Ukwazisa: IRaje Sabha njengeCandelo Lomthetho

IRaje Sabba, okanye iBhunga laseMerika, lisebenza njengendlu ephezulu yePalamente yaseIndiya yeBabaral. Ngeli xesha idla ngokuthathwa njengegumbi lokuphinda isetyenziswe, amagunya ayo omgaqo-siseko `ingakumbi ngokunxulumene neendleko ezingezomali, iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokudalwa kweMinyango ye-Indiya neyayinikela impembelelo enkulu kwiinkqubo zesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabba, enamalungu anyulwa ngqo ngabantu, uRajeya Sabhaha unyulo lwezintlungiso lwanyulwa ziindibano zikarhulumente kunye noMongameli waseIndiya. Lo msebenzi wonyulo uceleleka ngokungqalileyo ukumiswa kolawulo nolawulo lwelizwe. Noko ke, usuku-tokusebenza kwalo olusuka kwimicimbi yezopolitiko. Iqela elilawulayo, i-gnogracking, i-gnognome, i-gnognethi, i-gnognethi, i-gronate, i-mog.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko kunye nokwakhiwa kweRaje Sabha

UmGaqo-siseko wase-Indiya phantsi kweGatya 80 unika ukwenziwa kweRajiya Sabra, enamandla amakhulu angama-25. Okwangoku, inamalungu angama-245.233 anyulwe kumaphondo kunye nemimandla ehlangeneyo, kwaye eli-12 lityunjwe nguMongameli ngenxa yobuchule kuncwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkonzo yentlalo-ntle. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabbaha, encitshiswa rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu, iRajivya Sabha ngumzimba osisigxina-iphelo-isithathu samalungu ayo athatha umhlala phantsi nyaka ngamnye. Oku kunika incopho yomgangatho okhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokulawula iRhulumente, ingakumbi xa kusenziwa iindleko ezifuna ucoselelo olucoselekileyo.

Noko ke, iRajiya Sabha ayisosidelelo nje kuphela. Inamandla alinganayo neLok Sabha kumaphepha-mali angeyomali, iintlawulo zomgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo ezingezomthetho. Kwiindleko zemali, indima yayo ingumqondiso, kodwa inokuzilibazisa iintsuku ezili-14. Olu lungelelwaniso lwemithetho-siseko luthetha ukuba akukho qela lilawulayo lingakutyeshela ukuqalwa kwe Rapya Sabha, ingakumbi ukuba ayinaso isininzi. Ngoko ke intlukwano yezobupolitika yale gumbi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekudlulisweni komthetho wesitshixo.

Ukubekwa Kweqela: Impembelelo Engama - Arithmetic

Amandla eqela lezobupolitika kwiRaje Sabba achaphazela ngqo amandla ayo okuqhubekisela phambili okanye ukuphazamisa umthetho. Izihlalo zifumana izihlalo ezisekelwe kumelo lwazo kwiindibano zikarhulumente, zisebenzisa inkqubo enye yokuvota edluliselweyo yokumela ulungelelwaniso. Oku kwenza i Rajiya Sabba ibe sipili selizwe lezobupolitika kumaphondo, ngokufuthi ikhokelela kwimeko apho iqela elilawulayo esiziko linganandi nyoliswa ngoninzi kwindlu ephezulu.

Ngokomzekelo, iBharatiya Janata Party (BJP), phezu kwako nje ukuyalela uninzi lwe-Lok Sabhaha ukususela ngo-2014, ibisoloko ingena uninzi kwiRajiya Sabata. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-Indiya National Congress, ngexa ibuthathaka kwindlu esezantsi, iye yafumana amandla abalulekileyo kwindlu ephezulu ngenxa yobukho bayo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho. Amaqela ephondo afana neIndiya uAnna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AAADMK), iBiju Data Dal (BD), kunye [FLT:] uBR.[FLT] [FLTLT] [FLT] [1]

IMidlalo YeQela Elikhulu Nempembelelo Yalo Yomthetho

  • BJP-Ledi NDA: Njengombutho olawulayo, iBJP namahlakani ayo banyanzela ucwangciso lwemithetho karhulumente. Noko ke, xa bembalwa, kufuneka bathethe namaqela aphikisanayo okanye banqumle umgangatho ukuze bakhusele amavoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-UPA Ekhatyiweyo: Idla ngokusebenzisa inkcaso eyintloko, iKhomishini isebenzisa amandla ayo eRajiya Sabha kwi-scrutining ematyala, ishukumise ulungiso, kwaye ifune ukwahlulwa. Indawo yabo inamandla kakhulu xa iqela elilawulayo liswela uninzi olucacileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Imimandla yengingqi: Imikhosi efana neSamajwadi Parti (SP), Rashtriya Dal (RJD), kunye neTelugu Desam Partium (TDP) ibambe umlinganiselo wamandla kwiimeko ezininzi. Inkxaso yabo inokuba yeyona igqibelelayo ukudlula intengiselwano yesiseko, efuna uninzi olubini lwesithathu kwizindlu zombini.

