Ulwalamano phakathi kweemeko zezoqoqosho zomhlaba wonke kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe luntsonkothileyo kwaye luneziphumo ezingundoqo. Njengoko uqoqosho lwehlabathi lusanda okanye izivumelwano, ubuncwane obufumaneka kumazwe asakhasayo ukuze afumane uphuhliso, uncedo loncedo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kobuhlwempu kunye nokuhamba-hamba kwemipu. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye neenkcubeko zenkqubo, ukuqonda ezi misebenzi zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba kutheni imiqulu yoncedo iguquguquka, apho iinkqubo zifumana inkxaso efunekayo, nendlela olulungeneka ngayo olufuna uncedo.

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe olusaziwa ngokuba yi-ODA yoPhuhliso oluPhathiswayo (ODA) .I-encopees zinika, iimali-mboleko ezivunyiweyo, kunye noncedo lobugcisa olunikelwa ngoorhulumente, amaqumrhu amaninzi, kunye nabanikeli abazimeleyo. NgokweMbutho wezezoqoqosho Copalapeoperation kunye noPhuhliso (OECD), amalungu onke e-ODA esuka kwiKomiti yayo yoPhuhliso-MALI (DAC) afikelela malunga nama-20222 amawaka ezigidi (2022). Kodwa eli nani lifihla unyaka wonke oweminyaka eqhutywa limpilo yehlabathi.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ephambili ezoqoqosho ezisetyenziswa ngayo izinto zokunceda, lihlolisisa imbali nezo zakutshanje, lize lixubushe ngomphumo wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zoncedo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqonda Uncedo Lwamanye Amazwe: Iintlobo, Izinto Ezikhuthazayo Nemeko - bume Yembali

Iintlobo zoncedo

Phambi kokuqwalasela intsingiselo, kuluncedo ukucacisa into ebaluleke njengoncedo lwamanye amazwe. Owona mahluko uxhaphakileyo uquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uncedo lweBhitenal – ukudluliswa ngqo kurhulumente omnye ukuya komnye, okusoloko kudityaniswe kwimisebenzi ethile okanye kwiimeko ezithile zenkqubo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Uncedo lwe-Multialicate – iminikelo kumaziko anjenge World Bank, amasebe eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, okanye iibhanki zophuhliso lwengingqi, ezithi ngoko zinikeze imali kumazwe amkelayo.
  • Uncedo olukhoyo olunobuntlola – uncedo longxamiseko kwintlekele zemvelo, ungquzulwano, okanye ukuqhambuka kwezifo.
  • [[Uncedo:0] Inkxaso yokunikezela – inkxaso ende yesiseko sesiseko, impilo, imfundo, kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uncedo oluthe tye – iphicotho-lunika iziseko, amaqumrhu, okanye umntu ngamnye (umz., iBill & Melinda Gates Foundation).

Iintshukumisa Zokupha

Amazwe anikela uncedo kwizizathu ezidityanisiweyo, zezoqoqosho, kunye nezokunceda abantu. Ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo, uncedo lwasetyenziswa kakhulu ukuphumelela amaqabane. Namhlanje, iintshukumisa ziquka ukukhuthaza uzinzo, ukwandisa amathuba orhwebo, ukusingatha iingozi zempilo yehlabathi lonke, kunye nokuzalisekisa iimfuno zokuziphatha ezifana .7% ODA/GNI ixhoba elikhoyo [ elihlala lingasetyenziswa ngabanindileyo abaninzi.

Abanikeli Abakhulu Nabamkeli

Abanikeli abaninzi abaphezulu basetyenziswa yi-United States, iJamani, i-United Kingdom, iJapan neFransi. Imijelo emininzi, kuquka ne-European Union, nayo inendima enkulu. Imimandla yabamkeli idibene kwi-Sub88Saharan Africa, eMzantsi Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye nenxalenye ye-Latin America. Xa izivumelwano zezoqoqosho zomhlaba wonke, uqingqo-mali olunika uncedo kula mazwe anikelayo lusoloko luphantsi kwengcinezelo, luchaphazela ngqo iinkqubo ezixhomekeke kwizigidi zabantu.

