Isigqibo sokuba uluntu lubandakanyeke njengesixeko okanye idolophu sisoloko sixhotyiswa ngokwenkxalabo eluncedo njengenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, iimfuno zezibonelelo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yobomi. Kodwa ngaphantsi kwezi ngxoxo zomgangatho ophezulu zilele nzulu, iingxubusho ezibe zityeshelwa rhoqo: iingcamango zobupolitika. Abemi neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni babambelele kwindima efanelekileyo karhulumente, irhafu, inkululeko-mntu ngamnye, kunye nokusebenza kwemisebenzi yeqela ukuba ngaba uluntu lufuna ukuquququzelela, ukulwa kwemintsalela, okanye ukuwela kwingxoxo ekhathayo. Ukuqonda le ngcamango ibalulekile kuyimfuneko kubenzi bemithetho, abacwangcingcinga, kunye nabemi, kuba ibonisa isizathu sokuba imigudu ethile yokuququzelelana kweminye, intengo, kunye nesizathu sokuba imo entsha yobume boomasipala bahluka-ongqungqungquthane kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Ukuqonda Ingcamango Yezobupolitika Nolawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Iingcamango zezobupolitika azingomandla afanayo, kodwa zininzi lweenkolelo ezinzulu ngendlela ibutho labantu elifanele lilungelelaniswe ngayo. Kwimeko yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ezi nkolelo ziguqulela kwizimo zengqondo ezicacileyo ngokuphathelele irhafu, ilungiselelo lenkonzo, ulawulo, kunye nabathunywa begunya. Ezona zicingelanelo zengqiqo ezinxulumene nezigqibo ziquka:

  • Liberalism / Progressionism: ujonga urhulumente njengomandla afunekayo nawakhayo okuqhubana nokungalingani kwentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Iingingqi zoluntu ezikhululekileyo zidla ngokuxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke eziqinileyo, irhafu eqhubekayo, kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Basoloko bebona ukudityaniswa kwesakhiwo njengesixhobo sokwandisa izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, ukuhanjiswa kukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo.
  • I-Conservatism: Igxininisa ulawulo olulinganiselweyo, ukuthintelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho, uxanduva lobuqu, kunye nezorhwebo ezikhululekileyo. Uluntu oluneenkonzo ezikhoyo lungakugqala ukuthelekisa ukukrokra, ukoyika irhafu ephezulu, imimiselo emitsha, kunye nolwandiso lwesebe. Xa lusukela ukudityaniswa, kusoloko kukhutshwa ukuthatyathwa yisixeko esikhulu, esivunyiweyo okanye ukwenza imithetho yasekuhlaleni ifaneleke ngokweenjongo ezifanelekileyo, njengerhafuthelo yempahla nemiqatha yemiqathango yelizwe.
  • UbuLungu: bubeka ulawulo lomntu ngamnye kunye nongenelelo oluncinane lukarhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba. Uluntu olunobuphengululi luye luxhathise kakhulu ukuququzelelwa, lujonge nawuphi na umaleko omtsha karhulumente njengophulelo kwinkululeko. Bangakhetha amalungiselelo enkonzo yabucala, iimbutho zabaninimzi, okanye ulawulo lwengingqi phezu kobume bukamasipala.
  • UbuPopulism: Bunganqumla imigca yasekhohlo-ekunene, esoloko iphawulwa kukungathembani kwamaqela aphezulu kunye namaqumrhu amisiweyo. Imvakalelo yePopulist isenokudibanisa ipetroli xa abemi bevakalelwa kukuba abahoyiweyo ngamagunya esizwe okanye esizwe, okanye xa bebona isisongelo esisuka kwidolophu, amaxabiso ahlukeneyo. Ngokuchasene noko, isenokukhokelela kwinkcaso ukuba ukudiza kuqwalaselwa kuqwalaselwe njengeprojekthi ye-elitistiki.

Ezi zibane zengqiqo azisebenzi kwindawo engenamsebenzi. Zisebenzisana nembali yasekuhlaleni, amanani abantu, iimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye nolawulo lomthetho olubandakanya iphondo ngalinye. Ngaphezu koko, iingcamango zinokuba ngunobangela kunye nomphumo wokungena: uluntu lungaquka ngenxa yokungaxhomekeki kwengqiqo yalo, kwaye isenzo sokudibanisa izinto, ngokunjalo, sinokomeleza nokumisela abo batyekele kwimigaqo-siseko yasekuhlaleni, imigaqo-siseko yerhafu, kunye nezigqibo zokusebenzisa umhlaba.