Ubuchule bempembelelo yeqela ekwenzeni izigqibo

Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zisetyenziswayo kutyhila indlela eli candelo elisuka ngayo kwingxoxo lisiya kwisigqibo.

Ingqeqesho Nengqeqesho Yomanyano

Iqela ngalinye kwiRajiya Sabha limisa isisabhokhwe, elinoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu eqela akhona kwaye avote ngokomgca weqela. Umthetho ochasene nokubulala ngaphantsi kweShedyuli yeshumi leSigqeba unyanzela amalungu ukuba anamathele kwisabhokhwe; ukwaphula kwayo kungaphumela ekususeni ukhupho. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwivoti ezigxekayo, amalungu ngamanye anqabileyo aqhawule amaqela. Ngelixesha ingqeqesho iqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, iyakwazi ukuvala ingcinga ezimeleyo kwaye inciphise ubunjani begumbi.

IiKomiti zePalamente

Uphando oluninzi oluneenkcukacha lwetyala luyenzeka kwiikomiti zepalamente, njengeKomiti yokuKhetha okanye iKomiti yePalamente eManyeneyo (JPC). Amalungu adibanisa ezi komiti ngokuhambelana namandla azo. Iingxelo zeKomiti zithwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo kwaye zisoloko zikhokelela ekulungisweni okukhulu kwemali. Impembelelo yamaqela isetyenziswa kungekuphela kumgangatho kodwa nakumagumbi ekomiti, apho umnqophiso wokunqamleza icandelo ungakhiwa khona.

Ulungelelwaniso lwefloor kunye nodityaniso

Icandelo lomgangatho lilungelelanisa ucwangciso lweentlanganiso ezingacwangciswanga zeKomiti yeBhasi (BAC) kunye nokuhamba rhoqo kweentlanganiso. Ukudibana/ucwangciso apho ilungu elivela kwiqela elilawulayo kunye nelungu eliphikisayo livuma ukuba lingabikho ngexesha elinye, kwaye liyakwazi ukulondoloza umlinganiselo wokuvota. Le yinkqubo esekelwe kuvavanyo olusekelwe kwi-imvisiswano esebenza ngezantsi kwemithetho esemthethweni kodwa ixhomekeke kwiqela.

Impembelelo Yeqela Lezobupolitika Kwiziphumezo Zomthetho

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla eqela kunye neqhinga kunegalelo elibonakalayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Imizekelo embalwa ephawulekayo ibonisa indlela amaqela abumba ngayo izigqibo eRajiya Sabha.

Irhafu yerhafu neenkonzo (GST)

UMthetho we-101 woMgaqo-siseko Wochibiyelo, wonyaka ka-2014, owazisa i-GST, wawufuna ukuba kunikwe abantu aba-3-2 kwizindlu zozibini. Ngelo xesha, urhulumente we-BJP otyikitywe yi-NDA wayengenaso isininzi kwiRajiya Sabba. Kwakufuneka uthethelene kakhulu neBhunga kunye namanye amaqela aphikisayo ukuze akhusele inkxaso efunekayo. Isivumelwano sokugqibela sadluliselwa kuphela emva kokuba urhulumente evume ukuhlawula amatyala elahleko yemali nokuquka i-1% yerhafuthe. Lo mzekelo ubala ubala indlela igalelo lweqela elinyanzela ngayo ukuba livume imvume.

UMthetho weSikolo (Amabhinqa aseMusim (Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Emtshato), 2019)

Eli tyala liphangalasela isithathu setyala langoko lajamelana nenkcaso enzima kwiRajiya Sabba evela kwiNgqungquthela, onke amaBhunga eIndiya amaSilamsi eMthethweni weBhodi-aluni, kunye namaqela amaninzi angaphiliyo. Lo mthetho wadluliselwa kwiLok Sabba amaxesha amaninzi kodwa wagcinwa kwindlu ephezulu ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabaninzi. Ekugqibeleni, urhulumente kwafuneka akhethe ukudlulisa umthetho aze alinde ukuba umqulumbi we-Rajiya Sabba ushin ukuze ashinqi emva konocholo. Ulibaziselo kunye nokuhamba oku ekugqibeleni kugxininisa indlela amaqela achaseneyo okanye abumba umthetho ngamanani aphezulu.

