Ukwazisa: Indima Ephambili Yezigulo Zezobupolitika Kulawulo

Amaqela ezobupolitika awangoomatshini bonyulo nje kuphela; asisicwili esidibanisa abemi norhulumente. Phantse kuzo zonke iidemokhrasi, amaqela alungelelanisa igunya lezobupolitika, izilangazelelo zezobupolitika, kwaye asebenza njengezithuthi eziphambili zokuguqulela izikhethelo zikawonke-wonke kwinkqubo kawonke wonke. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela alawula ngayo isiseko siyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na ummi ofuna ukufikelela kwimpembelelo yokwenza izigqibo zezobupolitika, ukusuka ekumiselweni komthetho wesizwe ukuya ekumiselweni kwabagwebi nakumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla wamaziko karhulumente.

Eli nqaku liyiphelisa imisebenzi engundoqo yamaqela ezobupolitika, lichaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo abasebenzisa ngazo impembelelo kulawulo, kwaye lihlola iziphumo zabo eziluncedo nezineengxaki kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Enoba ungumfundi wezopolitiko, umvoti othembisiweyo, okanye ufun ’ ukwazi ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, olu hlolisiso luza kunikeza umfanekiso ocacileyo, osekelwe kubungqina weyona migangatho yale mihla ingundoqo yedemokhrasi.

Iyintoni Imithendeleko Yezobupolitika?

Kuwona siseko wawo, amaqela ezobupolitika alungelelanisiweyo ngamaqela abantu abasabelana ngeenkolelo ezibanzi zezobupolitika kunye neenjongo nabasebenza kunye ukuphumelela unyulo nokulawula umatshini worhulumente. Noko ke, le nkcazelo ilula igquma ngesiquphe izinto ezintsonkothileyo. Iintlawulo zisisigqumathelo esikhulu sobuntlola, kunye nezinto ezintathu: [ umxube wobungxube [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [uhlu] [umthetho]] [okanye, kufuneka uthelekise umvano lwangaphakathi kunye neengcinezelo zangaphandle.

Amaqela anamhlanje aneenxalenye ezintathu ezibalulekileyo:

  • Iqela kwivoti: ivoti ezisoloko zidibana okanye zixhasa iqela, nokuba azilo amalungu asesikweni.
  • Umbutho weqela: isakhiwo esisesikweni esiquka iikomiti zesizwe, izahluko zasekuhlaleni, abasebenzi, kunye namasebe ahlawulwayo aqhuba amaphulo kunye nokulondoloza izibonelelo.
  • Iqela kurhulumente: amagosa anyuliweyo — abalawuli, abalawuli, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abagwebi — abaphatha irejista yeqela baze basebenze ukuzalisekisa ucwangciso lwalo.

Amaqela ezobupolitika aye aguquka ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Kwiiriphabliki zamandulo ze-United States neYurophu, amaqela ayesoloko ekhululekile kwimibutho yekhethe. Namhlanje, antsonkothile, amaziko ogcino-lwazi asebenza kakhulu ekunyulweni, ekukhutshweni, nasekuthumeleni amanani, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo. Indima yamaqela iye yakhula. Nangona aye asebenza njengezithuthi zokubhaliswa nokunyulwa, ngoku abumba imigangatho yonke, ukusuka ekuqululeni iprojeko.

Imvelaphi Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Engokwembali

Amaqela okuqala ezobupolitika avela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 njengendalo ngenxa yenzala karhulumente ongummeli. EUnited States, amaFederalris kunye namaDemocratic-Republica amiswa ngokujikeleza imibono eyahlukeneyo yomGaqo-siseko kunye namandla karhulumente. EBritane, iWhigs kunye neTorications ezingqonge amaqela epalamente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaqela aba nobuchule obuninzi, amkela amaqonga abhaliweyo, abamba iindibano zesizwe, kunye nokwakha imibutho esisigxina. Ukusasazamkozo kwemibutho yabantu kwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20 kunyanzelelwa ukuba abe ngabahlali baninzi, nto leyo ibangela ukunyuka kweqela labantu abaqhelekileyo, imodeli nanamhlanje.

Abaphengululi beqela bachaza imo yakutshanje yendaleko njenge i-Katz kunye no-Peter Mair ichaza inxenye yeqela elikhoyo njenge-“qela leqela": amaqela adityaniswe kakhulu nemeko, axhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kunye nonikezelo lombuso olulawulwayo kumalungu otyani. Olu tshintsho luneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo, njengoko amaqela enokuthi alungelelanise ulungiso lwendawo kulwamkelo lokuvota.

