Intshukumo yoluntu iye yaphembelela ukubumba ulawulo lweziko lowiso-mthetho kunye nenkqubo yelizwe laseIndiya, isoloko isebenza njengezinto ezibangela utshintsho xa iinkqubo zolawulo zibonakala zicotha okanye zingasabeli. Le ntshukumo, ephuma kuwo omaphandleni nasemadolophini, ihlaziyisa iimfuno ezidibeneyo zamaqela aphantsi, abasebenzi, kunye nabemi abaxhalatyisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo namaqela alawulayo, akhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke, aphazamisa uluvo lwasekuhlaleni, kwaye anyanze urhulumente ukuba aphinde ahlolisise ezona zinto zibalulekileyo. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, ukusuka kwimikhosi elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho elwayo, i-1993366 yeyelegrozi, le ntshukumo ekhuthaza ulawulo olude, kunye neenguqulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Eli nqaku lihlola iingcaphulo zembali, imizekelo yexesha elihlala ixesha elide, imigaqo-enkqubo zoburhulumente.

Imvelaphi Yembali: Ukusuka Kwinkululeko Ukuya KwiRiphabliki Yamandulo

Isiseko semibutho yale mihla yezentlalo eIndiya sisemzabalazweni wesizwe wenkululeko, ukukhutshwa kwelizwe lonke okwadibanisa ukumanyana kwelizwe nokufuna intsebenziswano yentlalo. Iinkokeli ezifana noB. R. Ambedkar, owaxhasa amalungelo eDalili, neKastiba Gandhi, owasebenzela amandla amabhinqa, wabonakalisa indlela inkululeko yezopolitiko enokuthi ikhatshwe ngayo nguMnumfama Bbaba. Postsoka1947, igangendla lokuqala lemibutho ethetha ngezozinguquko zomhlaba, i-Pultracesting, kunye namalungelo asemthethweni amabhinqa. [[FLT][FT][FULT] [FUT]] [FOLT] [FOM] [FON] kunye nenani elithenjiweyo eliphekwe-Andlekayoku, lanikezela ngokungendlela yokuba ar-Appoziweyo kungene i-BEmplitiki, i-B.[4]

Ngexesha le1970 nango1980, umbutho wokusingqongileyo wafumana udumo lwesizwe. IChipko Movement [773] kumahlathi eHimalaya wasebenzisa uqhankqalazo olungelulo nxamnye nogonyamelo ukunqanda ukugawulwa kokungena, unyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba athintele umthi wezorhwebo ukuwa kwimimandla emininzi kwaye ekugqibeleni udlulise iNquat Conservation Act (1980). Ngokufanayo, u-Narda Bachao Andolan[[FLT] [N] [N] uxhathisa imisebenzi emikhulu yeda, ukuchasana kwemizwa kweda, ukurhoxinzelelwa kwendalo ye-Roggn (Genet).

Iintsebenziswano ezinkulu nemithetho yazo yemigaqo-nkqubo

Intshukumo yeDalithi ne-Adivasi

Umzabalazo wamalungelo eDalit uye waqhubeka ukususela kwixesha lokulawulwa kwamathanga. Idalit Panters eMaharashtra [772] yasusa intetho ukusuka nje ekulinganani okusemthethweni ukuya kubulungisa bentlalo kunye noboqoqosho. Umthetho wobundlobongela nokulwa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nocalucalucalulo localulo olukhokelweyo olucalulweyo, ulwamkelo lwe-Dalitis, ugonyamelo, kunye nocalucalulo nxamnye nolawulo olukhethekileyo lweencwadi. Uninzi lwakutshanje luye lwafuna ukuphunyezwa okungqongqo kwemiqathango ye-Atrocties, 1989[FLT] umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho onyanzelweyo, nolwaphulo-mthetho olunyanzelo oluphezulu oluye lwazinziswayo, kunye nocalucalucalucalulo oluvela kwiinkundla zenkundla ezikhethekileyo.

Iintsebenziswano ze-Adivasi zisekelwe kumalungelo omhlaba, ukufikelela kumahlathi, kunye nokusinda kwenkcubeko. UMthetho wamaLungelo aMahle, 2006 waba ngumphumo othe ngqo wamashumi eminyaka okhutshelo loluntu. Imithetho yemithetho ye-Accolonia yelizwe ebekwe imithetho engoovimba belizwe ekwaphula umthetho yokuziphilisa ngokwesithethe. Isenzo sibonakalisa amalungelo ehlathini ukuba abahlali behlala behleli behleli belime, baqokelele ukuveliswa kwehlathi elincinane, kwaye balawule amahlathi. Inkqubo yesivumelwano ibandakanya uxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-Clocastlessia kunye neengxoxo zepalametary, iphawula ukutshintshwa okubalulekileyo kokulondololwa kwemeko-ko kumazwe amahlathi kuphela ukuya kulawulo lwamahlathi oluphantsi oluphantsi.