Imithetho yefama (2021)

Imithetho emithathu yefama eyamiswa ngoSeptemba 2020, nangona yayipheliswe zizo zombini izindlu, yabangela ukuqhankqalaza okukhulu. Amaqela amaninzi enkcaso eRaje Sabha ayelumkisile ngokukhange kufuneke ukuba afumane imvume engafanelekanga. Xa urhulumente ekugqibeleni wayiphinda wayibeka imithetho, ngokwenxalenye yayibangelwa yingcinezelo yezobupolitika kunye nokuqhubekeka kwemfazwe yepalamente akuzange kukwazi ukumelana nayo. I-Rajiya Sabba indima yakhe ekuphakamiseni imibuzo, ukususa imijikelezo yenkani, nokunyanzela ukuba urhulumente atshintshe indlela.

Imimandla kunye nolawulo lwemali

Amaqela engingqi akangobadlali nje abancinane kwiRajiya Sabba; basoloko belawula imithetho yomthetho. Ngenxa yokuba izihlalo kwiRajiya Sabba zinikwa ngokusekelwe kumandla endibano yengingqi, amaqela alawulayo ezobupolitika zikarhulumente anokuphatha inani elikhulu lezihlalo. Umzekelo, iYSR Congress Party (YSRCP) kwiAndro Pradesh, BJ e-Odisha, kunye ne-Aam Aadmi Party (AAAP) ukusuka eDelhilish nasePunjab isebenzisa izikhundla zayo ezingundoqo ze-Rajiya Sabbah ukuxoxa ngemiba karhulumente kwimicimbi ephakathi ye-9.

Oorhulumente bephondo abanobuni kwinkangeleko baxhomekeke kula maqela ephondo ekukhuseleni amaphondo. Urhulumente we-United Errocement Alliance (UPA) wowama-2004-2014 waxhomekeka kakhulu kwinkxaso yamaqela asekhohlo kunye namahlakani engingqi kwiRajiya Sabha. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente wangoku NDA usoloko ufuna uncedo lwamaqela afana neTDP, i-JD(U), okanye iLJP ukudlulisa iindleko zoxanduva. Isiphumo siluxakeko lwengxoxo apho iqela lihlala lithembekile okomzuzwana kwaye lisekelwe kwimibandela.

Ufundisiso Lwetyala: Iinconsummentcy neBankruptic Code (IBC)

I-IBC, eyadlula ngo-2016, yayilutshintsho oluphawulekayo. Yaqala njengomthetho nemvume efunekayo yepalamente. Urhulumente, owayengenayo i-Rajiya Sabba isininzi ngelo xesha, wasebenza neKhomishini ukuhambisa imali kwindlu ephezulu. IKhomishini, emva kokukhusela iintshayelelo ezithile, yaxhasa umthetho. Lo mboniso unqabileyo webhartishali yayisenokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba omabini amaqela amakhulu ayebona i-IBC njengeyimfuneko kwimpilo yezoqoqosho. Kodwa isimo sokugqibela saphenjelelwa ziingxoxo phakathi kweenkokeli zeqela ezivaliweyo.

Ucelomngeni Lokwenza Isigqibo Esinempumelelo

Ngoxa amaqela ezobupolitika ebaluleke gqitha kwidemokhrasi yabameli, impembelelo yawo kwiRaje Sabha nayo ibangela iingxaki eziliqela.

Ubuchule Obungaqondakaliyo Nobuchule Obuntsonkothileyo

Amaqela enkcaso adla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana nokuhamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuqukumbela, kunye nokuthubeleza ukulibazisa ukuququzelela iziganeko. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iRaje Sabha ibone izihlandlo ezininzi apho iintlanganiso ziphela ngenxa yokuphazamisana kwemicimbi efana neRafale, impikiswano yePegasus, okanye ukufa kwenkokeli edumileyo.

