Indima Ehlala Ihleli Yemilinganiselo Yesithethe Kwezobupolitika Ezingaguquguqukiyo ZaseJapan

EJapan, amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko ebeka imilinganiselo yesithethe kumbindi weqonga lawo. Le migaqo-nkqubo yemilinganiselo ibumba intsapho, inkcubeko, kunye nokwaziwa kwesizwe, iphembelela ngokunzulu indlela yelizwe elisimo zobupolitika. Kwiminyaka engamashumi, amaqela abambelele kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo, ngokungakumbi iLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), iye yazenza abalondolozi belifa lenkcubeko laseJapan, ikhuthaza ukuzinza kwentlalo, ukuhlonela imigangatho yecawa, nokuzingca kwesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela ezi xabiso eliguqulela ngayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofunda ngezopolitiki okanye amandla amakhulu okugcina i-Devotaties eMpuma Asia.

Isiseko sembali seQela leMidlalo eliBandakanyekileyo

Imvelaphi yezamkelo zale mihla zamaJapan zokwabelana ngezorhwebo ibuyela emva kwiMeiji Resolution (1868), xa ilizwe lakhawuleza lazitshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lizama ukugcina izithethe zalo ezingaqhelekanga. Amaqela athe tye imfazwe yasemva, ingakumbi i-LDP eyasungulwa ngo1955, yathwala olu thutho lubini: ibandakanya inkqubela yezoqoqosho kunye nezobugcisa ngexesha lokuhlala okusekelwe kwizithethe zesithethe. I-LDP ilawula iJapan ngethuba elininzi lasemva kwemfazwe, isenza iqonga layo elinempembelelo ephambili kwimithetho yesizwe ekhuthazayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwemfazwe yasemva kunye nochazo lwesiZwe

Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iJapan yajamelana nocelomngeni lokwakha kwakhona ubuzwe bayo phantsi komgaqo-siseko omtsha. Amaqela aququzelelayo afuna ukubuyisela imvakalelo yekratshi nokuqhubeka ngokugxininisa intlonelo yesithethe, intsapho yenkosi, kunye nezithethe ezifana nezithethe zobuShinto. Baxhasa imigaqo elungelelanisa utshintsho lwedemokhrasi kunye nokulondolozwa kweemeko zentlalo, kuquka inkqubo yentsapho ( i-ie) kunye nemixokelelwano yasekuhlaleni. Eli xesha laseka isiseko semiqathango esiqhubeka sisazisa amaqonga aqhelekileyo namhlanje.

Iqela elizimeleyo Elinenkululeko

Ulawulo lwe-LDP olude luye lwayenza isithuthi esiphambili semilinganiselo engaguqukiyo kwezobupolitika zamaJapan. Iqonga leqela ligxininisa uzinzo, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, kunye nogcino lwenkcubeko. Amaqela angaphakathi phakathi kwe-LDP maxa wambi ayaphikisana kwiimigaqo ezithile, kodwa avumelana kakhulu ngokubaluleka kwamaxabiso angokwesithethe njengomgaqo okhokelayo. Olu manyano luvumele iLDP ukuba igcine isibheno sokhetho esibanzi, ingakumbi phakathi komvotisi kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni apho izithethe zasekuhlaleni zihlala ziqinile khona.

Imilinganiselo Yesithethe kwiQela lePlat

Amaqela abambelele kwizithethe asebenzisa amaxabiso angundoqo aliqela abumba iindawo zawo zenkqubo kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kawonke-wonke. La maxabiso awahlali ehleli; ayachazwa kwakhona xa kutshintsha iimeko zentlalo. Noko ke, imixholo ethile ivela rhoqo ngapha nangapha kweqela elibonisa iintetho zezobupolitika.

Ukunyaniseka Kwentsapho Nomgaqo - siseko Wobuzwe

Amaxabiso entsapho akwindawo elungelelaniswayo eJapan. Ngomnye weyona mini ephantsi ehlabathini yokuzalwa kwabantwana kunye nabemi abalupheleyo ngokukhawuleza, amaqela abambelele kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamanani abantu aphambili aye akhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa ukuzala nokukhulisa abantwana, kuquka izikhuthazo zemali, iziko lokujonga abantwana ngokwezemali, kunye neenguqu emsebenzini ezikhuthaza umtshato kunye nokwakhiwa kwentsapho. Le migaqo-siseko ilungiselelwe njengemfuneko yokulondoloza isiseko sentsapho, esithe samkela imbono ephambili njengesiseko sozinziso sozinziso