Izinhlangano Zamabhinqa: Ukuhlengahlengisa Imisebenzi Engokwasemthethweni

Intshukumo zamabhinqa eIndiya ziye zafikelela iinguqulelo eziguqulayo kwimithetho yabantu, ukhuseleko emsebenzini, kunye nomthetho wogonyamelo ngokwesini. Iminyaka yee-1970 kunye nowe-1980 yabona ukunyuka kwamaqela amabhinqa azimeleyo awathi akwalela ukufa kwelo qabane (ikhazi), ukudlwengulwa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. [[FLTRARA RAS Case] [1980] [FLT:]] [1] yabangela ukuvuseka ingxubango yelizwe lonke, nto eyakhokelela ekuguquleni imithetho yokudlwengula imithetho yomthetho yeKhabhinitha (inteko) kuMthetho we-Chona), uMthetho ophezulu, uMthetho owenziwe ngomthetho owenziweyokuphendula amabhinqa, owenziweyo kwimithetho echasene nesongelo. [[[FLT] Iqela] [1997] [FFF] [94] [evos], kunye neSivumesongelo se-Reflaventi, [editions] [edians] [es]

Kutshanje, i-# Intshukumo ye-MeToo eIndiya (2088) yadibanisa ukusekwa kweekomiti zezikhalazo zangaphakathi kwimibutho emininzi kwaye yakhokelela ekuhlolweni okungakumbi kweempendulo zoququzelelo. Le ntshukumo ikwafak' ifak' isandla ekudluliseni kwemithetho ye- Trifficking of Personal (Prevention, Ukhuseleko kunye ne-Rebitation , nangona ukwenziwa kwayo kusekho umphikiswano. Amaqela amabhinqa ayaqhubeka etyhala imithetho ye-Genethi ye-Genethi, indawo ekwimithetho yomthetho-siseko somthetho-mthetho, kwaye eyomeleleyomeleleyo elwayokulwa nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-okhesha, i-obhethlogos prockishop.

Intshukumo Yokusingqongileyo Nemozulu

Intshukumo zokusingqongileyo eIndiya isuke kwimibhiyozo ye-Odisha ne[FLT] [[FLT] e-[FLT] kunye [[FLT]] ne [FLT] Jungle, Zaen[FLT:] Iphulo elibanzi lobulungisa bemo yezulu iIndiya linxulumene nomonakalo wendalo kunye nokurhoxiswa kwamazwe e-Adivasi. Le ntshukumo ibangela ukuba urhulumente angakwazi ukwenza imicimbi yezoshishino kunye nokunyanzeleka kwemeko-bume yemeko-bume. [[FFF] umbangonyaka kunye nomba othe kkade wafumana umba: [FFUF], umba oluphezulu lobuGreat [F], umbalelwano oluphezulu lwemeko-mouse] [Frangemount] [F] [F]

Iintsebenziswano kunye nokuguquka kwemithetho

IMbewu yokuXhotyiswa kweNkcubeko (2011-2012)

I-Involution Against Urmon[[FLT: 1] Umbutho osetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuchasene nokonakala , ophethwe nguAnna Hazare, owenzelwe izigidi ngehlombe ukunqumla idolokhwe nencinane i-Holown Indiya, ofuna iLokpal (umbhudman) enamandla (i-Ammondman) yokulwa nokunganyaniseki. Umbutho osetyenziswayo ulwenzeko oluqhubekayo, ushishino-mathe, kunye nendlala, kunye nokuhlasela urhulumente ukuba aphengulule urhulumente kunye ne-breacracta. Umbutho ovuselelweyo wawuno oluneede kakhulu [[2][FLT] [[FLT] [200] [FT] [5] uluthi oluthenjiswe yimveliso yentengo yoluntu, kwaye waqinisa i-okthe yenk yoogranti ye-octic, kunye ne-octic ye-ocritivement, i-octic, i-oc.

