Umthetho wemekobume waseJapan asiyontsebenziswano nje yobugcisa kungcoliso okanye ukuswela kwamacebo; sisibuko esibonakalisa imijikelo yengqiqo eguquguqukayo eye yabumba uhlanga ukususela kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe. Ukusuka kusukelo olungapheliyo lwemveliso yoshishino ukuya kugxininiso lwangoku ekulondolozweni kogcino-mali kunye nokuzinziswa kwemozulu, isiseko esisemthethweni sokulawula imekobume yendalo yeJapan siye sayilwa ngokukhuphisana nokujongwa kwehlabathi. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo yengqiqo iyimfuneko ekuqondeni isizathu sokuba iJapan isoloko ilandela indlela eyahlukileyo ekulawuleni imekobume.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukudityaniswa kweengcamango eziye zaguqula inkqubo yokusingqongileyo yaseJapan. Lilandelela indaleko ukusuka kushishino olusekelwe kurhulumente ukuya kwindlela esekelwe kumalungelo okukhusela indalo, kwaye emva koko ukuya kwisixhobo sophuhliso lwehlabathi esixhasweyo. Ngokuhlalutya imithetho ethile kunye nokutshintsha kwemigaqo, ityhila indlela intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika kunye neemvakalelo zikawonke wonke ezinokuyibumba ngayo imo yelizwe esemthethweni.

Imvelaphi Yangaphambili: Ukusuka Kwimfazwe Yasemva Kokuchacha Ndaya Kuvuka Kwindawo Esingqongileyo

Isiseko somthetho wemekobume waseJapan sikwisiko lokwakhiwa kwakhona kwemfazwe yehlabathi II. Olu hlanga lwavela kwimfazwe enxuwa, nesiseko salo soshishino nomonakalo wezoqoqosho lwalo. Umqhubi wengqondo wexesha yayingubundlobongela bobuhlanga obudibeneyo nobuGawulayo bezoqoqosho: imfuneko yokwakha kwakhona, ukuphinda ifumaneke, nokufumana umgangatho kunye namagunya aseNtshona. Le ngcamango, ibizwa ngokuba "kwinkcasommentalism," igxininise ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto. Urhulumente waseJapan, ngokusondelelene nomanyano lweshishini elinamandla (zazazamisa), ilandela inkqubo ye "etshatime-up", ukujonga kwimisebenzi emikhulu, imichini, imichiza, kunye ne-petrochi.

Oku kukhula okungalawulekiyo kwabangelwa yixabiso elikhwankqisayo lokusingqongileyo. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, iJapan yafumana igama elibi elithi "iindawo engqongileyo yelifa lehlabathi" ngenxa yeengxaki zayo ezimandundu. Izimo zengqondo ezifana ne-Mintata disease (methyylmercury chease), isifo se-Itai (ityhefu ye-cadium), kunye nobhubhani we-Yokaichiasmasmas zenza izihloko zezihloko zelizwe lonke. Ezi ntlekele zazingeyo nje ukungaphumeleli kobugcisa; zazingumphumo otheze ngqo wengcamango ejonge imekobume yemizi - mveliso njengendawo eshinyeneyo. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ethetha ngenkcubeko. Inkqubo yelizwe yayibuthathaka, kwaye ingumthetho womthetho warhoxiswa. Ingcamango ye-"ekuhlala kakuhle kwimo-jini-jini-gence"adedence, endaweni yesizwe, inkculo yelizwe, inkcube yelizwe, inkculo yelizwe, ithetha ngezalelo ye

Inguquko yabakho ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iqhutywa ngumbutho onamandla wemekobume kunye notshintsho elwandle kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Amaqela abemi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye namaqela abachasi aqalisa ukucel ’ umngeni ingcamango yokuphuhlisa. Oku kwakungeyonguquko yequbuliso kodwa yayikukutshintsha okuthe ngcembe. Umbutho wasebenzisa ubukhafula bobukhopitali boorhulumente boorhulumente kunye nenkxalabo ephambili ngentlalo-ntle nentlalo-ntle. Umphumo waba yingcamango entsha: ukuba ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume asiyonto ekufuneka inikelwe ukuze ikhule kodwa yayiyimfuneko engundoqo kwibutho elinobulungisa nezinzileyo.

