Indlela oorhulumente abakhiwe ngayo kwaye bathatyathwe ngayo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimo-nkqubo yembali abaqala kuyo. Iziganeko zembali, imilinganiselo yenkcubeko, kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho zibumba iinguqu ezenziwa ngabantu abakhethayo ngokuphathelele ulawulo. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo kusinceda siqonde kakuhle isizathu sokuba amazwe awahlukeneyo aneenkqubo zobupolitika. Amaziko ezobupolitika awadalwanga kwindawo engenazingcinga; aphuma kwiimeko ezithile zembali ezichaza iingxaki, imilinganiselo, namathuba abantu abanikwe amalungelo. Ngokuhlolisisa imidlalo ephakathi kwembali kunye nemithetho, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle iiyantlukwano zezixhobo zezobupolitika ehlabathini lonke ihlabathi, kwaye silindele indlela ezinokuguquka ngayo kwixesha elizayo.

Indima Yeziganeko Zembali

Iziganeko ezinkulu zembali ezifana neemfazwe, imvukelo, kunye nokwenziwa kwamarhamncwa zinempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo karhulumente. Ezi ziganeko zidla ngokuba ziindawo zokuguqula izakhiwo zamandla atsha, zizise iingcamango ezintsha, zitshintshe isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli abalawulwayo. Ilifa leziganeko ezinjalo lingaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane, lingaphembeleli nje uhlobo lukarhulumente kodwa lichaphazela nezithethe zezobupolitika kunye nezithethe zoburhulumente.

Imvukelo

Iziphendu zendaleko zisoloko zikhokelela ekubhukuqeni kolawulo olukhoyo kunye nokusekwa kwenkqubo ezintsha zorhulumente. IMvukelo yamaFrentshi ka-1789 ngumzekelo obalaseleyo: yachitha ulawulo olupheleleyo, yaphelisa amalungelo obufama, yaza yazisa iimfuno zeriphabliki ezisekelwe kwinkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nokudibana. Imvukelo yabangela ukuba kubekho inkqubela-phambili efanayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu kunye nelaseMelika. Inkqubo yezopolitiki ebangelwa yile mithetho yezopolitiki eninzi ehambayo, ulawulo, ulawulo lwe-lifa lwamazwe, i-libracrthe-licrbal-denti/irbactic , kodwa inguqulelo nganye yayiyimpendulo engqalileyo kwilifa lemfazwe yehlabathi. Ngokufanayo, iNguquko yonyaka kaRhostry, eyafaka inkqubo efanayo inkqubo yecandelo elinye elisekelwe kwimiqatha lemeko yezoqoqosho.

Ubalo

Ulawulo lwamathanga lushiye iziphumo ezinzulu kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente wamazwe amaninzi. Iingingqi ezihlaziyiweyo zidla ngokuzuza ilifa izakhiwo zolawulo, izicwangciso zomthetho, nemida yezopolitiko ebekwe ngabahlali bazo. Kwanasemva kokuzimela, ezi nkqubo zizuzw' ilifa zisoloko ziqhubeka, ngamanye amaxesha ngokutshintsha. Umzekelo, amathangalathisi amaninzi aseBritane athanjiswe ulawulo-demokhstan lwepalamente, ngoxa amathangathangathanga mazwe amaninzi aseFransi ayedla ngokulandela umgangatho ophakathi, wemodemodeli. Noko ke, umanyano oluzenzekelayo lwamaqela ahlukeneyo amaqela eentlanga namaqela eezwe phantsi kwemidali ephantsi kwemidabi lwabangela ingxabano eqhubekayo eqhubekayo eqhubekayo. EAfrika, ilifa lokufumana ulawulo lwezikhundla lobushiyo nolawulo lobuzwishophu lwempumenti lwezi, lobupoliti yezo zezolawulo lwedemokhrasi, lobuthondo, iinstmastmenti, iin elventi, iinstmast