Utyekelo Lwezoqoqosho Lwehlabathi Lonke Nemiphumo Yalo Ekunyukeni Koncedo

Ukwanda Kwezoqoqosho Emhlabeni Wonke

Xa uqoqosho lwehlabathi lusanda, irhafu iyanda kumazwe anikelayo, yaye oorhulumente bakulungele ngakumbi ukwandisa iminikelo yoncedo yamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ukwanda okunamandla kwehlabathi ukususela ngowama-2003 ukuya kunyaka wama-2001 kwabonwa amalungu e-DAC e-ODA ngokomlinganiselo omalunga nama-30%.

Noko ke, uncedo aluqhelekanga, ukuba lukhe lwadityaniswa ngqo nepesenti ye-GDP. Endaweni yoko, luphenjelelwa kukuthanda kwezobupolitika kunye nokukhuphisana kwezinto eziza kuqala ekhaya. Ngexesha leminyaka yentsika egcina iseyile ivulekile, uncedo lunganyuka, kodwa i-aid@asנasharepar àrefe à progree umlinganiselo uhlahlela rhoqo ngenxa yokuba unyuko lwezoqoqosho lunyuka. Kuphela inani lamazwe (umz., Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Denmark) afumana ixhoba angapheliyo.

Ukutshintsha Kweemeko Nokuwohloka Kwezoqoqosho

Ukuphinda kujongwe kuphakathi kwezona zixhobo zinamandla zokuhlisa umgangatho woncedo. Xa uqoqosho loncedo luncipha, oorhulumente banciphisa imali engasetyenziswayo, kunye noqingqo-mali loncedo lwangaphandle lusoloko luphakathi kwezokuqala ukusikwa. Impembelelo ayifane ibe yeyokhawulezileyo; kudla ngokubakho ukuhla kwesithuba seminyaka ukuya kwemibini njengoko uqingqo-mali lugqibela. Kodwa iziphumo ezizinyikekayo zinokuba mbi kakhulu.

  • Ingxaki yemali yehlabathi lonke: I-ODA yenene evela kumazwe e-DAC yawa yi 2% ngonyaka ka-2009, iphinde yagawulwa kwiminyaka elandelayo. Amanye amazwe (njenge-Ireland ne-Greece)
  • COVID 76 PANDEMIC (2021): Nangona abantu abaninzi abanikelayo bandisa uncedo lwezempilo olunxulumeneyo, jikelele i-ODA kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo yawa njengoko uqoqosho lufikeleleka. IBhanki yehlabathi iqikelela ukuba uncedo lwehlabathi lonke lwemisebenzi yenkqubela (impilo egqithisileyo) yehla ngo-5% kwi-2020.
  • Ukunyuka okuphezulu kunye nesantya somdla (202-2024): Iindleko ezinyukayo zokuboleka zixinene isithuba esixineneyo kumazwe anika umnikezeli kunye nomamkeli, ebeka uxinzelelo kwimiqathango yoncedo lwexesha elizayo.

Imiphumo Yokuzikhethela

Ukutshintsha ixabiso lokusebenza okuchaphazela uncedo luhamba ngeendlela ezimbini eziphikisanayo:

  • Imithombo ezimeleyo: amazwe anjenge Norway, Canada, kunye ne-Australia ayangenelwa xa i-oyile, i-minerali, okanye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuyalela amaxabiso aphezulu. Iimali ezifumana imali eninzi ezithengelwe ngaphandle, maxa wambi ezikhokelela kuncedo olwandisiweyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukungqubana kwemiqathango yexabiso lamaxabiso aba banikezeli kwiibhato eziqinisweyo.
  • unikezelo oluzimeleyo: Amazwe amaninzi aluncedo anezinyuko (umz. Nigeria, Angola, Zambia) axhomekeke kwizinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukwenzela utshintshiselwano kunye nengeniso karhulumente. Xa amaxabiso ehla, ukuncipha kwezoqoqosho zawo, ukudala imfuneko enkulu yoncedo olukhoyo, njengoko ixabiso loncedo lunokucocwa ngemali (jonga ngezantsi). Oku “kuphinda kabini ukutshintsha kweminxeba” kuyenza ibe mbi ngakumbi iziphumo.

