela, kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo. Kwakhona unika umfundi-nexabiso lomfundisi-/u-amashumi amathathu anesithathu kunye nama-35:1 kumgangatho ophezulu, kwaye unika imiyalelo eqhubekayo nebanzi (CCE) endaweni yeemviwo zonyaka eziphezulu. Uludwe lwezifundo kufuneka lube ngumhlobo wabantwana, umsebenzi osekelwe, kwaye lungabi naloyiko, unxunguphazelo, kunye nexhala.

Akukho Mgaqo-nkqubo weNkundla (De kube Kukho uHlaziyo loMsebenzi)

Ekuqaleni, uMgaqo weRTE wathintela izikolo ukuba zivalele nawuphi na umntwana kudidi oluthile de kugqitywe imfundo yokuqala. Le "akukho nkqubo yokuvalelwa" yayithetha ukuba abantwana banyuselwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwiklasi 8, kungakhathaliseki ukusebenza kwemfundo. Ngo-2019, iPalamente yalungisa iPalamente, ivumela amazwe ukuba aqhube uvavanyo oluthe rhoqo kwiklasi 5 nesibhozo kunye nokuvala abantwana abangaphumeleliyo ukuhlolwa kwakhona, ngaloo ndlela bephinde baphinde bavule isivalo sokhuseleko nxamnye nonyuselo oluzenzekelayo.

Impembelelo kwizikolo zikarhulumente

Izikolo zikarhulumente zisisiseko semfundo esisiseko yamaIndiya, zibhalise malunga nama-50% abantwana bonke. UMthetho we-RTE uye waba nempembelelo enzulu kula maqumrhu, ukuphucula izibonelelo zokwemvelo kunye nokulingana, kodwa ubhenca iintsilelo ezingapheliyo nezingalawulekiyo.

Unyuselo

Izigidi zezikolo zikarhulumente ngoku zinezindlu zangasese zokwahlukana zamantombazana, ii-appes zabantwana abakhubazekileyo, amathala eencwadi, iindawo zokudlala, kunye neendawo zokusela amanzi ezazingekho phambi koMthetho. ICebo leSikolo soPhuhliso (SDP) likwakhuthaza ukuba abantu babandakanyeke ekulondolozweni nasekujongweni. Amazwe anjengeGujarat neTamil Nadu ade azise "amagumbi okufundela" kwizikolo eziphambili zikarhulumente wasemaphandleni, ngokwenxalenye ekhuthazwa yi-Rtefrom.

Ukufumana Inkxaso Noqeqesho Lomfundisi - ntsapho

Lo Mgaqo ufuna ukuba bonke abafundisi- ntsapho babe nemfaneleko encinane . .a Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) okanye iDiploma kwiProfetary Elearty (D.El.Ed.).(iminyaka emihlanu yesaziso soMthetho. Oku kwakhokelela kwintlupheko enkulu yokuqesha nokuqesha iinkqubo zoqeqesho. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi asazamana nokungabikho komfundisi-mfundisi kwimimandla ekude kunye namanani aphezulu abafundisi-paralamsss abangazifikeleliyo iimfaneleko ezifunekayo. Umfundi/umlinganiselo wokufundisa uhlala ulucelomngeni, ingakumbi eBithard, iUtarshash, kunye neJaharkard.

Ukufunda Imiphumo Nento Enokuphendula

Ngeli xesha ukubhalisa kwizikolo zikarhulumente kuye kwenyuka kakhulu ukususela ngo-2009. I-India yafikelela kufutshane kwinani loluntu lonke kwiqela leminyaka engama-6-14 ngo-2020=iziphumo ezishiyekileyo zihlala zidinisa. Ngokwengxelo ASSER[, kwanango-2022], malunga nama-25% abafundi aba-3 kubafundi basemaphandleni kwizikolo zikarhulumente banokufunda ngokutyibilikayo. Ugxininiso lwe-RTE ku-CCE lwalucetyelwe ukuphucula ukufunda, kodwa kusetyenziswa, lwancitshiswa ukuba lugcine ingxelo ngaphandle kokuxilongwa. I-2019722, i-19 ivumela ukuvalelwa kwesikolo ukuba zinikeze ingqalelo olungakumbi ekufundeni kunokuba kukhuthaze abantwana.

Impembelelo Kwizikolo Zamaqabane

Izikolo ezizimeleyo, ezimalunga nama-30% okubhalisa kokuqala, ziye zangenelwa kwaye zachaswa nguMthetho we-RTE. Umlinganiselo wama-25% utshintshe indlela yokuhlala kwabemi kunye nemizekelo yemali.

Unxulumano lweNtlalo

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi esi sabelo sidala amagumbi okufundela axutyiweyo apho abantwana abasuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho besebenzisana, benciphisa ikhethe lasekuhlaleni. Uphando oluninzi, olufana nolunye oluvela kwiBhunga lesizwe le-Applied Economic Research (NSAER), lubonisa iziphumo eziphuculiweyo zemfundo kunye nezingakhuseliyo zabantwana abagcinelwe imvume yezemfundo kwizikolo zabucala xa kuthelekiswa noontanga babo kwizikolo zikarhulumente. Kodwa ke, ukuphumelela bekungalingani: uninzi lwamazwe okusilela ukuzalisa zonke izihlalo ezigciniwe, yaye ezinye izikolo zabucala zicel ’ umngeni amanani enkundla.

