Impembelelo Yemibutho Yezobupolitika Ekwenza Isigqibo Solawulo Lwezwe

Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza njengeenqwelo-mafutha eziphambili zombutho apho abathathi-nxaxheba bakhuphisana khona kwisikhundla esiphezulu kwaye kamva bayalawula. Kumgangatho worhulumente, impembelelo yamaqela kwirhuluneli i̱ izigqibo zidlulela ngaphaya kwezithembiso ezilula; zibumba imisebenzi yolawulo lwemini ukuya kwimini, ezona ziphambili, ezokunyanzelisa ulawulo, kunye neempendulo zamanqam. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo iyimfuneko kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo kwimekobume ekhuphisanayo.

Abalawuli belizwe abalawuli kwi-athom. Baxhomekeke kwimibutho yamaqela ukuze bafumane inkxaso yonyulo, intsebenziswano yemithetho, kunye nobuchule benkqubo. Ulwalamano phakathi kwerhuluneli kunye neqela labo luntsokothile, lubandakanya zombini iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezibandakanya i-̬ njengeenkqubo zobuchule zolawulo kunye nenkqubo zolawulo ezikhoyo kwiqela le-̬ kwaye iingcinezelo ezingacwangciswangacwangciswanga ziquka ii-data zokuxhasa ipropati kunye nokukhuthaza iingca. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ubuchule obungundoqo obuphembelela amaqela ezobupolitika aphembelela ukwenziwa kwesigqibo solawulo lweziko lwezolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Yeqela Kwabalawuli Besizwe

Amaqela ezobupolitika aphembelela abalawuli bamazwe kunye nabalawuli abaphetheyo abahamba ngemijelo emininzi, edityanisiweyo. Ezi nkqubo zisuka kulawulo olungqalileyo kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ukuya kwingcinezelo engangqalanga ngoluvo lukawonke-wonke namaqela abantu abanomdla avumelana neqela.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Iqela ngalinye elikhulu lezobupolitika ligcina iqonga elikumgangatho karhulumente i̬ iseti yemithetho emiselwe kwiindibano zeqela okanye kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi. Ngeli xesha la maqonga engabopheleli kwirhuluneli, anika uphawu olucacileyo lweqela i’ amathemba. Iinkokeli ezitsho kwicala elikude kakhulu kumngcipheko womngcipheko womgangatho wokuphulukana neqela elikwizikhundla eziphezulu okanye ukujongelwa phantsi kogxeko-gxeko-luvo lweqela elinempembelelo kwiqela eliye laphakamisa irhafuthelo ziya kujamelana noxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lokufuna ukunciphisa ingeniso yemo yemali okanye irhafuthelo yemali yemali, kwanokuba imeko yoqingqo lwabiwo-mali yesizwe icebisa ubulumko.

Impembelelo yeqela kumthetho ophambili inamandla ngokukodwa ngexesha lerhuluneli i’ ibinzana lokuqala, xa isakha ingxelo yabo kwaye befuna ukuphinda bakhethwe. Ikomiti yesizwe i’ isebenza ngokusondeleyo nerhuluneli i̱ iofisi ukuchonga intwana yemiba yokutyikitya eza kuchaza ulawulo. Ezi zinto ziphambili ziphambili zikhokela imiyalelo yolawulo, izicelo zoqingqo-mali, kunye nokhupho lomthetho.

Inkxaso yoMthetho neSibonelelo soMbutho

Irhuluneli i’ ubuchule bokukhupha umthetho buxhomekeke kakhulu kulawulo lwezikhundla zendlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa irhuluneli incedisana neqela elininzi kuwo omabini amagumbi, ukhokelo lweqela lusebenza njengomjelo wezolawulo eziphambili. Irhuluneli isebenza nenkokeli enkulu nezihlalo zekomiti ukucwangcisa ukuviwa, ukuvota ngesabhokhwe, nokuxokelelwa. Kumiselo olumanyeneyo lukarhulumente, uqeqesho lweqela lusoloko luphezulu, kwaye ukuphambuka kunqabile.

Ngokuchaseneyo, xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawulwe liqela eliphikisayo, irhuluneli kufuneka ithembele kwiminqophiso ye-bipartisan okanye isebenzise i-veto ngokulungelelanisa. Kwanakurhulumente owahluleleneyo, irhuluneli i̱ i-caucus yeqela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ingandisa okanye iingcebiso zesiphakamiso esithintelayo. Iinkokeli zeqela zingayeka ukuxhasa irhuluneli i’ inyathelo lokuqala ukuba zikholelwa ukuba ilulaza amathemba eqela elinolwamkelo olunolwahlulele-̱.