Imigaqo Ebalulekileyo Yokugqwetha Imithetho Yokusingqongileyo YaseJapan

UBuzwe Bezoqoqosho Nezentengiselwano

Ingcamango yokuqala yobuchule yayiluhlobo lobuzwe bezobugcisa kodwa eyimfuneko yenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Isizwe sazibona njengegosa lenkqubela-phambili yesizwe, sikhokela ushishino lwabucala kwinjongo elungeleleneyo. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo yayijongwa njengemiqobo kulo msebenzi. Abaphathi befektri kunye namabhereji ngokufuthi babenengqiqo engacwangciswanga yokuba ungcoliso lwalusimeko embi kodwa oluyimfuneko yenkqubela phambili. Esi siseko somthetho sabonisa oku: UMthetho Osisiseko woLawulo Longcoliso Lomhlaba (1967) wawubuthathaka, umthetho wokungalawuleki siseko somhlaba ongenakuxhobisa. Yathiselana manyathelo okulawula ungcoliso "harmon" ngenkqubela yezoqoqosho" (ingxelo ephambili engokufanelekileyo yokukhuselwa kwemeko-ntle. "umreamon" sahlala sisebenza de kwango197077, ukufuzisela ukukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Ukunyuka Kwamalungelo Okusingqongileyo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke (owe - 1970)

Iminyaka yee-1970 yaqalisa ukutshintsha kwengqiqo yomhlaba. Isiseko solawulo lolawulo lweziko lomhlaba sasiyi "Pollition Diet" ka 1970, intlanganiso yembali yeNational Diet eyadlulisela imithetho emitsha eyi-14 ngonyaka omnye. Le mithetho yaqhushumbisa ngokuthe ngqo iqhutywa yintsebenziswano enamandla yentshukumo zabemi, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ababekhokelwa nguomatiloshe abahamba phambili, kunye norhulumente ophakathi wemikhosi ebona ukuba isongelwe ngokusemthethweni yimiqatha kwimibutho yoluntu. Ingcamango eyathi yafaka le mithetho yaba yile "imeko ekhoyo" neyonakalisa ungcoliso lwabemi, ingumthetho emitsha eyathi ivume ukuba abemi babe nelungelo elingundoqo lokuhlala kwindawo ecocekileyo, kwaye abangcolisi babenomsebenzi wokuhlawula amaxhoba. Imithetho yoLawulo lomoya (1968,1970), kunye noMthetho woLawulo lwamanzi, kunye noMthetho we-Dhavisiontion (1970), kunye noMthetho woMthetho wokuzinzo lobuGenetic (uarac.

Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nobuGqwesa behlabathi (1990s-Presenters)

Ngonyaka ka-1990, umgaqo-nkqubo weNgqongqothelo weNgqongqo yoBume bendalo wakhula ukuze uquke inkxalabo yendalo yomhlaba wonke. IJapan, njengegunya elikhulu lezoqoqosho kunye nokusayina izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neSindululo seRio kunye neSivumelwano seKyoto, yaqalisa ukwamkela "inkqubela-phambili" yesiseko seNqalo-bumeko ye-1993. Isiseko soMthetho wemekobume yonyaka ka1993 sathatha indawo yomthetho we-19679, ifaka imigaqo ecacileyo yokudibana kwendalo, umanyano lwehlabathi, kunye nomthetho wokukhusela indalo, kunye nomgaqo wokukhusela. Oku kwaphawula ukutshintsha ukusuka kwingqungqungquthelana okupheleleyo, ingcamango yemeko-ntle yasekhaya, imbono yehlabathi, yezizwe ngeendawo zezoqoqosho ezithenjiweyo, kunye namalungelo angakumbi amaziko oluntu, kunye neemeko-Njogne, kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona.

Uphando lwetyala: Inzululwazi ngezakhono kwiNkxaso

UMthetho Osisiseko Wolawulo Lokusingqongileyo (1967): Ingcamango Yokulalanisa

Umthetho ka-1967 ungumzekelo wencwadi esetyenziswayo wendlela yokuchaza indlela ukungqubana kwemiqathango okulo mgaqo womthetho. Ingcinezelo yabezoshishino ababesoyika umgaqo ongqongqo, ibinzana lomthetho "lokulawula" labonisa ulalaniso phakathi kweenkampu ezimbini: enye efuna ukubeka phambili ulwando kunye nenye engqinelana nokukhuselwa kokusisiseko kwemeko-bume. Umthetho obekwe ngaphandle kokubophelela imigaqo yamanani, ukushiya umthetho kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunye noshishino-zokuzithandela. Oku kwakusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba uqoqosho, ukuba ushiwe, ukuba ushiyelwano, ekugqibeleni, luza kuvelisa ubutyebi obufunekayo ekucoceni ungcoliseni ungcoliso. Le ngcamango yasilela ngokumangalisayo, njengokuba izifo zongcoliso zoo 1960 zibonisa. Umthetho wawungumphumo othe ngqo wolawulo lwezoqoqosho.