Izinga lokutshintshiselana ngemali

Ekubeni uninzi uncedo lwamanye amazwe lukhutshiwe kwi-US $, ii-yuro, okanye ezinye ii-currencs ezinkulu, ukutshintsha-tshintshana kwexabiso lokutshintshiselana kungayitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo i- amandla okuthenga ngokwenene [ kumazwe amkelayo. Xa imali yomntu oyamkelweyo isuka idecinezeleke nxamnye ne-irandi, ixabiso elithe ngqo loncedo lunyuka-/i-i-intengiso yoncedo oluninzi lokuthenga izinto neenkonzo. Noko ke, ukuba unyuso lwemali i-mali eninzi kakhulu ibangelwa lityala (umz. g. g. i-spression eZimbabwe okanye i-Lebanon), uncedo olwandisiweyo lunganele ukunyusa iindleko zasekuhlaleni.

Kubantu abanikela ngemali yasekhaya eyomeleleyo inciphisa iindleko zokunikela uncedo (njengoko iimali zabo zerhafu zihambela phambili), ngeli xesha imali ebuthathaka yenza uncedo luxabisa kakhulu kwaye inokuthi ikhokelele ekuqingqeni imali. Uqikelelo lonyaka ka-2014-2016 lweerandi yase-US, ngokomzekelo, lwenza lwabiza imali encinane kakhulu eUnited States ukuze igcine izibophelelo zayo zoncedo, kodwa abaliqela abanikela ngeYurophu bajamelana noxinzelelo ngenxa yokuba i-yuro ibuthathaka ngexesha elinye.

Ingxaki Yemali

Ngaphandle kokudodobala koqoqosho jikelele, iingxaki zezoqoqosho eziphazamisa uncedo zihamba ngokukhawuleza. Ingxaki yeMali ye-Asian Financial Crisis yakhokelela ekuncitshisweni okukhawulezileyo koncedo oluvela eJapan naseMzantsi Korea. Ingxaki yowama-2009 yabangela ukuncipha kweminyaka emininzi njengoko iibhanki zingaphumeleli kwaye oorhulumente besenza imposiso. Kutshanje, amatyala aphezulu angama-20222 eSri Lanka kunye noxinezeleko oluqhubekayo kumazwe amaninzi afumana imali encinane aye anyanzela abamkeli ukuba baphambukise uncedo ekuphunyezweni kwinkqubela phambili yemali, ngoxa abanye oorhulumente abanikelayo beye baphinda bafumana uncedo oluya kumatyala anokuphendula amatyala amaninzi kunokuba kunike ixesha elide.

Imali: Imeko - bume Itshintsha

Kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, izimali ezinxulumeneyo zivele njengenxalenye enkulu yoncedo. Phantsi kwesivumelwano sase Paris, amazwe aphucukileyo athembisa ukuxhathisa i-R3 bhiliyoni ngonyaka ngo-2020. Ngexesha elo xhoba lalahleka, uncedo lwemozulu lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo, lufikelela ku-R3,000,3 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ngokwe-OECD.

Noko ke, ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kusongela ezi zibophelelo. Abanikeli abaninzi baye batshintshela inxalenye yoqingqo-mali yabo kwimisebenzi yemozulu, maxa wambi “abafumana amaxwebhu” akhoyo njengemali yemozulu--(a uqheliselo abagxeki abathi baphikisane nonyuko lwamanani achaziweyo. Ukunyuka kwemali kunye nenzala enyukayo kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba abanikeli bemali bagcine intelekelelo zemozulu, njengoko ixabiso lekomkhulu lisanda nemali eninzi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Indlela Okunokuhla ngayo Utyando Olungqalileyo Loncedo

Ingxaki Yemali Esemhlabeni Wonke Yowama - 2008

Ingxaki yowama-2008 ngumzekelo wencwadi ebonisa indlela ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho okutyebileyo komhlaba okuthi kungenelele ngayo ekunciphiseni ukunciphisa uncedo lwehlabathi. Ngo-2009, i-DAC ODA iyonke yawa nge-2% ngokwenyani, ukuncipha kokuqala kweshumi leminyaka.

  • [[UMTL:0]Ireland: Uqingqo-mali lwalo loncedo ngo-30% phakathi ko 2008 no 2011.
  • Comment=ISpayini incitshisiwe nge 60% ye-ODA ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2012.
  • I-Italiya: Sika uncedo ngaphezulu kwe 50% ngexesha lengxaki yeyuro ozone.