Amadinga Nezigqibo zabasebenzi

Abalawuli bephondo bamisela amakhulu amagosa, kuquka iintloko zeekhabhathi, iintloko zamasebe, amalungu ebhodi, kunye nabagwebi. Oku kumiselwa kunika imigaqo engqalileyo yokuphembelela iqela. Ngokuqhelekileyo amaGarhente akhetha abantu abanamaqhina aqinileyo eqela, njengangaphambili kwizihlalo zeqela, abanikeli bephulo, okanye abanyanisekileyo abaye basebenza kwimibutho yeqela. Aba bamiselwe i-ofisi balindeleke ukuba basebenzise irhuluneli i’ izicwangciso zokulungelelanisa imigaqo yeqela.

Imibutho yamaqela igcina uluhlu lwabafanelekele ukubekwa kwizabelo eziphezulu. I-ofisi yerhuluneli i’ ingabonana nesitulo seqela likarhulumente ngaphambi kokuba yenze izihlomelo ezingundoqo, iqinisekisa ukuba abanyuliweyo bamkelekile kwisiseko seqela. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuqinisekiswa kwamadinga athile kufuneka ivunywa ngurhulumente, apho abalawuli abanamandla banokuvala okanye abaxeli ababonwa benyanisekile kwiqela.

Iimbono Zabantu Nengcinezelo Enamandla

Amaqela ezobupolitika anobuchule ekukhuthazeni uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngamajelo eendaba, ukulungelelanisa iingca, nokuthumela imiyalezo kwijelo leendaba. Irhuluneli efuna ukusukela inkqubo engathandwayo ingathembela kwiqela ukuze lakhe inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ngokuchaseneyo, iqela elichasa irhuluneli i’ isigqibo sinokukhuthaza ukuvota ukuba banyanzelele umlawuli ophetheyo ngee-imeyili, iminxeba, nokuqhankqeza kwi-mfono yephondo.

Isisongelo socelomngeni lokuqala sesinye sezixhobo ezinamandla iqela elinazo ngaphezu kwerhuluneli. Ukuba irhuluneli iphinda-phinda ikhupha iqonga leqela, utshaba oluthembekileyo oluphambili oluxhaswa liqela lungadityaniswa nomzi womsebenzi walo. Eli qhayiya lichazwa ngokukhethekileyo kumaphondo anemibutho eqela elinamandla kunye nonyulo oluphambili.

Imali yephulo nokhuseleko lwezibonelelo

Amaqela karhulumente anyusa kwaye asasaze imali eninzi kunyulo, kuquka iminikelo kumaphulo onyuso. Ngelixesha abalawuli besoloko beneenkqubo zabo zokubonelela, basaxhomekeke kwiqela elilungelelanisiweyo ukuze bafumane iindleko, bafumane intsebenziswano yokufumana inkxaso-mali kwimiba yokunikela. Olu manyano lwemali ludala impembelelo echuliweyo kodwa eqhubekayo: irhuluneli ehambayo iinkokeli zeqela isenokukufumanisa kunzima ukukhusela oovimba beqela ukwenzela ukuqulungela okanye ukuxhasa abatshayeli be-baluleki abalungelelaniswe ngeminxeba yabo.

Ngaphandle kweminikelo engqalileyo, amaqela anikela uphando logcino-lwazi, amacebiso afanelekileyo, kunye nophando lwemigaqo. IRhuluneli ezigcina ulwalamano oluqinileyo neqela lesizwe zingenelwa kwezi zinto, ngoxa abo bagqalwa njengabangakhuthaziyo basenokuzibona bekwanti.

Imizekelo Yempembelelo Yeqela Engokwembali Neyakutshanje

Ukuqonda indlela ezi nkqubo ezisebenza ngayo, kuluncedo ukuqwalasela imizekelo ethile evela kwimbali ye-U.S. kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wombuso wakutshanje.

Iqela Elitsha Elilawulwa Yidemokhrasi Liyathotywa

Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wempembelelo yeqela kwigunya elilawulayo lesizwe eyenzeka ngexesha leNew Development. UMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt, iDemocratic Committee National kunye nemibutho yesizwe ukuzalisekisa amacebo ade eenkqubo e-ntlalo-ntle yoluntu, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho. Ngoxa iRoosevelt iyimeko yesizwe, imigaqo yakhe yaba neziphumo ezinzulu kubaphathi-rhulumente. Iinkokeli zelizwe lonke ilizwe kwakulindeleke ukuba zisebenzisanemibutho yesizwe enjenge-Droucravian Progrees Ad Administration kunye ne-Complification Corpolation. Idemocracracracy eyachase imigaqo emitsha yokunganyelwa kwemali nenkxaso kwesizwe nesizwe. Eli xesha labonisa indlela iqela lesizwe elinamandla elinokumisela ngayo imiqatha yezonganiso yezo yolawulo, kwana naxa ezinye iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni ezingo zasekuhlaleni ezithelelanayo.