Iimfazwe Neengxabano

Iimfazwe, zombini zamakhaya nezezizwe ngezizwe, zikwangabaqhubi abanamandla botshintsho lukarhulumente. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwabangela iJapan neJamani ukuba zahlule iinkqubo ezintsha zezoburhulumente ezathi zagxininisa idemokhrasi, amalungelo abantu, kunye nezoxolo. EJapan, ukudityaniswa koMkhosi oMkhosi wenqanawa uDouglas MacArthur walawula ukuququkwa komgaqo-siseko omtsha wolawulo-siseko okwaguqula urhulumente waba yidemokhrasi. IJamani, yahlulahlula-hlula imikhosi yecawa emva kwemfazwe, yavelisa iinkqubo zezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo ezimbini, , ``ubukhomanisi obubodwa eMpuma, , enye idemokhrasi eNtshona , demokhrasi eNtshona/iindelini ngo 1990. iimfazwe zamakhaya, njengemfazwe ye-Chuni yoluntu (18661,18) ekhokelela ekuguquleni kwegunya lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo loluntu, i-uzwizwe lobukhoboka, i-U.U.S. i-U.

Iimpembelelo Zenkcubeko Nezentlalo

Iindlela zokukhetha urhulumente aziyondlela nje esengqiqweni yokwakha iinkqubo zezobupolitika; zibonakalisa iinkolelo, amasiko nezinto eziza kuqala kubantu abalawulayo. Iimeko zenkcubeko ziquka isimo sengqondo ngegunya, ukubaluleka komntu ngamnye ngokuchasene nentlalontle emanyaneyo, izithethe zonqulo, namava embali aphathelele ulawulo.

Ukuqokelela

I-Societies egxininisa ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nomanyano lwentlalo isoloko itsalelwa kwiinkqubo ezibeka uluntu kwindawo yokuqala phezu komntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aseMpuma Asia aneenkqubo zezobupolitika ezidibanisa ungenelelo olunamandla lwesizwe kunye nezintlu zedemokhrasi .Nkathi zibizwa ngokuba “yidemokhrasi yedemokhrasi” okanye“ inkcazo yezoburhulumentekazi yephondo.” ETshayina, ukugxininisa ukuzinza nokuzinza kwentlalo kunye nentlalo-ntle yamaqela, ezisekelwe kumaxabiso aphezulu eConfucius, inceda ukuxhasa umgangatho ophezulu wenkqubo yoluntu. Ngokufanayo, amazwe ase-Nordic, ngelic, ngelinye imo engqinelanayo kwimilinganiselo ye-United States, kunye nolungeleneyolawulo olulungele ulungelelwano lwe-ogracralitial.

Izithethe Zonqulo NezobuFilosofi

Unqulo ngokwembali luye lwadlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Kumazwe amaSilamsi, ulwalamano phakathi konqulo norhulumente luyahluka-hluka. Amanye amazwe, njengoSaudi Arabia, amkela ulawulo lobuthixo apho umthetho wonqulo usisiseko sokulawula. Ezinye, njenge Turkey, ziye zalandela ubukho bobukhomzeli ngoxa zisakuvuma ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko yamaSilamsi. EYurophu, uHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti kunye neemfazwe zonqulo ezalandelayo zanegalelo ekunyukeni kwezizwe namazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nengcamango yolawulo lwehlabathi. Ngokukodwa izithethe zentanda-ntanda-bulumko zolawulo lweNtshona Kolocke, iMontescoueue, noRousziusley, ngokungqalileyo zaphembelela ukuphuhliswa komgaqo-demokhrasi kwiinkulungwane ze-18 kunye neze-19. Ukuqonda oku kuchaza iimbono ezithile zezobupolitika zezobupolitika kwezinye iindawo kodwa ezinye imimandla.

Izakhiwo Nemigangatho Ephakamileyo

Izithethe zobungangamsha, ezifana neenkqubo zokucalucalucalulo, okanye ulwahlulo lwesizwe, zikwachaphazela ukuthathwa koorhulumente. EIndiya, inkqubo yokucalucalulwa kwabantu ngokweendiya iye yaphembelela ngokwembali amandla ezobupolitika kwaye iyaqhubeka ibumba isebenzisa ezonyulwayo kunye nenkqubo. Ukusetyenziswa korhulumente waseIndiya ekuqinisekiseni ukuthatha amahlelo aphantsi kungumphumo othe ngqo wokubekwa kwembali entlalo. Kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika, ukunyaniseka ngokwesizwe kudla ngokuthatha indawo yesizwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkqubo zezobupolitika ezixhomekeke kulwakhiwo nolawulo olumanyeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukungalingani kwezentlalo kufuna urhulumente ukuba aqinise okanye athobeko, kuxhomekeke kwiinjongo zebutho labantu.