Imeko esemthethweni nengokwenkqubo yoHlahlelo

Ukuhlahlela yinkqubo apho uluntu luzilungiselela khona lube ngumbutho osemthethweni kamasipala, oqhelekileyo obizwa ngokuba sisixeko okanye idolophu. Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo ziyahluka ngokwesizwe, kodwa ezininzi zibandakanya isicelo, ufundo olucacileyo, ukuchonga, kunye nokuvota kwabemi abachaphazelekayo. Amanye amazwe afuna imvume ekwingingqi okanye kwibhodi karhulumente, ngoxa amanye evumela ukuba kubekho umvoti-mvume othe ngqo. Imiqobo esemthethweni inokuba nemali eninzi, ifuna ubuchule obubalulekileyo, ubuchule bemali, kunye nentsebenziswano yezopolitiko.

Ingcamango yezobupolitika iphembelela isigaba ngasinye sale nkqubo. Ngexesha lesicelo, oosomashishini benkcubeko kufuneka bamisele iingenelo zokubandakanya iirhafu eziphantsi, ngokweenkolelo ezixhaphakileyo zoluntu. Umzekelo, kwingingqi ezikhululekileyo, abameli banokugxininisa amandla okumisela ulawulo lwerente, ukuxhasa izikolo zikawonke-wonke, okanye ukuseka amapolisa anokuphendula kwiimeko ezithile. Kummandla othe kratya, i-gstat ingagxininisa kwiirhafu eziphantsi, imimiselo encinci, kunye nokukhuselwa ekuphathweni lisixeko esikhulu, esineerhafuthelo. Ufundisi obungenamdla, bunokuba yindawo yemfazwe emalunga neengeniso zexesha elizayo, iindleko zenkonzo, kunye nokukhuthulwa kwezoqoqosho, nto nganye enokuthi ithazwe yipropatiswa yiprotho.

Indlela Ekhethwa ngayo Inzululwazi ngendalo

ISibonelelo soLawulo oluBanzi

Kuluntu olunophawu olunamandla olukhululekileyo okanye oluqhubekayo, ukuququzelela kudla ngokubonwa njengendlela yokufumana igunya elisemthethweni kunye nobuchule bokunika ingeniso obufunekayo ukuzalisekisa ucwangciso oluqhubekayo. Ngaphandle kobume bukamasipala, baphantsi korhulumente wengingqi, osenokuba ungomelela ngakumbi, ongathathi cala, okanye ongakwazi ukudlulisela ububanzi beminqweno yabahlali yeenkonzo. Ngokuquka, bangamkela irejista yesixeko ebeka imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo, ukulondolozwa kobume bemeko-oksitorethi, utyalo lwemali, kunye nemiyalelo yezindlu ezinokufikeleleka.

Umzekelo ofana nowokufakelwa kwepropati ufumaneka kwimimandla emininzi yeBay, enjenge Berkeley kunye [FLT] Francisco [umzekelo] (ukususela ekudityanisiweyo], kodwa kwimigudu yakutshanje ekhoyo. Cinga ukuba 2021 izama ngoluntu olungadityaniswanga ] uView, California[ [Ummandla we-Alameda)] ukudibanisa--a inxenye ye-okanye umnqweno wokufaka irhafu engqongqo kunye nokhuseleko ezithiweyo ezijongelwayo. Abahlali bejongenento eziyimfuneko kwimiqatha yente. Nangona bengazinziwa ukuba basebenzisa inte eninzi.

Ukonakalisa okanye ukukhuthuza

Uluntu olunemibutho ludla ngokugatya ukuphakanyiswa kuba lubandakanya irhafu entsha, isixhobo esitsha solawulo, kunye nokukwazi ukukhula kwixa elizayo kurhulumente. Noko ke, ulwamkelo lungaguqula lube yinkxaso esebenzayo xa utshintsho oluchaseneyo . /_ukungadibanisi-alukho) /lluthi uluntu luthathelwe indawo ngesixeko esingummelwane esikhululekileyo. Kwimeko ezinjalo, iqumrhu liba licebo lokukhusela ukulondoloza indlela elungeleleneyo yobomi: irhafumfa yempahla, ukuvumela ukugcinwa kwezindlu zeentsapho enye, ulawulo loshishino olulinganiselweyo, nolawulo lwezikolo.