Imisebenzi Yemicimbi Yezobupolitika Elawulo

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo enceda ulawulo - melo lusebenze kakuhle. Le misebenzi asiyonto ikhethekileyo; ibaluleke ngendlela ulawulo lwale mihla olusebenza ngayo.

  1. Ukukhupha nokutyumba abatshayelwa : Imikhosi isebenza njengabagcini-sango, abajoli, abacholayo nabakhetha abantu abazakuqhutyelwa eofisini. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba banomgca osisiseko wobuchule, ukunyaniseka, kunye nenkqubo yolungelelwaniso nophawu lweqela. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, ibhola ingaphuphuma kunye nabaququzeleli abangalunganga okanye ababhinqileyo, abadibanisi.
  2. Iqokelela unyulo kunye nokuqokelela abavoti: Izikolo ziqokelela ubuncwane obukhulu ekubhaliseni, ukufumana isantya esiphumayo, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota zangelwa phambili. Zikwanika abavoti ifomu elula: ukuba umvoti ukhetha ingcamango yeqela jikelele, basoloko bexhasa abaqhubi babo ngaphandle kokuba kufuna uphando nzulu ngamnye kubo.
  3. [[NTLALA:0] Ukuququzelela nokukhuthaza inkqubo ejongiweyo yemiba `: Amaqela ezobupolitika adala iqonga — iintetho ezibanzi zomgaqo kunye nemigaqo — ezikhokela izenzo zamagosa awo anyuliweyo. La maqonga anceda abavoti baqonde oko kumele iqela kwaye anikeze ugunyaziso lwenyathelo emva konyulo.
  4. [[NTLT:0] ulawulo lokulungiselela isakhiwo : Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, amaqela acwangcisa ukhokelo (iNkokeli yoMthetheli, iMajoni, izihlalo zekomiti), ukunyanzelisa uqeqesho lokuvota (iibhuti), kwaye ulungelelanisa ukuqukuqela komthetho. Kumasebe aphetheyo, iqela lomongameli okanye umlungiseleli omkhulu unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu lolawulo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho zisebenza kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
  5. Ukusebenza njengoqhagamshelwano phakathi korhulumente noluntu : Imisebenzi isebenza njengendlela ezimbini. Yazisa abemi ngezenzo zikarhulumente, kwangaxeshanye, umzi womjelo ujongene nabalawuli benkqubo. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngakumbi kulawulo-melo olukhulu, oluntsonkothileyo apho kungekho mmi omnye onokulandela yonke into.

Le misebenzi ingundoqo ibonisa isizathu sokuba amaqela ephela kwidemokhrasi: acombulula iingxaki zomsebenzi odityanisiweyo, inkcazelo nokusebenzisana okuya kuphazamisa urhulumente.

Indlela Impembelelo Yezigigaba Zezobupolitika: Imbono Entlu - ntle

Ukuqonda le misele kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba amaqela anamandla kangaka kwanaxa engekho negunya.

1. Umthetho ogunyazisayo

Eyona mpembelelo ibonakalayo yamaqela ezobupolitika yile ndawo yowiso-mthetho. Xa iqela liphethe uninzi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, lingamisela ucwangciso, ulawulo oluya kwivoti, lize lidlulise imithetho ehambelana neqonga layo. Amaqela amakhulu asoloko esebenzisa ingqeqesho[ — uxinzelelo kumalungu okuvota nomgca weqela — ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zemithetho zisebenza kakuhle. Kwimithetho enjenge-United Kingdom okanye Canada, olu qeqesho lunamandla ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba umlawuli (i-Ketenton) ukhuthulwa kwiqela elikhulu yaye lunokubiza unyulo lwasekuqaleni ukuba uphulukana novotilo oluphambili. Iinkqubo zomongameli ezifana neUnited States, imohlwayo ingulo ebuthathaka, ukuqinisekisa ukuba icandelo elithe qela kodwa kwakhona likwaneqela leqela.

Imizekelo yomthetho onyanzelisa amaqela eqela iquka inyathelo eliphambili elifana nomthetho we-Affordble Care Act kwi-U.S. (elithi lidlule phantse ngokupheleleyo kwivoti yomgca weqela) nomthetho weBreexit wokurhoxa kwi-U.K. (owabona iimfazwe zangaphakathi ezikrakra). Kuzo zombini ezi meko, umthetho wawubonakalisa kungekuphela nje iinjongo zovota abachongi be-mente kodwa usukelo lwemithetho yeqela elilawulayo.