Iimeko zezoqoqosho noLawulo

Iimeko zezoqoqosho zinendima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Umgangatho wophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukwabiwa kobutyebi, isakhiwo soqoqosho, namava eemeko zezoqoqosho zonke iimpembelelo zezopolitiko ezikhoyo nezinomtsalane. Amazwe oMvuzo angaseka iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezintsonkothileyo ezintsonkothileyo, ngeli xesha amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo enokuthi athathe ulawulo oluseziko lobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhaka obungakumbi okanye olunolawulo olungqongqo ukuze alondoloze ucwangco. Iimeko zezoqoqosho zinokunyusa iinguqu ekulawuleni, njengoko amazwe efuna uzinzo nolwando.

Ubutyebi nolawulo-moya

Kukho ungquzulwano olubhalwe kakuhle phakathi kwenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kukho umanyano oluthe xa kuthethwa ukuba i-GDP ikwimo-mntraka, imfundo engcono, kunye neeklasi eziphakathi ezithe zanda zithambekela ekuxhaseni iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ingcamango yokuzikongomisa yale mihla icebisa ukuba njengoko amazwe amaninzi evelisa umgangatho wezoqoqosho nomgangatho ophezulu wedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, uMzantsi Korea utshintshelwa kulawulo-demokhrasi lwemikhosi yezomkhosi ukuya kumgangatho wenkqelelo-yo ophezulu kuma-80, njengoko uqoqo bawo ezoqoqosho lukhula kwaye uluntu lwawomeleze umgangatho obutyebi obuphezulu wobungameleyo. Ngokufuthi ke, njengoko ezo zixhobo ze-oli-oyile-ezoqoqosho zifumana amava “ukuqalekisa,” apho ubutyebi bezinto zendalo zinceda khona ukubhukuda nokuphethulwa kwe-demodemodemode

Ukudodobala Kwezoqoqosho Njengezinto Ezitshintshayo

Iingxaki zezoqoqosho zisoloko zisebenza njengezizathu zokutshintsha kwezobupolitika. Ukudodobala Okukhulu koorhulumente base-1930 e-Itali naseJamani, kunye neNew Development eUnited States, ezandisa indima karhulumente wesizwe kwezoqoqosho. Kutshanje, i-Asian Finance Crisis yezezimali yowe-1997 yenza ulawulo oluphantsi kolawulo lwe-Angleneziya noMzantsi Korea, ibangela ukuba abantu bakulungele ukulwamkela ngamandla ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. ELatin America, ukukhuthuzwa kwemali namatyala eeendleko kwimithetho yezoqoqosho e-19909, kwakhokelela ekuthand ’ ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-Promastiki yezoqoqo lezoqoqosho, kwezinye iimeko, ukutshintsha kolawulo lomkhosi ukuya kulawulo-demokhrasi. Amava embali ezoqoqosho anokwenza abantu bakulungele ukwamkela igunya elinamandla, okanye ukugxatyaniswa kwegunya elikhulu, okanye ukulawulwa kwemithetho ekamva labo.

Iimeko Zezoqoqosho Nezilangazelelo

Uhlobo lwemeko yezoqoqosho yelizwe nalo lungurhulumente walo. Iingingqi zama-grarian zisenokuba neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zolawulo kuneemeko zoshishino okanye zezoqoqosho ezisekelwe kwinkonzo. Ngokomzekelo, iinkqubo zemfazwe zazidibene nokuphatha umhlaba kunye nemveliso yezolimo. IMvukelo yezoshishino yabangela ulwahlulo olutsha lwezentlalo-ntle yezentlalo-ntle yelizwe. /iBhunga loshishino loshishino kunye nolawulo lwezikomkhulu lwasedolophini kunye nezopolitiko lwezopolitiko olukhokelela kulwando lwe-tofficel kunye nokuphuhliswa kwamaqela amaqela asebenzela kunye nezobugcuphene. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, izoqoqosho ezinamandla kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezimanyeneyo zinganyanzela urhulumente ekuphembeleni ulawulo kunye nezivumelwano zezoshishino, ezichaphazela ulawulo nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umxholo Wembali Osebenza

Xa sihlolisisa amazwe athile, sifumanisa ukuba imbali ithetha ngendlela echanileyo indlela abaza kusetyenziswa ngayo oorhulumente.