Imeko eyaziwayo yi Springs, Georgia. Ngo-2005, abemi beli hlomela lobutyebi, elidla ngolu hlobo laseAtlanta bakhetha ukudibanisa, ubukhulu becala ukuqukumbela kwisixeko saseAtlanta, esabonwa njengekhululekileyo kwaye exhatshazwayo. iSandy Springs yaba sisixeko sokuqala eGeorgia ukudibanisa iminyaka engama-50, kwaye impumelelo yayo yavelisa iliza lokudibanisa iingingqi ezinqamlezileyo kwiphondo lase-Fulton County. Isixeko esitsha senza zonke iinkonzo zobucala, zigcina iirhafu, zisezantsi kwaye urhulumente ungonwabiso olubonakalisa iimfanele ukuvalwa kweminye yemibango yoorhulumente norhwebo olulinganiselweyo.

Imimandla ehambelana norhulumente

Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni aseNtshona naseMidwest, apho amaxabiso aphakamileyo eencwadi anamandla, ukuququzelelwa kwemibutho kudla ngokujongwa njengesisongelo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Abahlali bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi, osele encinane, ungcono kurhulumente kamasipala onokuthi anyanzelise imigaqo yokwakha, iilayisensi zoshishino, okanye imithetho yengxolo. Le mibutho ixhomekeke ngakumbi kwimibutho yabucala yamanzi kunye namaqumrhu, kunye namasebe omlilo okuzithandela kunokuba azenzele isakhiwo sesixeko.

Umzekelo, kwi iStorey County, iNevada, equka uluntu olungadityaniswanga lwesiXeko saseVirginia, impikiswano engamashumi eminyaka esetyenziswayo iye yasilela ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngelixesha ukukhenketha kunye nabaxhasi abakwimbali yokulondolozwa kwemeko yesiseko kunye neenkonzo, abantu abaninzi abahlala ixesha elide baxhathisa kwimi yemiba yenkcazelo, bephikisa ukuba “urhulumente yingxaki.” Oku kuxhathisa kuyaqhubekeka kwana naxa iinkonzo ezisisiseko .

Uhlolisiso lwetyala Kuvavanyo Lweemeko

UAustin, ETexas: Isixeko Esinenkululeko Esikhulu EURROB

Imbali ka-Austin njengesixeko esidityanisiweyo idityaniswe kakhulu nokuzichaza kwayo okukhululekileyo kwezobupolitika. Ukususela ngo-1970 kuse phambili, urhulumente wesixeko sika-Austin ubenguvulindlela kwimigaqo eqhubekayo: imimiselo yemeko-bume, utyalo-mali lothutho lukawonke-wonke, izindlu ezinokufikeleleka ezicwangcisiweyo, kwaye, kutshanje, utshintsho lwelizwe olusetyenziswayo ukuze luvumele ubunzima obungakumbi. Ukuvuma kwesixeko ukuthatha indawo ezingqongileyo ````ngokufunyanisene nengingqiniba'', okuye kwaqhutywa yingcamango ejonge isixeko njenge-everdemilthromat , ehluza ukuphuhliswa kwentengiso.

Noko ke, kwanakwiAustin, ingcamango iyaphikiswa. Iinkqubo zesixeko zobundlobongela ezinamandla kuma1990 nasekuqaleni kowama 2000 zabangela ukubuyiselwa kwerhafu kwilizwe lenduli elingqongileyo, apho iindawo ezihlala abantu ezithe ngxi njenge- PFlugerville[ kunye [FLT]] ne Kylee [ zaquka ukukhusela iziseko zerhafu zabo zerhafu nokuchasa uAustin's's translated'. Ezi zidipoi-inporation zaziyi-stionssssssss zicacipointal, zifunyaniswe ngokusemthethweni kwamalungelo empahla ne-gcume ngokuchasene “nesase sixeko esikhulu".