Ingxaki yempilo engaphaya kwempilo enxulumene nolawulo loburhulumente

Ngowama-2010, ingxoxo emalunga noMthetho weAfford Kandleko ̱ iMidicaid yabonisa ulwahlulo olunzulu phakathi kwabalawuli besizwe. Abalawuli bedemokhrasi, belandela iqela labo i̱ benobucukubhede- bucala, phantse baxhasa iqonga lesizwe lonke, ngoxa iijaji zaseRiphabliki zaziyichasa okanye zifune ezinye iimodeli. Kumaphondo anjenge-Ohio neMichigan, amabamba eRiphabliki asebenza kunye neqela lawo i̱ oorhulumente abaphambili bemiqathango yokuthintela ulwa, phezu kwabo, nangona benobungqina obuninzi obuza kungenelela kubo. Xa abalawuli abambalwa baseRiphabliki, njengoJohn Kasich wase-Ohich, bakhuthaza ulwando olunzulu kwiqela laba baxhasi kunye nabaqhubi bephondo. Kaich wasebenzisa umgaqo-ok

IRhuluneli uGavin Newsom neKhalifoniya ’ iDemocratic Formage

EKhalifoniya, iRhuluneli uGavin Newsom isebenza kwisakhiwo seDidemocratic Party kumgangatho womthetho kunye nowengca. Izigqibo zakhe zenkqubo ̬ ukusukela ekutshintsheni kwemozulu zigunyazisweni zokuhlala imimiselo yesizwe i-̬ idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo ne-Democratic Party’ isebenza kwiqonga elithe gqolo. Xa i-Newom yacebisa unyulo lwerhafu yegesi edityanisiweyo kwasekuqaleni kwelo xesha lakhe, iinkokeli zeqela zancedisa ukuxhasa. Xa zajongana nonyulo lwendawo yonyulo ngo-2021, iqela lesizwe liquququze i-ediza i-eting syntareant ne-oices, ukudibanisa i-ontaxpont ne-omisss, ukuxhasa i-ofisini, okugcina i-ofisi. Olu lulunye olunobalwayo lubonisa indlela irhulumbuso neqela elinokunceda i-̱.

IGawulayo yaseRiphabliki noMgaqo-nkqubo weNtloko eRed States

Kumaphondo apho amaRiphabliki alawula ngokumanyeneyo, abalawuli baye baqhubeka belandela irhafu, ukuthotywa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo ephambili njengezinto eziphambili zeqela eliphambili. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli uGreg Abbott yaseTexas yaqhubela utshintsho lwerhafu kunye nemiqathango enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwerhafu yempahla kunye nemiqathango yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, intshukumo ezixhaswa ngamandla yi Texas Republican Party plat. Ngokufanayo, iRhuluneli Ron Desantis yaseFlorida isebenzisa imiyalelo yempalathiso yemfundo ephambili kunye nemigaqo yokuphendula yentlalo enxulumene nemithetho yesizwe. Kwiimeko zombini, amaphondo ayejongenenkcaso encinane ngenxa yokuba inkcaso ebonakalisa imbono yeqela.

Umahluko Okhoyo EMatyaleni: Izinto Eziphembelela Iqela Eliphakathi

Iqondo lempembelelo yeqela kubaphathi-mikhosi abafananga. Izakhiwo kunye noonobangela abaliqela bezopolitiko zingakhulisa okanye zinciphise impembelelo yamaqumrhu kwijaji kwi-’ izigqibo.

Urhulumente owahluleleneyo

Urhulumente omanyeneyo (xa irhuluneli i’ amaqela alawula omabini amagumbi owiso-mthetho) atyekele ekunyuseni impembelelo yeqela ngenxa yokuba irhuluneli ixhomekeke kuninzi lowiso-mthetho ukumisela iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Kurhulumente owahluleleneyo, irhuluneli kufuneka isoloko ilalanisa neqela eliphikisayo, elinokuyinciphisa impembelelo yeqela labo. Noko ke, nakurhulumente owahluleleneyo, irhuluneli i̱ iqela lingasebenzisa impembelelo eyomeleleyo ngomanyano lwecaucus, iveto izisongelo, kwaye lilawule inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kweentlanganiso.