  • Ukwanda kwemali yokukhulisa umntwana neengenelo zerhafu kwiintsapho
  • Ukukhuthazwa kwekhefu labazali namalungiselelo omsebenzi abhetyebhetye
  • Inkxaso yamanyathelo okudibanisa kunye namaqumrhu asekelwe kuluntu
  • Ukugxininisa kwindima yeentsapho ezisasazileyo ekunyamekeleni umntwana nasekunyamekeleni abadala

Ilifa leNkcubeko neMifuziselo yeSizwe

Ulondolozo lwelifa lesithethe yenye intsika yeqonga elithe kratya. Amatheko axhasa ukukhusela iindawo zembali, ukukhuthaza ubugcisa besithethe obufana neti yeti kunye nekabuki, kunye nokugcina iimpawu zohlanga njengeflegi yeHinomaru kunye "neKingayo" umhobe. Abenzi bezomthetho bamahlelo basoloko benyanzela ukuba umthetho womeleze ukuma okusemthethweni kwezi mpawu kwaye ukhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwizikolo nakwimibhiyo. Oku kugxininisa ekuqhubekekisweni kwesithethe kuqinisa ingqiqo yolwazi lwesizwe oluthi amaqela abambelele kwimibandela ephambili amele ukuquququzelelwa kwebutho.

Ukumanyana Nokuhlonela Igunya

Intlonelo ngegunya kunye nomanyano lwentlalo ( ) ibotshelelwe ngokunzulu kwingcinga engaguqukiyo yamaJapan. Iintlanganiso zisoloko ziyila iinkqubo zazo ngokokugcina ucwangco, ukunciphisa ingxabano, nokugcina isigqibo esisekelwe kukwenza isigqibo. Le ndlela iphembelela yonke into ukusuka kwinkqubo yemfundo ukuya kulwalamano lokusebenza. Amaqonga athambekela ekuthandeni ngokuthe ngcembe, utshintsho lolwandiso kunokuba luguqulo olugqithisileyo, lubonakalisa ukuthanda ukuma kozinzo olungaphaya kokuphazamiseka.

Iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo Ngaphesheya kommandla ongundoqo

Amaxabiso aqhelekileyo aguqulela kwizigqibo zenkqubo yekonkrithi kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo. Ukuqonda olu qhagamshelwano kunceda kuchaze isizathu sokuba ezinye imigaqo iqhubeke njengokuba ibutho laseJapan liguquka.

Imfundo Nemfundiso Yokuziphatha

Imfundo yindawo engundoqo yokulwa imilinganiselo yesithethe. Amaqela axhasa imfundo yokuziphatha ekhuthaza ukuhlonelwa kwembali yesizwe, izithethe, kunye noxanduva loluntu. I-LDP iye yaxhasa uhlaziyo kwiincwadi zesikolo ezigxininisa iingxelo zesizwe kwaye ijongela phantsi iinkalo eziphikiswayo zexesha lemfazwe yaseJapan. Abenzi bemithetho abaququzelelayo bakhuthaza ukufundiswa kwesithethe sobugcisa nesimilo ezikolweni, bephikisa ukuba le mibandela iphuhlisa iimpawu nobuchule bentlalo ezithi zithathe inxaxheba kwizifundo zakutshanje.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaqela abambelele kwizithethe akhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu "kwemfundo yokuziphatha" iiklasi, ezaveliswa njengomxholo osemthethweni ngo-2018. La maklasi ajolise kwixabiso elifana nokunyaniseka, ububele, intlonelo ngabadala, nothando lwelizwe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi uludwe lwezifundo lukhuthaza ukungajongi ngqongqo lelizwe, ngoxa abaxhasi bekujonga kubalulekile ukugcina imilinganiselo yoluntu ngexesha leenguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo.

Ukulawulwa koMgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe Angaphandle

Amaqela ancedisayo axhasa imithetho engqongqo yokufuduka ebeka phambili ubudlelane kunye nogcino lwenkcubeko. Inkqubo yokufuduka yaseJapan ihlala ingenye yezona zilumkileyo kumazwe ahambele phambili, enendlela ezisikelweyo ukuya kuhlala ngokusisigxina kunye nobumi. Abenzi bemithetho abancedisayo kwinkcubeko yoluntu banegalelo ekuzinzeni kwentlalo kunye nakumlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho ophantsi. Baxhasa imigaqo efaka phambili ukudityaniswa kwabasebenzi bangaphandle kwisiseko sokwexeshana, kunye neemfuno ezinamandla zokusetyenziswa kwezithethe.

Kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe, amaqela abambelele kwimithetho engqongqo agxininisa ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nomanyano oluqinileyo ne-United States ngeli xesha egcina igama elahlukileyo lenkcubeko yaseJapan. I-LDP ixhase ukuchazwa kwakhona komgaqo-siseko ukuvumela indima esebenzayo yomkhosi, iqinisekisa oku njengokuyimfuneko kokuzikhusela okukwimeko etshintshayo yokhuseleko. Kwangaxeshanye, amaqonga athe athatha inxaxheba ezithethwini ezininzi ezinokuthi zinciphise amandla eJapan okulawula inkcubeko kunye nemigaqo yayo yezoqoqosho.

Indima Yomnombo Nentsebenziswano

Iindima zobufanasini zihlala zingumxholo onovelwano kwimicimbi yezobupolitika edla ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu eJapan. Nangona amaqela exhasa ngokusemthethweni ukulingana kwamabhinqa, iinkqubo zawo zisoloko zibonisa iingcamango ngendima ephambili kumabhinqa ekukhuliseni umntwana nakunyanyeni intsapho. Abenzi bomthetho abaququzeleli bobuhlanga baneemilinganiselo engokwembali ephikisanayo enokuthi ngokusisiseko icel ’ umngeni imodeli yendoda, efana nomlinganiselo welungu leqela leqela leqela leenkampani. Endaweni yoko, baxhasa amalungiselelo olungelelanisa umsebenzi kunye nenkxaso kumabhinqa akhetha ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi nentsapho, bewabeka njengemithetho yendlu yesibini kunokuba bafake iinguqulo.

Le ndlela iphumele iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Isantya somsebenzi wamabhinqa aseJapan sinyuke ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa amabhinqa ahlala ephantsi kwizikhundla zokhokelo, kwaye umsantsa wokwahlukana kwesini uyaqhubekeka. Amaqela anxulumeneyo aphikisa ngokuthi indlela ajonga ngayo intlonelo kumabhinqa, ngoxa abagxeki bephikisa ukuba ikhuthaza ukungalingani kwezakhiwo.

Ingxoxo yomGaqo-siseko kunye nokuchazwa kwesizwe

Umgaqo-siseko waseJapan wasemva kwemfazwe, omiselwe phantsi kolawulo lwamazwe ahlangeneyo, uhlala ungumba ophikisanayo wamaqela abambelele kwisithethe. ILDP ibisoloko icela ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi iGatya 9 elilahla imfazwe kunye nemiqathango yomkhosi. Amatyala aphikisayo athi umgaqo-siseko wamiselwa ngamagunya asemzini kwaye awubonisi ulawulo lwaseJapan okanye amaxabiso angokwesithethe. Iingcengcelele ziquka ngokucacileyo ukuvuma iMikhosi Yokuzimela kunye nokugxininisa indima yentsapho yeRhulumente njengophawu lomanyano lwesizwe.

Amaqela axhasa ukugqalwa komGaqo-siseko kwentsapho njengesiseko sebutho labantu. Abanye abamisi-mthetho baye bacebisa ukuba kulungiswe imigaqo echaza umtshato njengomanyano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi, ebonakalisa imilinganiselo yesithethe kwaye echasa ukubhaliswa komtshato ongokwasemgaqweni. Ezi ngxoxo zibalaselisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwezithethe zentlalo nezithethe eziziziko ekulondolozeni amaziko esithethe.

Ulawulo loMmandla noLolongo

Amaxabiso aneziko aphembelela ukulawulwa kwemigangatho yengingqi neyasekuhlaleni. Iindawo zasemaphandleni, apho izakhiwo zoluntu zesithethe zihlala zomelele, zizizikhuseli ezingundoqo kumaqela abambelele kwizithethe eziqhelekileyo. Izithethe ezixhasa inkxaso-mali yezolimo, inkqubela-phambili yengingqi, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemibhiyozo yasekuhlaleni kudibene kakhulu nabavoti basemaphandleni. Amaqonga asoloko egxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthobeka kakuhle nenkululeko yoluntu, ephikisa ukuba uluntu lufanele lube nenkululeko yokulondoloza izenzo zalo ezikhethekileyo zenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuphazamisa korhulumente ombi.

Ucelomngeni Nezindululo Kuluntu Olutshintshayo

Ukungakhuthazi izinto kujongene neengxaki ezinkulu njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka ngokukhawuleza.