ISisic Environment Law (1993): Ingcamango Entsha Yemeko - bume

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wesithintelo semekobume we-1993 waba yimveliso yengqikelelo enzulu yengqiqo enzulu. Yathatha indawo yengxelo yokuvisisana ngengxelo ecacileyo yezinto eziza kuqala zemeko-bume. Lo mthetho wamisela imigaqo yokuba inkqubela yezoqoqosho mayiqhubeke ngaphakathi kwemida, kwaye yadala isiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wemekobume yehlabathi jikelele, kuquka ukufudumala kwendalo, ulawulo lwezendalo. Umthetho waguqula ingcamango "yobuchule bengqondo" neyokukhulelana kwemekobume bendalo" kwaye kufuneka oorhulumente besizwe kunye neendawo zoluntu ukuba bamisele izicwangciso ezisisiseko zokusingqongileyo. Le ngxaki yayiphenjelelwa yingcamango ebanzi yoluntu kunye neyasekuhlaleni. Apha yayingomnye "wenzululwazi yendalo yale mihla" inkolelo yokuba ukukhuselwa kwemekobume kunye nokukhula kwezoqoqosho akuphikisani kodwa inokwenziwa ngokudityaniswe ngobugcisa kunye nohla-projective.

Imilinganiselo yokuthintela ukufudumala kwehlabathi (1998) kunye neMiqathango yesi-3/11

Inkqubo yemozulu yaseJapan yenye indawo apho ingqiqo idlala indima ebalulekileyo. IGlobal Honging Counters Law, elungiswe kaninzi, ibonisa umxube wendlela yokusebenza ngokuzithandela kunye neyokunyanzelisa. Ingcamango yokuqala ethandwayo kubuchule bokuzithandela kunye nonxulumano neshishini (iPrestin-Funigany Action Planting Plan). Noko ke, intlekele yenyukliya yowama-2011 inyanzelekile ukuba i-"ukuphuma kwemiqathango ye-athom". Inkqumza ekhoyo karhulumente yazakhelwe ngokubhekiselele ekucingeni ngamandla amakhulu enyukliya njengendlela yokuzinzisa. I-Proffary-Fukushima, le ngcamango yanyanzekile. Urhulumente wanyanzeleka ukuba ilungelene ingcamango yokhuseleko olunyukileyo phakathi kookziko lwe-EXSposselton, kodwa uninzi lwamandukunyuke ngokunyuswayo, ulawulo lweziko lweziko lwezi zixhobo ze-EXhomonianer, olunyuse.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Neengxaki Zokuphazamiseka Kwengqondo

Namhlanje, umthetho wemekobume waseJapan ulawula ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo bemeko-bume. Iinkcaso ezintathu ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka. Okokuqala, isandi esikhulayo se-actus-ent uxinezeleko luyaqhubeka lubumba impikiswano ngamandla elahleko, ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, nokukhula kwedolophu. IJapan inenye yezona pesenti eziphezulu zamandla amalahle phakathi kwamazwe aphukileyo, into esoloko ivunywa ngamandla anamandla alinganayo abangela ubuchule bokusetyenziswa kwamandla emakhaya kunye nokunyuka kwemeko-carbon. Eyesibini, i-astrientrality-owergover-awer-om-om-om, nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela ekhoyo yesizwe. I-ulawulo lwesizwe, i-uninzi lwamazwe asekuhlaleni lwamazwe asekuhlaleni.

Okwesithathu, [[FTL:0] i-internationalist-versus-versus-partical iingcamango zidala ukonakalisa. iJapan ngumqondiso kwisivumelwano saseParis, kwaye urhulumente wayo uye wazibophelele ekuphumezeni ubundilele bekharbon ngo-2050. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa kusoloko kucotha kwaye kuthandabuza, ngelinye igunya elilawulayo leLiberal Democratic Party elijongene noxinzelelo lwamashishini afana nabenzi be-auto kunye nabavelisistili. Nationalic i-Scric isebenza njengendawo engaphandle ("eyiqaliziwe"") kunye nengcamango yezizwe ngezizwe ezibona iJapan njengomenzi-matshiss.