Amandla Emibutho Yeqela Lesizwe

Amaqela esizwe ayahluka kakhulu kubuchule bawo bokulungelelanisa. Kumazwe anezakhiwo ezinamandla, ezintle zeqela i̬ njenge-New York, California, okanye Texas ̬ iqela lingasebenzisa isixhathiso esithe ngqo kubalawuli. Ngokwahlukileyo, namaqela abuthathaka okanye ahlukeneyo, afana neNebraska (engenayo i-partadano ne-partanecral) okanye iVermont, ibone impembelelo encinci yeqela. Kula mazwe, abalawuli bangasebenza ngokuzimele, bakha imiqongqothelekoshe enqamleza iqela.

Amandla enziwe ngomphunga kunye neenkcubeko eziqhelekileyo

Abanye abalawuli belizwe banamagunya amakhulu asesikweni, kuquka igunya elisemthethweni lomgca, amagunya okumiselwa koorhulumente, kunye nokulawula uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente. Abalawuli abanamandla abuthathaka angokwesiqhelo bangazifumana bexhomekeke ngakumbi kwintsebenziswano yeqela ukuze baphumeze iinjongo zabo. Umzekelo, irhuluneli engenamandla okuphinda ilungelelanise amaqumrhu ngaphandle kokukhetha okulandela imigaqo ingafuna inkxaso yeqela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukuze iphumeze izicwangciso zokuququququ, ngaloo ndlela inika iqela i-xhakamfulo elithe ngakumbi.

Imida Yexesha Elifutshane Nomjikelo

Ibamba elibizwa ngokuba linemida kwaye elingenakukwazi ukusukela unyulo kwakhona linokuziva liphantsi uxinzelelo lokuvumelana neemfuno zeqela, ingakumbi kwixesha lalo lokugqibela. Ngokuchasene noko, iijaji ezikwiqondo lokuqala legama lazo zisabela kakhulu kwimiqondiso yeqela, njengoko zifuna inkxaso yeqela kwimpumelelo yomthetho kunye nokunyulwa kwakhona. Ukusondela konyaka wonyulo kukwandisa impembelelo yeqela, njengoko abalawuli bebhekisa ngakumbi ekuneliseni isiseko seqela ekukhuseleni ulo olukhulu.

Uxanduva lwezolawulo-melo noLawulo

Impembelelo yamaqela ezobupolitika ekwenzeni izigqibo eziphezulu zikarhulumente ithwala zombini iingenelo nomngcipheko wolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Iingenelo Zempembelelo Yeqela

Amaqela ezobupolitika anika umanyano kunye nolawulo lwezolawulo lwentlangano. Abalawuli bangalindela ukuba irhuluneli yeqela elithile iqhubele phambili elo qela i̱ imigaqo echaziweyo. Oku kucacisa kunceda abavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi kwibhokisi yebhola yokuvota. Imikhosi ikwasebenza njengezixhobo zokuphelisa iminqweno eyahlukeneyo, ukwakha iminqophiswano, nokunikela uhlolo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu oluzenzekelayo. Xa irhuluneli yenza ngokuchasene neqonga leqela, ukugxekwa kwangaphakathi kweqela kusebenza njengesivikelo nxamnye nesigqibo esingasetyenziswangabo abagqibeleli.

Ngaphezu koko, amaqela angandisa ilizwi lamaqela angaphantsi ngokubeka phambili imiba kwimiba yegunya elilawulayo lesizwe i’ imimiselo. Umzekelo, iqela eligxininisa amalungelo abantu okanye ubulungisa bemekobume linokunyanzela irhuluneli ukuba isebenzise iinkqubo ebezinokungahoywa. Ingqeqesho yeqela isenokuyinciphisa impembelelo yezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, kuba abalawuli babekelwe ityala kwiqela i̱ lineemfanelo ezibanzi zamalungu kunokuba linyanzele abantu ngabanye abanikela ngazo.

Umngcipheko wokuhlaziywa kwelanga kunye nokubotshwa kwe-Grid

Icala elibi lempembelelo yeqela libaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukunyaniseka okugqithisileyo kweqela kungakhokelela kwiqhina elitshayelela abantu, ingakumbi xa irhuluneli kunye nowiso-mthetho uninzi lukwiqela elahlukeneyo. Kwimekobume ezinjalo, imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yolawulo i̬ njengokudlula koqingqo-mali okanye ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa kwekomiti elawulayo i̬ isiteji se-odoli. Ukubekwa kwenqanawa ngokugqithisileyo kunganyanzela amabamba kwizikhundla eziphezulu ezithe zabekwa kwidebek-cuba kwaye kuthoba ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke-wonke kurhulumente.