I-United States

I-U.S. yamkela inkqubo yedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi yorhulumente ephenjelelwa ziingcamango zoKhanyiselwano nomnqweno wokuzimela ngokwahlukana kulawulo lwamakoloni. Umongo wembali wemvukelo, ukungabikho kwetyala, nokujolisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye alolonga isakhiwo sakhe sikarhulumente. Ootata abaseka iprojekthi babephenjelelwe kakhulu ziingcamango zikaJohn Locke ka-Roke ka-rejik-demon zamalungelo emvelo kunye nembono kaMontesquieuni yokwahlulo lwamagunya. INguquko lwaseMelika (1775-1717883) lwalungeyomfazwe nje yokuzimela ukuzimela kodwa kwakhona ukuchaswa kwemithetho ye-obhuzanti. UmGalo wesizwe wewaka elingu178779565 nowokuphuhliswa kwamalungelo ombuso olungele ukukhuselwa kwemeko oluphakathi korhulumente nolawulo lwezoqoqosho oluqhubekayo, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemeko oluqhubekayo, ukubonakala kwemeko lwemeko lwemeko yesizwe, i-ogropublicrac, kunye namasebe, kunye

I-China

Inkqubo karhulumente waseTshayina, iphondo elinye elinobusoshiyali, laphenjelelwa yimbali yalo ende yoburhulumente, imvukelo yobukomanisi, nomnqweno wokuzinza kwentlalo. Imbali yezobuthanga kunye neemfazwe zangaphakathi nayo yadlala indima ekulungiseni ulawulo lwayo lwangoku. Kwiinkulungwane, iTshayina yalawulwa ngabalawuli kunye neqela lesizwe elisembindini elagxininisa ukulawulwa kwe-homonia. Ukuwa kweQiastytyty eCuarty ngo191111111 kwakhokelela kwixesha lesiphithiphithi, ukuqhushukuma kwemi, nemfazwe yamakhaya. Ulo lweSizwanonge sobuKomanisi phantsi kweMao Zedong ngo-19949, kwaseka imongamandla anamandla okulawula ulawulo oluphakathi kwezobupolitika nezobupolitika zezobupolitika, ingenakuqwalaselwa ngamandla yinkqubo yesizwe ephambili yesizwe, i-eronjiki yesizwe.

I-Jamani

Inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseJamani yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiziganeko zembali. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iWeimar Republic yasekwa, kodwa amaziko ayo edemokhrasi aye ebuthathaka yaye ekugqibeleni awa phantsi kobunzima bemeko yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko, nto leyo eyakhokelela kulawulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwamaNazi (1933-1945). Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJamani yayahlulwa yayahlulwa yayahlulwa ngokweempuma, nganye ineenkqubo zezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo ezimiselwe ngamagunya alawulayo. I-Jamani yafumana idemokhrasi enempembelelo eqinile nemithetho ephakamileyo ephakamileyo yoluntu, eyayicetyelele ukuthintela ukubuya kolawulo lolawulo-mpatho. Umthetho osisiseko (Grungesezzzzinzi) waquka iindlela ezifana nokuvota kwemali eqinileyo neyongamandla yenkundla yezoburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente bomhlaba eNtshona Jamani, kunye nezixhobo zayo eziburhulumente obumanyeneyongamele imikhosi yamazwe amanani amanani azimeleyonganye, i-20.