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, asibo bonke abanikeli abalandela le ntsingiselo. I-United Kingdom yakhusela uqingqo-mali lwayo loncedo (kwaye kamva lwazinzisa ixhoba le-0.7% kumthetho), ngelixa iJamani yayigcine imigangatho eqinileyo. Isiphumo sisonke yaba yindawo yoncedo exhotyisiweyo [, kunye nezinye iinkqubo eziye zarhoxisiweyo okanye ezilibazisiweyo, kwaye amazwe awamkelayo anyanzelelwa ukulinganisa impilo, imfundo, kunye nemisebenzi esisiseko. Ingxaki ikwabhenxina ibhethelise ukunga kwemeko yoncedo lwe-[FLT], umzekelo, yabona ukurhoxakeka kwayo koqingqo imali emva kokuba intengo ezininzi ithelwe ngokulawulwa kwemali kunye noqoqosho lwemali.

ICOVID 7619 Pandemic (2020-2021)

Le ntsholongwane yadala imeko engaqondakaliyo yoncedo. Kwesinye isandla, i-ODA esuka kumazwe e-DAC yanyuka yaya ku-2022 yezigidi zezigidi zeerandi, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokwanda kwenkcitho yempilo kunye nokufakwa kweminikelo ye-COVID . Kwelinye icala, uncedo kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo qha, ingakumbi ku-Sub+Saharan Afrika.

The World Bank reported that net ODA to low‑income countries (excluding COVID‑related flows) fell by 7% in 2020. At the same time, remittances—a lifeline for many developing nations—also dropped by an estimated 20%. The pandemic demonstrated that even in a global crisis, the most vulnerable nations often receive less assistance precisely when they need it most, because donor budgets are compressed and humanitarian demands multiply simultaneously. OECD data provides detailed annual breakdowns that illustrate this shift.

Imfazwe eUkraine neNkxaso yeManzi (2022-2023)

Ukuhlasela kwe-Ukraine ngo-2022 kwabangela ukufuduswa okuphawulekayo koncedo lwaseNtshona. I-EU, i-US, kunye ne-UK zavumela amashumi amawaka ezigidi ukuba zincedise e-Ukraine/imikhosi, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemali. Nangona oku kucaciswe njenge-ODA, yamilisela ezinye izinto eziphambili. Ngokweemali ephezulu World Bank [[FLD:1],], isabelo sehlabathi lonke i-ODA esiyalelwe kuMhlahla, i-Afrika esusiweyo, isuka kwi-32% kwi-2019 ukuya kwi-20222, njengoko imibhobhobho yoncedo inyuka. Okwangoku, ingeniso ephezulu yamandla (ngokungakumbi yemfazwe) yanyusa ingeniso ye-oyile-ofculdertiexporteverts njenge-Norway kunye ne-Qatar, inyusa iiminikelo zazo zoncedo eziluncedo ezibonisa iimali eziluncedo kumsebenzi zombini.

Iziphazamiso Zekamva Loncedo

Izixhobo Zokuncedisa Abasebenzi

Kuba uncedo luyiproblacyclics",its xa amazwe amkelayo efuna uninzi lwawo ($policy iingcali zicebise iindlela eziliqela zokuzichaza:

  • Isiqinisekiso se- Abanikazi bangabopheleleka ekulondolozeni umgangatho woncedo kwanaxa kudodobala udodobala, mhlawumbi kwizivumelwano zeminyaka emininzi ezingenakusikwa.
  • Utshintshiso lwe-Debtûtotóaid: Endaweni yokusika uncedo ngexesha leengxaki, abanikeli bangaxolela ityala kwimali-mboleko ebolekiweyo, bekhulula ubuncwane bokuphuhlisa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izikhephe ezizenzekelayo: Abanye baye bacebisa ukuba ulwabelo loncedo ludityaniswe kwisalathisi soqoqosho lwehlabathi lonke, njenge World Economic Modetic States kunye ne Prospects isalathiso, ngoko oloncedo lunyuka ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lokwehla kwezoqoqosho.