Emakhaya: Ingcamango yokungahambelani

Ngaphaya kwemiphakathi yaseMidwest, imimandla emikhulu yomhlaba ihlala ingadityaniswanga, ilawulwa kuphela ziintlanganiso zengingqi. Kwimeko ezifana , iKansas, ne Nebraska, ingcamango yobulali nokukrokra kukarhulumente igcine amakhulu emimandla emincinci efuna imeko yesixeko, kwanaxa abemi kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho bengayixhasa. Udliwano-ndlebe nenkokeli zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zityhila inkolelo enzulu yokuba “ingingqi iyayanelisa imali nje. ” Inkcaso yesixeko ixhaswa ngamaxabiso onqulo nangokwenkcubeko athelisayo ngokuzithemba.

Iziphumo ziyabonakala: iindawo ezingafakwanga zidla ngokungabikho zinkonzo ezisisiseko ezifana nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, ukuhlolwa, kunye nokugcinwa kwendlela, okunokuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho nomgangatho ophantsi wobomi. Kodwa ezi ndawo zorhwebo ziyamkelwa kuba ziyavumelana nembono yehlabathi ebeka phambili iirhafu eziphantsi kunye nolawulo oluncinane. Kubenzi bemiqathango, oku kuzisa ingxaki: indlela yokuphucula iinkonzo ngaphandle kokuxhokonxa ukungavumelani nengqiqo.

Iindawo zedabi zasezantsi: Ukungalingani kwendlela ekhoyo kwiMetropolitan Fringe

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo apho indima yengqiqo ibonakala khona kakhulu kunakwindawo ezimatheko ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwimiphetho yemimandla emikhulu yesixeko esibanzi. Olu luntu lusoloko ludityaniswa ngokweengcamango. Imeko yokufakelwa kwenqanawa ukusuka kwidolophana ehlala ecaleni kwabemi abahlala ixesha elide. Xa umba wokuququzelela uvela, lungabhenca iintambo ezinzulu zempazamo. Iwake County, umN [[FLT: 1] [iindawo ephakathi kwenqanawa], icetyikiswe ukuba ifakelwe i- i-Varnar[ njengesixeko esitsha (kunokuthathelwa kwe Raliegh) yaqhutyelwa, kunye nabahlali abavunayo bathanda urhulumente onobugosane noogosagosane abahlala edolophulwayo.

Izinto ezifanayo ezidlalelwe kwi Douglas County, Colorado, apho iindawo ezingafakwanga ziqwalaselwe kufutshane ne Denver ziqwalaselwe. Abahlali belabhuli bafuna isixeko esiza kumisa ipaki, uthutho lukawonke-wonke, kunye neentshukumo ezahlukeneyo; abaxhasi besithethe babefuna ukugcina iirhafu zisezantsi kwaye zigcine umgangatho wento encinci. Ukusilela ukufikelela kwisivumelwano . . ./_Ngokufuthi abami bashiya abami ngaphandle kwendlela ecacileyo ngaphambili, abashiye phantsi kwengingqi elungileyo engafuni kwicala elipheleleyo.

Uphando lwe-impirgys nogcino-lwazi lwenzululwazi ngendalo nolungelelwaniso

Ngoxa ubungqina obuninzi buyi-qualitive, iqumrhu elikhulayo lophando lomlinganiselo lixhasa ingcamango yokuba iingcamango zezobupolitika zibubungqina obubalulekileyo bokungeniswa kweziphumo. Uphando olusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lomgangatho wengingqi ukusuka kwinani lobunani be-U.S. kunye neengcamango zemigaqo (umz., ukusuka kwiCouperative Councitional Econstation Study) lufunyanise oko:

  • Imimandla ebalayo enesabelo esiphezulu sabavoti abakhululekileyo ityekele ekuboneni imigudu engakumbi yokudibanisa, ingakumbi kwimimandla esele ikwidolophu encinane.
  • Ubalo lwemibutho lubonakala lungasetyenziswa, kwaye xa luquka, lukwenza oku nge “inkonzo ephantsi, irhafu ephantsi” maphepha ephepha agunyazisa iinkonzo.
  • Ubuchule bendalo kwibutho labantu bunyusa amathuba okuzibandakanya okuphumelelayo; uluntu olwahlukahlukeneyo ludla ngokungazinzi ngenxa yokungqubana kweengcamango ngenxa yenjongo nobungakanani borhulumente omtsha.