Iindleko Zolawulo Nezokunyanzelisa

Izikolo ezizimeleyo zikhalazela ukuba imigangatho yesiseko seRTE `indawo ephantsi yomhlaba, iingcebiso, nobungakanani bokudlala----ayikho kwimimandla yasedolophini apho umhlaba ubiza imali eninzi khona. Izikolo ezininzi zivaliwe, zifuduselwe kwicandelo elingahlawulwanga, okanye ziguqulelwe kwi-"ezantsi" izikolo zabucala ezisebenza ngezantsi kwerada yokulawula. Lo mthetho ukwasikelele amandla abo okubonisa abantwana ukusetyenziswa okanye ukuhlawula iindleko ezongezelelekileyo, ukutsalela ingeniso yesikolo ezixhomekeke kwezo zenzo.

Inkcubeko equlunqileyo

Ngapha koko, iRTE ityhalela izikolo zabucala ekubonakaleni okungakumbi ekungenisweni nakumaziko omrhumo. Abaninzi baphucule iimfaneleko zokufundisa kunye neekhamera zeCCTV kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko. Kodwa indlela yokuzingisa idla ngokuphazamisa kwinkqubela-phambili yotyando. Abanye abafundisi-lwazi baphikisa ngelithi i-Act igxininisa kakhulu kumagalelo (okwakha, iincwadi, abafundisi- ntsapho) kuneziphumo (ukufunda ukuphumelela, ukucingelana, ubuchule bobomi).

Iingxaki Zokusebenza

Nangona kugunyaziswe umthetho, uMgaqo-nkqubo weRTE ujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo ethintela ukutshintsha kwawo.

Umahluko phakathi kwe-Urban-Rral kunye neNtsebenziswano

Izikolo zasedolobheni, zombini urhulumente kunye nezizimeleyo, zidibana nezithethe ze-RTE ngokuqheleke kakhulu kunezasemaphandleni. Kwimizana ekude, ukwakha isikolo esinendawo yokudlala, izindlu zangasese ezahlukeneyo, nombane ungathatha iminyaka yemali kunye nemvume. Amaphondo asemntla njenge Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, kunye neRajastantan deck emva kwelizwe elisezantsi njengeKerala neTamil Nadu ekubhaliseni bonke abantwana kunye nokugcina izilinganiselo ezisezantsi zemfundo-/abafundisi-bafundisi-bezodwa. UPrtadessh uchitha iminyaka eyi-12,000.[ njengexesha ngalinye loBulungiseli bemfundo[FLT:].[11][9][9][9]

Ukuphelelwa Kwabafundisi - ntsapho Abafanelekayo

Nangomdla wexesha leRTEC ukuze kufumaneke umfundisi- ntsapho, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yootitshala kulo lonke elaseIndiya isasebenza. Amazwana amaninzi afumana abafundisi-mfundo abaqeqeshiweyo kwimivuzo ephantsi, agqitha imfuneko yeB. Amaqondo. Inkqubo yemfundo yonyaka 2020 izama ukuchaza oku ngokuncomela inkqubo yokufundisa edityanisiweyo yoothisha yeminyaka emine, kodwa utshintsho luza kuthatha iminyaka. Umfundisi-mbutho wabeko wabeko uhlala uyingxaki engqongqo, ingakumbi kwizikolo zikarhulumente zasemaphandleni.

Ukuchasa nokuthetha intetho yesikolo sabucala

Umlinganiselo wama-25% uye wacelw ’ umngeni kwiinkundla ezininzi eziphakamileyo nakwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngeli xesha inkundla encomekayo yaxhasa ubuGaqo-siseko bayo ngo-2012 (Izikolo Ezingacaciweyo zeRajasthan v.Umanyano lwezikolo zabucala), amaqumrhu ayaqhubeka exhathisa ukuphunyezwa ngokungalibali inani lezihlalo ezigciniweyo, ukuhlawula iindleko ezifihliweyo, okanye ukubeka ityala labantwana abagcinwe kwicandelo elahlukeneyo.

Ukujongwa koMsebenzi oBanzi

Amagunya asekuhlaleni neekomiti zolawulo lwezikolo ziyalelwa ukuba zijonge ukuphunyezwa kwe-RTE, kodwa zisoloko zingenaluqeqesho, ugcino-lwazi, namandla. Lo Mthetho awuchazi izibonisi zomgangatho ezingaphaya kwezibonelelo kunye nokungena. Ngenxa yoko, izikolo ezininzi zidibana ne "ileta" yomthetho ngaphandle kokufikelela "umoya". Ii-Phondo zezentlalo, nangona zinyanzelekile kwamanye amazwe, azisoloko ziqhutywa ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kuluntu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekonakaleni nasekuhlawulwani kwemali.