Umthetho olwa nokuLahla kunye nokuVunywa

Umthetho ochasene notyalo, owenzelwe ukunqanda ukunqamleza umgangatho ukuze kufumaneke inzuzo yobuqu, usetyenziswa ngamaqela ukunyanzelisa uqeqesho lokuvota olungqongqo. Oku kunciphisa umlinganiselo wesivumelwano sokunqamleza kwimibandela engeyoyozobupolitika. KwiRajiya Sabha, apho amalungu asoloko enamanani amakhulu anobuchule obuninzi, isabhokhwe ingawanyanzela ukuba avote ngokuchasene nokhetho lwawo. Isiphumo singumoya othe tyaba apho ingcamango ingaphantsi kwenzala yeqela.

Ukungafumaneki kwemibutho yokuzimela ngokwamalungu angenamiqathango

Amalungu alishumi elinesibini atyunjwe angomnye weRaje Sabha ajoliswe ekuziseni ubuchule obungengobupolitiki. Kodwa, kuqheliselwa, basoloko bevota kwimigca yeqela ```kunokuba benziwa ngabalawuli okanye ngenxa yokuba bedityaniswe nembono yezobupolitika. Oku kusilela injongo yelungiselelo lokufakela umpuku kwaye kunciphisa amandla okungeyonxalenye, engoolwazi olufanelekileyo.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje: Ukuncitshiswa Kwenkcaso Nokuncitshiswa Okukhulayo

Ngonyaka wama-2025, umhlaba wezopolitiko kwi Rajiya Sabba ujikele. I-BJP inyuse ubalo lwesihlalo sayo ngokuthe ngcembe ngolonyulo lwelizwe, kwaye iqela ngoku libamba unyuko olukufutshane kwindlu ephezulu. Oku kunciphise ukuphinda-phindeka kwemithetho-siseko. Noko ke, iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nobunjani bengxoxo. Xa elinye iqela lilawula, i Rajiya Sabra inokuba ligumbi eline-rabhasstamp, liphulukana nomsebenzi walo wokuqala njengeqela elijonge umthetho ongxamisekileyo.

Kanti amaqela aphikisayo ayaqhubeka esebenzisa izixhobo zeprocebral ukuvavanya amatyala karhulumente. Ukuveliswa kweenguqu ezintsha nokusetyenziswa kwengqiqo (ipost-pandemic) kutshitshintshwe isingqi sengxoxo. URajiya Sabba’s compat, phantsi kokhokelo lweCheagerman (Mongameli waseIndiya), i-okday yemithetho enyanzelisayo yokuthintela ukuphazamiseka, kodwa uxinzeleko phakathi komthetho omninzi namalungelo amancinane lusaseleyo.

Impembelelo Yangaphandle: Iimbono Zoluntu Nengcinezelo Yemithombo Yezindaba

Amaqela ezobupolitika kwiRajiya Sabba akwasabela kwiingcinezelo ezithe kratya. Iingxoxo ezinkulu kwimibandela efana noMthetho woLawulo lweziNqanda (CAA) okanye ukuqhankqalaza kwabalimi babona amaqela etshabhiswa okanye esabela kwimvakalelo kawonke-wonke. Ukuququzelelwa kwamajelo eendaba kunye namajelo eendaba anokunyanzela amaqela ukuba athathe inyathelo, ingakumbi kwimekobume yezobupolitika echukileyo. IRajiya Sabba, nangona ikhuselwe kunyulo olungqalileyo, ayigonyelwanga kuluvo lukawonke-wonke ngenxa yokuba amalungu awo ajongeneembono zombutho onyulo olukwiqondo lombuso.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ngamalungu eRajeya Sabra. Amandla awo, ubuchule, kunye nemibutho yawo ibumba zonke izinto zesigqibo sayo . Ukusuka ekucwangcisweni kwamatyala ukuya kwivoti yokugqibela. Ukuqonda le ntshukumo ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela idemokhrasi yase-Indiya esebenza ngayo ngokwenene. IRajiya Sabhaha, ngexa yenziwe njengendlu yamazwe kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi abadala, isebenza ngokuqinileyo phakathi kwesiseko seqela lezobupolitika. Njengoko ummandla wezobupolitika waseIndiya uvela ngokunyuka kolawulo olunogalelo olunye kunye neentelelo eziqulukileyo, indima yamaqela e-Jajiya Sabha iza kuhlala iyindawo engundoqo yokunqanda iziphumo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] uphando lwe-PRS Lokulawula iphepha kwinkqubo ye Rajiya Sabha] i- Consitution of India[ kumanqaku anxulumeneyo, kwaye [[FLT:] i-'offial Rajiya Sabba' yemithetho ye-procravial. Ngokudibanisa, ii-Platestingss kwi iiNkqubano zomhlalikezo] zexesha langoku zinika ingqiqo kwiqela elijikelezayo.