Ukwahlula-hlula kwemithombo yeNtlawulo

Ukuthembela kakhulu kwiqaqobana loorhulumente abatyebileyo benza uncedo. Unyuko lwamazwe anika uncedo akhoyo olunxulumeneyo ``````````Cine'''', Indiya''', Brazil, Turkey, ne-Gulf's'. Ngokuyinxenye inciphisile le nto. IBelt ne Gastrive yodwa inike amawaka ezigidi zemali esiseko semali. Noko ke, oku kugaleleka kunxulumene nemfuno yentengiso kwaye akulandeli milinganiselo yokukhanya kwe-OECD. Ngaphezu koko, abaniki abaqhaphumi ngokwabo abathintelwayo ekucoceni kwezoqoqosho: ukukhula kwe-62,pandemics ukuhla kwe-intshi yomgangatho we-R34 mazwe aphesheya.

Idibanisa uphando lucebisa ukuba inkqubo yoncedo oluvuthayo ifune ukudityaniswa kukawonke-wonke DA] ngenkomkhulu yabucala ngokweenkqubo ezifana nempembelelo yenkqubela-phambili, isiqinisekiso, kunye nezibonelelo zemali ezidityanisiweyo. Kodwa ungeniso lwabucala luzakoma ngexesha lengxaki yehlabathi, lwenze ithathele indawo engafanelekanga.

Ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika kunye noncedo oluphambili

Umhlaba wezwe wezepolitiki okhoyo ngoku — kunye noxanduva olunyukayo phakathi kweNtshona, eTshayina, naseRashiya . Abanikeli bamazwe baseNtshona baya besebenzisa uncedo ukuvuza amaqabane, ukukhusela amatyathanga, kunye nempembelelo yamaTshayina. Olu “ncedo olukhoyo” lungasusa ubuncwane kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ukuya kumazwe aphakathi (umz. Afghanistan, Ukraine, iziqithi zePasifiki). Ngokwesiphumo, imigaqo esebenzayo ye- ECD yophuhliso . yelizwe, ulungelelaniso, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengozi iyavavanywa.

Imali Nemali Ephathekayo

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo kukudibana kwemozulu, amatyala kunye noncedo. Amazwe angenayo aphantsi ajongene nentlawulo yamatyala enyukayo . Imali epheleleyo yenkonzo yamatyala kumazwe asakhasayo afikelela kwi-$.4 amawaka ezigidi nge-2022, ngokwe i-UN Financing for Development[ ingxelo. Kwangaxesha linye, kufuneka utyalo olukhulu ukuze lukwazi ukuqhelanisa neempembelelo zemozulu. Imeko yezoqoqosho //iiyunithi ezizini eziphezulu zenzala ezithelekayo, zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuboleka imali elinganayo, ngelixa amaqondo oncedo ehlala enganele ukuzalisa umsantsa.

Izisombululo zemali ezintsha, ezifana nokutshintshisana ngamatyala 93for̆clima (apho abo batyalayo baxolela amatyala ngenxa yokuthathelwa indawo ngemozulu), baye baqhutywa kumazwe afana neBarbados neBelize. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwezi zinto kudinga iimeko ezinamandla zezoqoqosho zomhlaba wonke kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika okungaqinisekwanga.

Isiphelo

Intsingiselo yehlabathi lonke yezoqoqosho ayiyonto yesibini kuncedo lwamanye amazwe, kwaye idla ngokuba ngamandla alawulayo amisela imiqulu yoncedo, ukwabiwa, kunye nokuphumelela. Xa uqoqosho lwehlabathi lukhula, uncedo lunyuka; xa ludibana, luxakeka. Amaxabiso enkcitho, amaxabiso okutshintshisana, kunye neengxaki zemali zinyuka kwinkqubo, maxa wambi zinyusa ukuchanabeka kwabo baxhomekeke kuncedo lwangaphandle.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi benkqubela-phambili yehlabathi lonke, ukuphinda bafumane le migaqo-nkqubo ibalulekile. Ikamva loncedo alikho nje kuphela kuqingqo-mali olunesisa kodwa kubuchule, ubuchule obunamandla obungaveli luncedo kwimijikelo yezoqoqosho embi kakhulu. Njengoko ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nenkcaso ye-Phondo yehlabathi zikhula, ukwakha ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esizinzileyo nesithe ngqo kuya kuba yenye yezimvavanyo ezicacileyo zenkulungwane yama-21. Kuphela ngokuqonda amandla ezoqoqosho adlalwayo sinokuthemba ukuyila inkqubo ephumeza ngokwenene kwisithembiso sophuhliso oluzinzileyo.