Amabali Aphumelelayo: Apho IRTE Isebenze Khona

Kwipokotho kulo lonke ilizwe, uMthendeleko weRTE udibanise utshintsho lokwenene. iKerala neTamil Nadu sele benenkqubo ezinamandla zemfundo ngaphambi ko 2009, kodwa lo Mthendeleko wabanika isiseko sokubhalisa jikelele kwaye wanciphisa amaqondo okuyeka ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-2%. Izichazi zesikolo sikarhulumente weDelhi phantsi kweAa Aadmi Party . "Iziqinisekiso zoqeqesho lomfundisi-mfundisi, ukulungiselela uqeqesho lwekomiti yabalawuli besikolo, kunye nokufaka imali eninzi kwisiseko seRTE" eyakhelwe kwimigangatho yemfundo ekwazi ukuvelisa ingeniso yemfundo ekwaziyo.

Esemaphandleni eRajasthan naseMadhya Pradesh, imibutho esekelwe kuluntu yasebenzisa umThetho ukukhupha abantwana besikolo semfundo", abasebenzi namantwana abaphakathi kunye namantombazana.

Ulwalathiso Notshintsho Oluzayo

I-RTE Act ayimi ndawonye. UMphathiswa wemfundo usoloko elungisa izithethe zakhe, kwaye uMgaqo weSizwe wezemfundo 2020 (NEP 2020) unxulumene nemigaqo emininzi yeRTE ngexesha uqhubela phambili utshintsho olunzulu.

Ulungelelwaniso nomgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo weSizwe 2020

INEP 2020 indisa ububanzi beRTE ngokuyandisa imfundo yamahala nenyanzelo ukuya kufikelela kwiminyaka eli-18 (iGrade 12) nangokugxininisa ukufunda nokubhala nokubhala, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye noqeqesho lwelwimi ezininzi. INEP ikwaxhasa uqeqesho olungaphezulu, uqeqesho olusekelwe kumgangatho wangaphambili ````````Aspoice'''''''. Ngoko, ulawulo lwe-NEP 2020 alunyanzeli ngokomthetho njengeRTE', ngoko ke ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kuya kufuna umthetho omtsha okanye iziphelo.

Hlala Ucinga Ngemiphumo

Izilungiso zexesha elizayo kufuneka zidibanisa iziphumo ezinokufumaneka kwimfundo ezinokufumaneka kunokuba zibe zigalelo nje. Iingxelo ze-ASER kunye neNational Processible Survey (NAS) zinika ugcino-lwazi olunokukhokela ukwabiwa kovimba nokuziphendulela. Amanye amazwe sele eqalisile ukudibanisa izibonelelo zesikolo ekufundeni imiba, utyekelo olunokuba lusasazeke ngokubanzi.

Ukuqinisa iiKomiti zoLawulo lweSikolo

IiKomiti zoLawulo lwesikolo (SMCs) zinemeko esesikweni phantsi kweRTE, kodwa ezininzi azihlali zimile. Ukunika amandla amaSMC anamandla okwenyaniso okwenza izigqibo, uqeqesho, kunye noqingqo-mali oluncinane lungawaguqula abe yizithuthi zobuni babantu. Amaqonga amanani afana neRTE ezibuko kwamanye amazwe avumela abazali ukuba banike izikhalazo ezingeyompumelelo, nto leyo ebangela inkqubo ithathe inxaxheba.

Imfundo Equlethwe Ngabantwana Abaneziphene

IRTE Act ichaza "amaqela angakwaziyo ukufikelela" ukuquka abantwana abaneziphene, kodwa okusisiphelo sokoqobo. Izikolo ezininzi ziswele iintambo, izixhobo zomthambo, kunye nabafundisi abakhethekileyo. Amalungelo abantu abaneziphene axhasa iRTE kodwa ukunyanzelisa akunamandla. Inkxaso-mali enikezelweyo kunye nezibonelelo ezisemgangathweni ziyafuneka ngokungxamisekileyo.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lemfundo litshintshe indlela yokufundisa yase-Indiya ngokusisiseko ngokusenza isikolo sibe nesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni kunokuba sibe nomdla wokunceda abantu. Ukubhalisa kufuphi nento epheleleyo, izakhiwo eziphucukileyo, kunye nokudibana okungaphezulu koluntu zizinto ezingaphiliyo. Kodwa isithembiso soMthetho semfundo entle asizange sizaliseki kwizigidi zezigidi. Ingakumbi kumaphandle, amahlwempu, nakwiingingqi zemfazwe. Umgama phakathi kwenjongo yezeziko-mthetho kunye nento yokwenene ekhoyo uyaqhubeka ngenxa yokubekwa phantsi kwemiqathango, ukujongwa okubuthathaka, kunye nokuchaswa kwezilangazelelo eziphezulu. Ukuhambela phambili, iRTE kufuneka ihambele ngaphaya kwemigaqo engundoqo esekelwe kwiziphumo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo, ukulungiselela uqeqesho olungcono, nokuzibandakanya okunentsingiselo. Kuphela ngoko i-Indiya inokuthiye inikele kwisiseko esingundoqo soMthetho we-Rteinrine. Njengoko ilizwe lizama ukuzuza ulwazi lwezoqoqosho lwelizwe lonke, i-R_*)