Izinto ezikhethekayo ezikhethwayo zesizukulwana kunye nevoter

Abavoti abaselula baseJapan ngokuqhelekileyo abasondelelananga kakhulu nemilinganiselo yesithethe kunabadala babo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba izizukulwana eziselula zamkele i-LGBTQ+ malungelo, zivuleke kakhulu ekufudukeni, kwaye zithandabuza ubuzwe. Olu lwahlulo lunika ucelomngeni kumaqela abambelele kwizithethe ezithe zadla ngokuxhomekeka kumavoti amadala ukuze afumane inkxaso. Abanye abezobupolitika ababambelele kwimigaqo-siseko bazama ukunyusa isibheno sabo ngokugxininisa kwiinkqubo zezoqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko ngoxa bezama ukuthambisa ukuma kwabo kwimicimbi yentlalo.

I-LDP yenze uhlengahlengiso oluthile, njengokuxhasa ukuqwalaselwa okulinganiselweyo kobudlelane obufanayo kwiimeko ezithile nokukhuthaza ukuthathi-nxaxheba kwamabhinqa emsebenzini. Noko ke, ezi nguqu zisoloko zidityaniswa kwaye zifakwe ngocoselelo ukunqanda abaxhasi abaphambukeli besithethe. Umbuzo wokulungelelanisa ulungelelaniso nomgaqo lucelomngeni olungapheliyo kumaqela abambelele kwizithethe zomhlaba wonke, kwaye iJapan ayihlukile.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokulondoloza Inkcubeko

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kudala ungquzulwano phakathi komnqweno wokulondoloza izithethe nemfuno yezoqoqosho yokubandakanyeka kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe. Amaqela ancedisayo axhasa ukuthengiselwana ngenkululeko kunye nokuma kwezoqoqosho ngoxa ekhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko ngexesha elinye. Oku kulungelelanisa kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nezolimo, apho uqheliselo lwesithethe lokulima lungqubana nezivumelwano zezorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye namajelo eendaba, apho izinto ezidityanisiweyo zamazwe angaphandle zikhuphisana neemveliso zenkcubeko yasekhaya.

Iqonga elikwindawo ephakamileyo elikwimeko ebanzi elisenza ugcino lwempucuko lube luhlobo lwamandla athambileyo. Inyathelo lokuqala elikhuthaza inkcubeko yepop nezobugcisa besithethe saseJapan phesheya, linandipha inkxaso ebanzi ngapha nangapha kwezobupolitika. Le ndlela ivumela abantu ababambelele kumasiko aqhelekileyo ukuba baxhase amaxabiso angokwesithethe ngoxa bedibanisa umanyano lwehlabathi lonke, linika impucuko yamaJapan njengoncedo olukhethekileyo ehlabathini kunokuba libe ngumqobo kwintsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe.

Indima Yonqulo NobuShinto

IShinto, unqulo lomthonyama lwaseJapan, inendima echuliweyo kodwa ebalulekileyo kwezobupolitika eziqhelekileyo. Ngoxa iJapan ingathathi cala ngokusemthethweni, abezobupolitika abaninzi ababambelele kwizithethe zobuShinto bathatha inxaxheba kwizithethe zobuShinto kwaye baxhasa ukugcinwa kwesithethe sokuya eYasuni Shrine, ebeka imfazwe efileyo kuquka amabanjwa eentshaba. Ezi zenzo zididane kakhulu, zibangela ukugxekwa kumazwe angoommelwane anjengeTshayina ne-South Korea. Amaqela axhasa izithethe ezi njengendlela yokuzichaza ngokwesithethe kunokuba zivunywe ngonqulo, kodwa umahluko usoloko udityaniso lungaqondakali ekuqhubekekeni kwayo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwezobupolitika ezingqongqo kunye nemibutho yonqulo, kuquka amaqela e-Shinto afunyanisiweyo kunye neSoka Gakai (exhasa iqela leKomeito), longeza ukuntsonkotha okungakumbi. La maqela anikela inkxaso ekhethekileyo xa etshintshisana ngempembelelo yenkqubo, ingakumbi kwimibandela yentsapho neyokufundisa. Ukuqonda ezi zivumelwano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imilinganiselo yesithethe eguqulela kwigunya lezobupolitika.

Imeko yexesha elizayo kunye nezimvo ezicwangcisiweyo

Ingcamango yamaqela abambelele kwizithethe zamaJapan ixhomekeke kubuchule bawo bokuhlola ukuncipha kwamanani, ukutshintsha kwesizukulwana kunye neengcinezelo zamazwe ngamazwe.