2. Uluvo olukhuthazayo

Amaqela ezobupolitika awaphenduli nje kuphela kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke; abumba imicimbi. Ngoshicilelo, amajelo eendaba, izibhengezo, neentetho zeenkokeli zeqela, amatheko abeka imibandela ngendlela eyenza izikhundla zawo zibe nomtsalane ngakumbi. Oku kuyabonakala ngokukodwa kumaphulo onyulo, kodwa kuyenzeka naphakathi konyulo. Umzekelo, iqela lingayikhulisa ngabom inkxalabo yokufuduka okanye ukunyuka kwemali ukuze lixhase imigaqo yalo eliyithandayo.

Uphando kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika lubonisa ukuba uchazo olunamandla luyisiqinisekiso sendlela abantu abaqonda ngayo izibakala. Kwanaxa benikwe idata ebhaliweyo, abantu batyekela ekuchazeni ulwazi ngeendlela ezivumayo kwiqela labo. Le ngxaki, eyaziwa ngokuba “kuqiqa,” ithetha ukuba amaqela anempembelelo enamandla kwintetho kawonke-wonke. Bangamisela amabinzana, bachaze oko kubalulekileyo njengengxaki, kwaye balungise izisombululo ezithi zigqalwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukutshona okunzulu kwindlela amaqela aphembelela ngayo uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokulayishwa, bona umsebenzi wodidi owenziwa ngu-E. Nelson kunye noogxa bakhe “kwiziphumo ezixhobisayo” (efumaneka ngoomagazini bemfundo). Ngokuqhelisa, amaqela achitha imali eninzi kwinkqubela-phambili yomyalezo kunye“ nempendulo ekhawulezayo” imisebenzi yokuphikisa ingxelo echasayo.

3. Umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ozinzileyo

Ngaphandle kwamacandelo omthetho ngamanye, amaqela ezobupolitika abumba umgaqo wonke wenkqubo karhulumente. Xa iqela liphumelela ukulawula isebe eliphetheyo, lingasebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli, iinguqu zolawulo-mthetho, kunye nokutyunjwa ukuhambisela phambili imimiselo yalo yenkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda imvume yowiso-mthetho. Kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-mthetho, iqela elilawulayo likwalawula uqingqo-mali, nto leyo elelona sixhobo sinamandla sokuphembelela inkqubo yolawulo. Iqela elisebenzisa imali yokuzikhusela liya kunikezela ngemali ngokwendlela efanelekileyo; lowo ugxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwentlalo-ntlalo-ntle kuya kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwempilo, imfundo, nezindlu.

Impembelelo yenkqubo inzulu kakhulu kwiindawo ezifumana ingqalelo encinane kawonke-wonke, njengeenkqubo zolawulo, ucwangciso lolawulo, kunye nolawulo lomthetho. Amatheko asoloko efaka abalandeli abanyanisekileyo kwizikhundla eziphezulu zenkonzo yasekuhlaleni okanye adala amaqumrhu amatsha abonisa ezona zinto ziphambili. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi nguqu zingatshixa kwizinto ezithandwa liqela kwanokuba kamva liphulukana namandla.

4. Ukuphembelela iJadicary ne-Bureaucracy

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zezobupolitika, iqela elilawulayo likwamisela abagwebi — ngokukodwa kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo. La madinga aneziphumo ezingapheliyo ekulawuleni. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqanjwa ngamashumi eminyaka yokutyunjwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo eziphambili ngokuqhomfa, amalungelo emipu, kunye nemali yezenkcitho ebonisa iminqweno yokumisela oomongameli.

Ngokufanayo, amaqela aphembelela inkqubo yolawulo ngokumisela umsebenzi kunye nezinto eziphambili zamasebe karhulumente, kwakunye nokumisela iintloko zomasebe. Iqela elinamava lingagxininisa ekuphelisweni komthetho kunye nohlalutyo lwexabiso, ngeli xesha iqela elihamba phambili lingamisela ukukhuselwa kokusesikweni nokusingqongileyo. Olu khetho lolawulo luchaphazela ngqo indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo kunye neenkonzo ezinikezelwa ngayo.