Obunye umngcipheko kukubekwa phambili kwemibutho enomdla kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu. Abalawuli bangachasa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina ngenxa nje yokuba zingqubana neemfundiso zeqela. Umzekelo, irhuluneli yeqela elichasa ukwanda kwerhafu ingala ukuxhasa inkqubela-phambili yezentlalo enzima naxa ukuvotelwa kovavanyo lubonisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Le mpembelelo ingaphelisa ubunjani beenkonzo zikarhulumente zeli lizwe ize ikhokelele kwiingxaki zexesha elide.

Ekugqibeleni, impembelelo yamaqumrhu inganciphisa ukuzimela kwamaqumrhu aphetheyo karhulumente. Xa iirhuluneli zimisela amaziko anyanisekileyo eqela ukuba akhokele, ubuchule bungancitshiswa ekukhokeleni ulungelelwaniso lweengcamango. Oku kunokulalanisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwemekobume okanye impilo yoluntu.

Ukulungelelanisa Impembelelo Yeqela Nobulumko Obulawulayo

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna ulungelelwano phakathi koxanduva lweqela kunye nobuchule bokulawula. IRhuluneli kufuneka zikwazi ukusebenzisa umgwebo ozimeleyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko zongxamiseko okanye xa zijamelene neemeko ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka inkxaso yeqela i’ ukuze lilawule ngokunempumelelo. Iinkqubo zezopolitiko zezonyango oluphezulu zezokuba nempembelelo yeqela elingumthombo wenkxaso noxanduva, hayi i-galelo oluthintela ukwenza izigqibo ezicingisisiweyo.

Abaphathi bephondo abakwaziyo ukuqhuba ingcinezelo yeqela badla ngokwenza oko ngokwakha ulwalamano oluqinileyo noogxa babo, bagcine imigca evulekileyo yonxibelelwano, kwaye babonise ukuzinikela kokwenyaniso kwiqela i̱ amaxabiso angundoqo ngexa behambelana neemeko zasekuhlaleni. Kwezinye iimeko, abalawuli baye basebenzisa ukuthandwa kwabo ukuphinda basebenzise izinto eziphambili kwiqela eliphambili, ngokunempumelelo bekhokela iqela labo kunokuba balilandele nje.

Isiphelo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlala enempembelelo enamandla ekulungiseni izigqibo zesebe elilawulayo lesizwe. Ngobuchule obufana nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yeqonga, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokwabelana, ulawulo, ukumiselwa koluntu, ukuququzelelwa koluvo, kunye nemali yenkxaso yephulo, amaqela asebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kubalawuli nabanye abalawuli kunye nabanye abalawuli bephondo. Imizekelo yembali kunye neyexesha lethu i-̬ ukusuka kwiNew Deal ukuya kumadabi enkcitho engonyango lwangoku kunye nemfazwe yezonyango yanamhlanje ejongeneyo kwirhafuthezo ̬ ulwahluzo lwemibutho elilawulayo. Kodwa ke, iqondo lale mpembelelo liyahluka kakhulu ngokwemiqatha ngokwemiqathango yolwano nxamnye norhulumente, amandla omanyano lwezikondlalo lwezempilo, kunye namandla entlalo-grative.

Kubafundi nabafundisi benzululwazi yezobupolitika neyamaphondo, ukuqonda ulwalamano olucacileyo phakathi kwamaqela namagunya aphezulu karhulumente kuyinto enzima. Ibonisa kungekuphela nje indlela amandla asetyenziswa ngayo kodwa nendlela uxanduva lwedemokhrasi olugcinwa ngayo lukwi-̵ kwaye maxa wambi luvavanywe. Njengoko ukuthamba kwemimandla ehlukeneyo kuqhubeka kubumba imicimbi yezobupolitika yaseMerika, indima yamaqela ezobupolitika ekwenzeni izigqibo zegunya eliphezulu liza kuhlala ingumxholo oyintloko wesifundo nengxoxo.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, bona iBrookings Institution ’ uhlalutyo ulawulo kunye norhulumente wezwe ; iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeLegislatures ̱ inkxaso ku ukwenziwa kwezindlu zolawulo zesizwe [[[FLT:]]; kunye nophando lwezifundo zezakhono kwiZiko leSayensitili kwiMelika yePlatical Syciety kwi[FLT:] ichaza imicimbi yezopolitiki kwi[FLT:] nempembelelo yeqela [FLT]].[FLT:]