Iiprojekthi Zomlimi (207-2021)

Akukho mbutho wangoku ubonise amandla okuzingisa, ucwangcisiweyo njengocaphulo lwabalimi oluchasene nemithetho emithathu yefama eyadluliselwa ngoSeptemba 2020. Amashumi amawaka abalimi basePunjab, eHaryana, kunye namanye amazwe ayehleli kwimida yeDelhi iDelhi ngaphaya konyaka, phantsi kwebhanile yeSamukt Kiston Morcha. Iimfuno zabo – ukuphindwa kwabo kwemithetho ababeyiphikisa kwakuza kuphelisa iPuntabil [[FLT: 0]] Inkxaso encinci yePrice inkqubo enqabileyo] kwaye ithene amandla karhulumente anyanzelelwa ukuba angene, ekugqibeleni akhokelela kwimithetho emithathu yemithetho elandelwa ngumthetho e-MFLT [FYPRG] [201] [201] enqandwe kakhulu. Oku kukwakungadliselwa kwemeko epheleleyo yemithetho ebhaliweyo ngumthetho omkhulu. Ukunyanzelwa komthetho onyanzelelweyo, nokunyanzelwa kwemithetho egunyazwayo, nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho egunyaza i-MFoff.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuqhankqalaza kwabalimi kwabangela ukuba kuqwalaselwe ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yezolimo yaseIndiya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba urhulumente avuselele ingxubusho kwiiinshorensi ze-inshorensi, ukuthunyelwa ngokungqalileyo, kunye nomthetho wokusebenza kwe-odoli. Le nkqubo yakwachaza ubuchule obuphangaleleyo bezobupolitika, kunye neqela elilawulayo lihlolisisa ukuma kwalo kwimibandela engokonyulwa kwesizwe.

LGBTQ+ Intshukumo: Ukwamkelwa Okusemthethweni kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Umzabalazo weLGBTQ + amalungelo eIndiya uye wathatha ixesha elide kwaye udla ngokusetyenziswa kwenkundla ephakamileyo ngo-2013, kodwa intsebenziswano yentlalo yanika intabalala enzima emva kwayo. I-Naz Foundation[[FLT: 1] ityala (2009) ityala lobufanasini obungalawulekiyo, kodwa yabekwa bucala yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yoNkuhla ngo-luko-nyaka ka-2013. I-193] Le nkonzo yelizwe lonke – iquka uhambo, intlundlo, kunye nezicelo – eziye zafikelela kwimbali [[FLTLT:] [2]] uGenethi olunomendo olupheleleyo (207] logwebo (206, R.[FLT.5]) lwaye lwabe luye lwabethwa yinkqubo ye-Internethi ye-Internetic Codetic Codeticism [ifficism, i-G.[5]

Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Iintsebenziswano Eziwutshintsha Ngayo Umgaqo - siseko

Intshukumo yentlalo eIndiya ephembelela inkqubo edityanisiweyo kuhlobo oluthile. [FLT] ivulela ukhuthuzo – ingxwabangxwaba, indlala, kunye nezenzo zomfuziselo – zidala iindleko zobupolitika ezo oorhulumente abamele bazenze. Abalimi bahlala eDelhi imida yeDelhi liphulo elingundoqo lale nto. [[FFFF:] udidi olungundoqo lwezinyuko olungundoqo [FOT] [FUP] [FUP] olungundoqo [uni] [umthetho othe , ulawulo lweziko] [Gawulayonke] [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii, i-Grease-Genesalk [[10] [iken, i-Equans] [ians] i-Equast , i-Equant ye-Endlation, i-Equaf] ifuna iNF

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nebutho Lentlalo

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo, intsebenziswano yentlalo ijongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. [[FLT:] ukuchasa kwemeko yesizwe iyakwazi ukubonakala ekucinezeleni kwamapolisa, ukuhlukumeza okusemthethweni, nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokuvukela ulawulo nxamnye nabaxhasi. iBhartiyayany Union[[[[[FLT:]] iinkokeli zijongene neemeko ezininzi zenkundla; inkcaso yemeko yemeko yemekobume isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-antirbandropement. i-Political [[[FLT] i-elet:5] ingumngcipheko - – amaqela afanelekileyo amaqela angamelana nezicwangciso zawo ekufezeni iprojeko. [FLT] [FLT]

umahluko wangaphakathi kunye nomahluko wangaphakathi kwakhona umlinganiselo wesiphumo. Umbutho weDalit, umzekelo, ubone ulwahlulo phakathi kwamaqela amele ii-cuttcasts ezahlukeneyo, ukunciphisa amandla awo okucwangcisa. Imithetho-siseko semali nokunqongophala kwamandla ombutho kuthintela amaqela athatha ixesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, imithambo exhomekeke kakhulu kukhokelo lwe-actratic ingaba inokuba ikho xa inkokeli ithekile okanye i-compromplet – njengokuba kwenzeka kwi-Aam Aadmi Partivectory emva kwezo ezilwayo.