5. Ukutshintsha Izithethe Zezobupolitika Nezithethe

Kwakhona amatheko anendima ekulolongeni impucuko yezobupolitika — imithetho engabhalwanga, imilinganiselo, kunye nolindelo olulawula ukuziphatha kwezobupolitika. Ngokomzekelo, iqela elisebenzisa rhoqo ukulibaziseka kwe-procedtural (njenge-palbuster) lisenokusiphazamisa ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ngoxa iqela elivumelana nolwaphulo lisenokulwakha isithethe sokuzibandakanya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le migaqo iphenjelelwa ngaphakathi ngabepolitiki nangabemi ngokufanayo, ichaphazela indlela yokulawula nomgangatho wokuthembana kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Ekwahluleni

Unyulo libala elisembindini apho amaqela akhuphisana khona ukuze afumane igunya, yaye indima yawo idlulela ngaphaya nje kokubeka igama kwikhasi lokuvota.

Ukuphanganisa Iinqwelo moya

Amaqela ezobupolitika afaka imali eninzi ekuququzeleleni umvoti kuba ukuvota kudla ngokugqitywa kunyulo olusondeleyo. Iindlela ziquka ukuvalela ucango ngesango, iibhanki zomnxeba, izikhumbuzi zomyalezo weposi, kunye nokubhengeza okuntsonkothileyo okuntsonkothileyo okuvela kumanani. EUnited States, amaqela amabini amakhulu asebenzisa amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi umjikelo ngamnye ekungeneni komvoti. Injongo ayiko ukupheka nje kuphela abaxhasi kodwa ikwakuphembelela ukuvota kwaye — kwezinye iimeko — ukunqanda ukupheliswa kwamaqela alwayo ngelishwa okanye imithetho eboshiweyo ebokisayo.

Ukubonelela Ngesibonelelo

Amaqonga eqela asebenza njengesixhobo esifutshane sokwenza oko kufunwa liqela. Anceda abavoti ukuba benze izigqibo ngaphandle kokuphanda zonke iindawo zomtshato ngamnye. Umba wesicelo ohamba phantsi kwegama lombutho ufumana igama elimfaneleyo — elilunge ngakumbi okanye elibi ngakumbi — kwaye unokusebenzisa ubuchule bokunxibelelana ngezinto zabo eziza kuqala. Umzekelo, umntu ofunda iRepublic eUnited States uya kuthenjwa ukunqumla iirhafu nokukhuthaza iimarike zamashishini akhululekileyo, ngoxa uDemocraticmentbate elindeleke ukuba axhase umnatha omkhulu wokhuseleko kunye nomthetho wemeko-bume.

Imali yeCandelo kunye nokuBekelwa Kwezibonelelo

Kwakhona amajelo anyusa aze achithe imali eninzi kunyulo. Iikomiti zeqela lesiZwe zilungiselela izinto kwimimandla yokhuphiswano, zinika abacebisi bovolovolo kunye namajelo eendaba, kwaye zilungelelanisa imigudu yokubhengeza. Le ndima ibalulekile kuba inceda ukucutha imimandla yokudlala kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwemibutho, abantu abazizityebi kunye namaqela anomdla anokuba nempembelelo engenakulinganiswa nanto. Kodwa, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuxhasa intlawulo lwequmrhu kuqhutywa zizinto eziqhutywa ngumdlalelo, ezinokugqwetha inkqubo.

Impembelelo Yemibutho Yezobupolitika Kulawulo: Uvavanyo Olulungeleleneyo

Amaqela ezobupolitika awalunganga okanye angendawo ngokupheleleyo; impembelelo yawo ixhomekeke kwimigaqo engokwesithethe, impilo yangaphakathi yamaqela, nezithethe eziphangaleleyo zezobupolitika. Ngapha koko sihlolisisa omabini amacala omkhokeli.

Imiphumo Emihle

  • [[NTL:0] Ukhetho oluyiprojekthi kunye nomelo: Iintlanganiso zinika abavoti ezinye iindlela ezicacileyo, zisenza unyulo lube nentsingiselo kwaye zinyanzelisa oorhulumente ukuba bakhusele iirekhodi zabo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zecandelo zivumela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (umz., amaqela aluhlaza, amaqela e-agrian, amaqela esizwe) ukuba amelwe kurhulumente.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inxaxheba yezopolitiko : Amatsha - ntliziyo aqeqeshiweyo, aqhuba iintlanganiso, kunye neziganeko ezingenisa abemi kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Ziyindlela ephambili kubantu abafuna ukuba ngabandakanyeke kakhulu kwezobupolitika.
  • Ukubeka iliso kuxanduva [: Amaqela akwi-Roval agcina ii-odoli kurhulumente aze agxeke ukungaphumeleli kwakhe. Inkcaso enamandla inceda ukubhenca ukunganyaniseki, ukungafezeki, okanye ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo, ivumela abavoti ukuba bagcine iqela elilawulayo linetyala kunyulo olulandelayo.
  • [[UKWENZIWA: 0] Uzinzo oluchazayo nocwangco: Kwidemokhrasi ezinzileyo, amaqela anceda ekulawuleni ukudluliswa kolawulo-siseko ngokucwangcisiweyo. Emva konyulo, iqela elilahlekileyo liyavuma lisebenze njengenkcaso enyanisekileyo, ngeli lixa umvumi efumana ukulawula ngaphandle kogonyamelo okanye amanqam.