Olu phando, olupapashwe koolindixesha abanje Urban Affairs Review kunye Joyal yeMicimbi yase-Urban [, lugxininisa ukuba ukudibanisa ayisosigqibo sobugcisa okanye sezoqoqosho kodwa yeyopolitiki egxininiswe ngokunzulu kwimilo yenkcubeko yemeko yedemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni.

Uxanduva lwesalathisi

Kubacebi, amagosa ophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kunye nabaququzeleli benkqubo yezoburhulumente, ulwamkelo lwengqiqo yokudityaniswa kwemibutho lungaphucula ukudibana kunye neziphumo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezigxininisa ukuhlaziywa kwexabiso-ne-ne--benefit, ukuphunyezwa kokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho zingasilela ukuphembelela abantu abaneembono ezibakhokelela ekungathembini urhulumente okanye ekuxabiseni ukuzilawula ngaphezu komgangatho wenkonzo. Iindlela ezisebenzayo ziquka:

  • iinkonzo zokulungisa ngokweengcamango. Kuluntu oluqhelekileyo, igxininisa ukuba ukudibanisa kunokukhusela ekuthatyathweni yisixeko esikhululekileyo, irhafu esezantsi ngexesha elide, kwaye idale urhulumente oyamkelayo, owengingqi. Kuluntu oluphangaleleyo, kugxininisa ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yenkqubela urhulumente wengingqi angenakuyizalisekisa okanye akazukuyi kusebenza.
  • Iinkqubo zokwahlukana ezihlonela ukwahlukahlukana kweengcamango. incoko yoluntu apho abemi banokuchaza inkxalabo yabo yendlela abacinga ngayo baze babone indlela yokudibanisa amaxabiso abo (umz., umsebenzi olinganiselweyo onika iinkonzo ezingundoqo).
  • Ingxelo yenjongo yogcino-lwazi lomntu ngeli xesha bevuma ukucalucalulwa kweengcamango. Abafaki-nkqubo bangazisa ingeniso kunye neentelekelelo zexabiso, kodwa kufuneka babe bacace ngeentelekelelo ezikhoyo ezibonisa ezo ziphumo nendlela iimbono ezahlukeneyo ezinokuzichaza ngokwahlukileyo ngayo.
  • Imodeli zolawulo eziqwalasela enye indlela. kuluntu oluchasa ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, abacebi bangacebisa ukuba kubekho isithili esikhethekileyo (umz., umlilo, amanzi, okanye iipaki) ezinikela iinkonzo ezithile ngaphandle kokudala urhulumente kamasipala jikelele wenjongo. Ezi zingamkeleka ngokwengqiqo kuzo zombini (ofuna iinkonzo ezingcono) kunye namanqathe (okoyika urhulumente wesixeko opheleleyo).

Isiphelo

Ingcamango yezobupolitika asiyonto iphambili ekuququzeleleni izigqibo; isoloko iyimeko esembindini ekujikelezeni kwayo yonke ingqwalasela. Ukuba iboniswa njengomnqweno wokuguquka okuqhubekayo, uloyiko lorhulumente lokuqhatha, okanye ukuzinikela kwezolawulo lokuphelisa ukuphazamisa kwesizwe, ingqiqo iguqula oko abantu bacela urhulumente ukuba akwenze, ukuba bakulungele ukukuhlawulela, nokuba bakulungele ukukuhlawula, nokuba bafuna ukuba nobume bukamasipala ngayiphi na yonke into. Ukuqonda le ngcamango ngamandla kuvumela abenzi bemithetho kunye namaqhinga ukuba bahambele ngaphezulu kwemimiselo yezoqoqosho kwaye babandakanye nokhetho lokwenene, lwexabiso abajongene nalo mimandla. Njengoko iUnited States iqhubeka ikhula kwaye isenza abantu bangaziniki, imidlalo ephakathi kwemfundo kunye nokusebenza ngokungxamisekileyo, iya kuba yenkcunkqesho, ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ebanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zasekuhlaleni.