Kwixesha lamanani, i-sractivs-i-intanethi inkxaso engaguquleli kwi projekthi engu-gradient translate-style. Kodwa, izixhobo zamanani zikwanceda ukuphamba okukhawulezileyo: [# ye- kunye #] Ukudibanisa [MBlackdives [ imibutho yezizwe ezingqukuva ibonise indlela intshukumo zomhlaba ezinokuphembelela ngayo incoko yasekhaya. Ekugqibeleni, ukunyuka kwe imiqathango ye-''injini] kunye [g. g., amaqela ahlukeneyohlukeneyo lwelizwe okanye imithetho engobufana ne-e-ethonignome) adala imithetho yemithetho elawula i-grona.

Amathemba Ekamva: Ukubonakala Okujikelezayo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemibutho yentlalo kunye nelizwe lase-Indiya luza kuqhubeka luguquka. Ngokunyuka kokungena kwi-intanethi kunye neselfowuni, intshukumo zinokudlula kumajelo eendaba kwaye zifikelele abantu abanovelwano ngqo. Noko ke, oorhulumente banobuchule obungakumbi ekusebenziseni ukhangelo kunye nokusasazwa kobuxoki ekungavumelani nochaphazeli. Imozulu, ukutshintsha kwe-auto, kunye nokutshintsha kokwanda komsebenzi kuya kudala izikhalazo ezintsha – ukusuka ekukhuleni kokungabikho kwamanzi – ezi nkqubo zizakudibanisa imibutho emitsha elungelelanisiweyo.

Ukuze inkqubela iphumelele ekuguquleni inkqubo, kufuneka ilungelelanise ukuxhathisa kwabantu abaninzi ngokudibana kwequmrhu. Ukwakha izivumelwano kunye neprogreform bureaucrates, abamisi-mthetho, kunye nokucinga ukuba ii-granks zingaguqula ukuqhayisa kube ngumthetho. Iinkampani kufuneka zivelise inkqubo ecacileyo, esebenzayo kunokuphikisa. Impumelelo ye- ekukhuseleni iNational Food Security Act (2013) inika isikhokelo: umnqongophelelo wabaxhasi, abaphandi, nabacebisi bemithetho enobubele barhuqe imo yente yentengiso nephulo.

Ekugqibeleni, intsebenziswano yentlalo ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi echumileyo. Igcina urhulumente ephendulile, asandise amazwi aphantsi, kwaye iqinisekise ukuba inkqubo ayiphambuki kude kakhulu kumdla woluntu. Amava aseIndiya abonisa ukuba naxa urhulumente exhathisa, izenzo ezizingisileyo zobumi zinokuyiguqula imilinganiselo yolawulo. Njengokuba ilizwe lijongene neengxaki ezintsha – ukusuka ekungalinganini kwezoqoqosho ukuya kwiingxaki zemekobume – indima yemibutho yoluntu ekulungiseni abantu, imigaqo ephendulayo iya kubaluleka kakhulu.

Iimbekiselo (zikhutshiwe ngokugqitha kwindawo yokugcina/URL):

  • Ukufunda okungakumbi ngoMthetho wamalungelo aseFest Act kunye nesiqalo sawo, bona [[FLT: 0] PRS Legistrative Research on the Forest Rights Act [[FLT: 1].
  • Ukuze ufumane impembelelo yentshukumo yamabhinqa kumthetho, funda [[FLT: 0] le Economic & inqaku lePolitical Weektholts kwiVisaka iKhokelo .
  • Ulwazi olukwimithetho yefama ye-repeal ne-MSP lukhona ngecandelo lenkqubo yezolimo elisesikweni yezoshishino (ukufuna “imithetho yefarm repeal”).
  • Iinkcukacha kuMthetho weLokpal kunye nombutho ochasene nokonakala ungafumaneka [[FLT: 0] kwiCuzu lanamhlanje elifundisayo[[FLT: 1]].
  • Kumthetho weLGBTQ + amalungelo eIndiya kunye ne Transgender Persons, bona [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo abantu Awandiswayo.