Imiphumo Embi

  • Ukwenziwa kube luxinaniso kunye nokuvala igridi: Xa amaqela ejika kakhulu, angabeka phambili elinye icala ngokufumana umhlaba ofanayo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekungasebenzini kwemithetho, ekuvaleni urhulumente, nasekungakwazini ukucombulula iingxaki zexesha elide njengetyala, izibonelelo, okanye utshintsho lwemozulu.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-corruption kunye nomphathi-mali: Kwamanye amazwe, amaqela asebenzisa ulawulo lwawo lukarhulumente ukuvuza ii-cronesia ngemisebenzi, izivumelwano, okanye izibabalo. Oku kuthoba ukufaneleka kolawulo-mthetho kunye nokuthemba uluntu. Kwanakwizityebi zedemokhrasi, amahlazo emali eqela axhaphakile.
  • UbuPopu kunye nobugrogrisi: Imikhosi ingathabatha iindawo ezigqithisileyo ukulungiselela isiseko senkanuko, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkqubo eyingozi kubemi abaphakathi. Amaqela ePopulist adla ngokuvavanya imigangatho yedemokhrasi, ukuhlasela ijaji, okanye ukuhlasela amagcuma amancinane, ukuthoba amacandelo olawulo-demokhrasi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ulwahlulo lwabavoti: Xa amaqela ejolisekile kakhulu kubuchule bangaphakathi okanye kwiimfuno zomnikeli, abemi abaqhelekileyo bangavakalelwa kukuba inkxalabo yabo ayihoywa. Oku kungakhokelela ekuchotsheni okusezantsi, ekuhluleni, nasekunyukeni kwentshukumo ezichasene nenkqubo.

Isiphelo: Ukunconywa Okuqhubekayo Kwezi Hlabathi Zezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika akafezekanga, kodwa ahlala ebaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwale mihla. Awenza lula ukhetho oluntsonkothileyo lwabavoti, alungelelanisa ukuphazamisana komsebenzi wemithetho nezolawulo-mthetho, kwaye anika ukuphendula okuqhubekayo okwenza idemokhrasi ilungise idemokhrasi. Ucelomngeni kubemi nabaguquli kukuqinisa imisebenzi elungileyo yamaqela ngoxa benciphisa utyekelo lwabo olubi. Oku kuthetha ukukhuthaza idemokhrasi yangaphakathi, ukulinganisela impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, nokukhuthaza ingxubusho ephakathi kwecandelo lolawulo-demokhrasi kwimibandela ekufuneka kudisikelwe kuyo.

Amaqela agqibelela ngokunjalo, amaqela awenzayo. Uluntu olunolwazi, olufuna ukuba abantu babonakale kakuhle yaye baphendulelwe ityala, lunganyanzela amaqela ukuba asebenze kakuhle. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungakhathali nokungakhathali kuvumela amaqela ukuba angenele ekungasebenzini. Ukuqonda indlela ukulawulwa kwemibutho yezobupolitika kulinyathelo lokuqala elikhokelela ekubeni nenxaxheba kwibutho elinempumelelo ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi.

Abo banomdla wokufunda ngokubhekele phaya, uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika njenge L. Rosenblum (umbhali we ] Kwicala leengelosi: Uxabiso lwePartiss kunye nePartishast [[FLT:]]]) kunye [[FLT:] no-Paul Pierson[ (umbhali we- [[FLT:]]] Ithiye ityiwetis[[FLT:]]] [FTLT]]]) inikela ulwazi olunzulu kwindaleko yamaqela kunye neziphumo zawo zokulawula. Ngokudityani nayiphi nayiphi na enye i-evoluvolu lwamandla luye. [i-FT]