Utshintsho Lwezoqoqosho Njengendawo Ebangela Ukungaguquguquki Kwentlalo

Ezinye iinkokeli ezisadla ngoluvo ziphikisa ngelithi ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni izithethe. Zixhasa ukupheliswa, ukusungulwa, kunye norhwebo njengendlela yokudala impumelelo exhasa iintsapho kunye noluntu. Le ndlela, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba yi "reformst contatatism," ifuna ukwenza uqoqosho lwamaJapan lube lwezentlalo-ntle. Ikhuthaza ukunyuswa kwabatsha ababeka phambili ithuba lezoqoqosho ngoxa behlala bethandabuza ukutshintsha okugqithiseleyo kwentlalo.

Ukuzilungisa Ngokufanelekileyo Kwiimbambano Zentlalo

Amaqela aneziqu eziphambili akhetha ngokuqhubekayo ukuba ngawaphi amaxabiso esithethe afanele akhuselwe ngamandla. Iingxaki ezifana nokuzihlaziya komgaqo-siseko nokhuseleko lwesizwe zihlala zibalulekile, ngeli xesha izimo ezizizo kwindima kunye nenkqubo yentsapho zinokuvela ngokutsha. Olu tshintsho lukhetha luvumela amaqela ukuba alondoloze ukuzichaza kwawo ngelinye ixesha angazifaniyo. Ucelomngeni lukuko ukufumanisa ukuba ngawaphi amaxabiso abalulekileyo kwaye anokuchazwa kwakhona ngethuba elitsha.

Ngokomzekelo, abanye abezobupolitika ababambelele kwizithethe abaxhasi abasebenzayo abangeyondlela yokushiya isithethe kodwa njengendlela ehlaziyiweyo yokubonakalisa imilinganiselo yentsapho. Ngokufanayo, ukuqwalaselwa okulinganiselweyo konxulumano olufanayo lokuziphatha ngokwesini maxa wambi kuchazwa njengendlela yokomeleza amaqhina entsatsheni kunokuba kuwenza buthathaka. Oku kutshintsha-tshintsha-tshintsha kuvumela abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baqhubeke besenza oko kunokwenzeka xa beqhelanisa nezithethe ezitshintshayo.

Umlinganiselo Wobalo

Ukuncipha kwabemi baseJapan kuyinto enzima kakhulu kumaqela abambelele kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Ngaphandle kotshintsho olubalulekileyo, ilizwe lijongene nekamva lokwandiswa kwezoqoqosho kwaye lincitshisiwe. Ukuba le meko igxininisa kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokuzala, kuquka inkxaso yemali, inkxaso yezindlu, kunye neziguqulo emsebenzini ezicetyiselwe ukukhuthaza ukuzala. Le migaqo ilungele ukusinda kwesizwe kunye nokulondoloza intsapho. Ukuba le miqathango iyakungakwanelisa ukutshintsha kwemeko yamanani omntu ozalelwe kuyo ihlala ingumbuzo ovunyiweyo, kodwa isenokuhlala kumbindi weqonga eliqhelekileyo le miba.

Isiphelo

Amaxabiso angokwesithethe ayaqhubeka esebenzisa impembelelo enamandla kwiqonga lamaqela abambelele kwisithethe saseJapan. Ukusuka kwinkqubo yentsapho kunye nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko lohlanga kunye nogcino-lwazi lwenkcubeko, la maxabiso abumba ubuchule bokwenza ubugcisa kunye nenkqubo ephambili yamaqela anjenge-LDP. Noko ke, ugcino-lwazi eJapanatism alumi nje kuphela. Ingcinezelo eqhubekayo ijongene noxinzelelo lokuqhelanisa utshintsho lwamanani, ukutshintsha kwesizukulwana, kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi ngelixa begcina ulwazi lwabo olungundoqo.

Kubantu abanomdla kwezobupolitika zamaJapan, ukuqonda indima yemigangatho yesithethe kubalulekile. La maxabiso anika isilanga sokuchaza iingxoxo zenkqubo, iindlela zokukhetha, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kokuqhubekeka notshintsho kowona mgangatho wedemokhrasi unempembelelo ehlabathini. Njengoko iJapan iqhubeka iguqula, amaqela abambelele kwimigaqo-siseko ayakuhlala engundoqo ekulungiseni indlela izithethe zayo ezilondolozwe ngayo, ezicaciswe ngayo, okanye eziguqulwa ngayo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, i-website ye- e-Liberal Democratic Party inika iingxelo ezisuka kumgangatho wezomgaqo-nkqubo ontsonkothileyo. Uhlolo olufana nolupapashiweyo kwi . Journal yezifundo zamaJaphani[ inika iimbono ezinzulu kwingcamango engaguqukiyo. Ngaphezu koko, iingxelo ezivela ku- UNPIPon.com inikezela ngoluvo olufikelelekayo lwesiNgesi lwentetho yezopolitiki yephondo neyamaJapan.