I-India

Ulwamkelo lwe-Indiya lwedemokhrasi emva kokuzimela geqe emva kolawulo-mpukane ngowe-1947 lwayilwa kakhulu yimbali yayo kunye nelifa lembutho yokuzimela geqe yaseIndiya. Ulawulo lweziko leBritani lwasungula iinkalo zolawulo lwepalamente, ubuphathi bale mihla, kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni esisekelwe kumthetho wesiNgesi. Noko ke, ukuhambelana kwenkululeko phantsi kweMahatma Gandhin kunye neJawaharlarral Neh kwamkela iingcamango zedemokhrasi kunye nenkqubo yokuzilawula izwe njengendlela yokumanyanisa ilizwe elinobuzwe elinobuzwe elinobugqeba. Amava embali ogonyamelo nobunzima boqoqo bezoqoqosho kunye noqoqo bezoqoqosho, i-Indiya ingakumbi, i-evolustratmentalism nelcedment, ityala eliphantsi kolawulo-ntle lwentlalo-ntle, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yesizwe nokukhuselwa kwemithetho yezonganiso yangaphambili yelizwe phakathi kwelizwe, ukulwa kwelizwe nokuvukelo yezonganiso.

Imeko-bume nezobugcisa

Ngoxa imeko-bume yembali ingumo-mongo-mbali, ilens yengingqi kunye nobugcisa bunxulumene nembali kunye nenkqubo karhulumente. Iimeko ze-grountain ezifana nobukhulu belizwe, umhlaba, imozulu, kunye nokufikelela kwimizila yezorhwebo zingabumba izakhiwo zolawulo. Amazwe amakhulu, ahlukeneyo afana ne-United States, Russia, neKhanada aye afumana iinkqubo zolawulo ezisemthethweni ukulawula imimandla eyahlukeneyo. Uphuhliso lweziqithili lungaphuhlisa ezohlukeneyo kunye nemithetho yezorhwebo yamazwe angaphandle. Ngokufanayo, inkqubela-zobugcisa efana nomatshini wokushicilela, esasaza iingcinga iingcamango zotshintsho, okanye i-intanethi, enceda iimeko ezintsha zezopolitiki ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Umzekelo, ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwaguqula indlela yokuzikhusela imfazwe kunye namandla phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nemikhosi yemfazwe.

Impembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nomahluko

Ekugqibeleni, imeko-bume yolwalamano lwehlabathi lonke ayinakutyeshelwa. Ngokuchasene noko, oorhulumente baphenjelelwa ngumzekelo wabamelwane abanamandla, ababesakuba ngamagunya amathanga, okanye iingcamango zomhlaba wonke. Ukusasazeka kwedemokhrasi ngenkulungwane ye-19 kunye neye-20 kwaqhutywa ngokwemo-yolawulo-mpukane yimpumelelo yamazwe e-demokhrasi njengeUnited States neUnited Kingdom, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezivumelwano. Ngokuchasene noko, ukunyuka kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kuma-30, kwabonisa intsingiselo yehlabathi lonke kwifascism kunye ne-Rhweboy. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, imekobume yemfazwe yomlomo yaqhubela amazwe amaninzi ekulungelelaniseni kwamazwe neUnited States okanye eSoviet Union, ichaphazela ukukhethwa kwawo kwezobupolitika kunye nezixhobo zezomkhosi zaseMelika eMpuma Yurophu.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda imbali yelizwe kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwesizathu sokuba iinkqubo ezithile zikarhulumente zamkelwe. Ezi nkqubo azimi ndawonye; ziyaguquka njengoko intlalo zitshintsha kwaye zisabela kwiingxaki ezintsha. Ukuqwalasela le ngxelo kusinceda siqonde iinguqu zenkqubo zezobupolitika jikelele ehlabathini. Imbali ayimiselwanga, kodwa imisela iqonga apho iinguquko zezobupolitika zenziwe khona. Iimfazwe, iimfazwe, iinkcubeko zelizwe, imilinganiselo yempucuko, neengcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe zonke eziquka imbali yezinto ezikhoyo ezahlukahlukeneyo. [[FF] [10] [F1], iyakwazi ukuqikelela kakuhle indlela ezinokuhambelana ngayo iingxaki zexesha elizayo namathuba, kwaye siyakwazi ukucinga ngakumbi ngenkqubo yezobupolitika ezibunjwe yimeko yehlabathi. [enye imithombo yendalo eninzi], inikeza impembelelo engakumbi kwiimeko zezobupolitika, imbono yezopolitiki yelizwe, imbono yenzululwazi yezobupolitika [Fokrate] [F] [F] [Fognon] yelizwe, okanye i-E.[5]