Ngokubhekele phaya, ingcamango ye- yokuzalwa kwe-equality iya isiba nempembelelo eninzi. Intshukumo zolutsha, njenge "iimini zexesha elizayo iJapan," ityhalela phambili imigaqo engqongqo yengqiqo yengqondo: ukuba umthetho wokusingqongileyo kufuneka umisele amalungelo kunye nokuhlala kakuhle kwezizukulwana ezizayo. Ngelixesha ingaguqulelwanga kutshintsho olukhulu lwemithetho, le ngcamango iqala ukubumba amatyala enkundla, ingakumbi ezo migaqo yemozulu enzima (] imozulu ebekwe kumthetho womthetho obekwe ngo-2023 ucalulo lwemeko-gqweqwele yomthetho elungele ukumelwayo ).

Imigaqo yexesha elizayo: Inzululwazi yezonyango nolawulo lokusingqongileyo

Ukukhangela phambili, umthetho wemekobume waseJapan uza kuqhubeka ulolongwa yindawo yokudlala yoMbutho ojikelezayo. Impembelelo eqhambukayo yimithetho yezoqoqosho yendlela yokulungisa indalo, efuna ukunciphisa ukulahlwa nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo. Le nto ilungelelaniswe ngokwenxalenye kwiMiqathango yeSiko-Siseko (2000) kunye nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yokuphinda iphinde isetyenziswe. Eyesibini yinkcazo yezoqoqosho ye- izisombululo ezisekelwe kwinjongo yentlalo[[ iingcamango, eziphembelela ucwangciso-mhlaba kunye nokunciphiswa kwentlekele, ingakumbi imigaqo yeJapan enikwa ukuchaphazeleka kwezixhobo ze-injini kunye ne-engile. I-esithathu yimeko-entlobo-entlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zemali (FTBN.GN, i-Genegnethieveticalth, i-eveticmentation, i-eveticmentalvetic, i-eting, i-enzation, i

Ukusetyenziswa kwala mandla kusenokukhokelela kwicandelo elithe chaphazelekayo nakukhuphisana kwemeko-ntle esemthethweni. Amandla oBulungiseleli be-Economy, uTrando kunye ne-Intests ukuqinisa imimiselo yemekobume kuhlala kungumqobo omkhulu. Noko ke, ukunyuka kobunzima bemeko-bume . njengokukhula kweziphumo zemozulu ezikhoyo, izikhukula, izikhukula, kunye nezivuthuzeli eziye zahlasela iJapan kwiminyaka yakutshanje, zinokuguqula umlinganiselo wendlela yokusebenza kwenkqenkqenkqeza phambili nokukhuthala. Ukucotha okunga kodwa okuthe konakalisa okuqhubekayo koluntu lwaseJapan nolwalusuntluko lwalo. Abemi abancinane banokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwimithombo yezoqoqosho, kodwa kwakhona lubangela intuthulelo enamandla ye-omatshini kunye nobugcisa, nto leyo enokuthi okanye ingaxhaswa ngokuxhaswa yimekobume.

Impembelelo yengcamango yomthetho wendalo waseJapan isikhumbuza ukuba umthetho awuthathi cala. Ivela kumandla, inkolelo, kunye nokulwa kwentlalo. Njengoko iJapan ihamba ngenkulungwane yama-21, amandla ayo okuyila imithetho yendalo ephumelelayo aya kuxhomekeka kubuchule bayo bokwenza isynthesis, synthes, kwaye iyakwazi ukulinganisela imigaqo yezoqoqosho kunye nokuthembeka kwendalo, ukuma kwesizwe kunye nobuchule bezobugcisa kunye nobulumko bamandulo bokuphila ngokuvisisana nendalo. Indlela engaphambili ayiyi kumiselwa kwangaphambili; iya kubhalwa ngabapolitiki, abahlali, abahlali, nabaxhasi bezopolitiko, ngamnye oqhutywa yimbono yabo yoko bafanele babenako eJapan.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, i- uvavanyo lwemeko- bume, iJapan inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lomthetho wangoku kunye nenkqubo. Uluvo oluthe lwanenkcukacha lungafunyanwa i-OECD Invisions ezisingqongileyo zobuko bume: [[FLT:] 201] , ehlalutya ukudisana phakathi kwemeko-zoqoqosho nebume bemeko-bume. Ngaphezu koko, i-Institutitute ye Global Strategies (IGES)[FLT] inikela uphando oluneenkcukacha kwimiqatha lwemeko-bume yemozulu yelizwe yeJapan nemeko-bume yemeko-bume yemeko-bume.