Ulwalamano oluphakathi koMongameli kunye neenkundla luyintsika esisiseko yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Oku kulawula ngokunempembelelo kungekuphela nje ukudalwa nokucaciswa kwemithetho kodwa kwanemida yamandla karhulumente. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano lubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela indalo esemthethweni eguquka ngayo ekuhlaziyweni kwezopolitiko, utshintsho lwebutho, kunye neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko. Embilinini wayo, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluhlala luqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawula, ukanti namasebe ejaji ahlala ekwimidaniso echubileyo, iingxabano, kunye nokunyathelana. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindima ezahlukileyo zoMongameli kunye neenkundla, iinkqumfatho, kunye neziphumo ezihlala zihleli kulwalamano lwawo lomthetho waseMelika.

Indima KaMongameli Ekwenza Imithetho

Ngeli xesha inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko U.S. iziveti-cathulo zamandla owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, uMongameli usebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Le mpembelelo idlulela ngaphaya kwamandla asesikweni okuquka izixhobo eziquka inkqubo yokubumba ngokuthe ngqo nangangqalanga.

Igunya le-Vito nesoyikiso soMthetho

Ubuchule boMongameli bokwenza umthetho bubugoci obunamandla kwiBhunga. I-veto ingangalungiswa kuphela yi-injini ephezulu-3 emagumbini omabini, umvalo ophezulu owenza ugqibo olukhulu. Ngaphezu kwevetoes zokwenene, umqondiso oxhasa okanye ophikisayo kwiminxeba, ucinezela okanye ulungisa ulwimi phambi kwevoti yokugqibela. Le zixhobo zidla ngokuba ngunobambo olwenziwa ngabaphathi belizwe.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Xa iKhomishini isilela ukwenza okanye xa uMongameli ezama ukuzalisekisa inkqubo ekhoyo yegunya lomthetho, imiyalelo elawulayo ekhoyo iba ngumgaqo ophambili. Le miyalelo inamandla omthetho we-compumental commentation kwaye ingakwazi ukuyitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo enyanzeliswa ngayo. Imizekelo iquka uMongameli Franklin D. Rooselt umyalelo wegunya elilawulayo odala i-internment of America ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II (emva ivavanyiweyo) kunye noMongameli Barrack Oba's Defiser Action for Childhomeals (DAC). Imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu ibandakanya ukuhlola umthetho, kwaye iinkundla ziye zawisa imiyalelo engaphaya komgaqo-siseko we-mthetho-siseko somthetho okanye i-mthetho.

Ukutshintsha I - agenda Esemthethweni

Abalawuli basebenzisa iqonga eliphezulu [ ngokuphandle ukubeka izicwangciso zemibandela kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Urhulumente weedilesi ze-Union, iingqungquthela, kunye nezibongozo ezingqalileyo kuluntu lonke zinganyanzela iBhunga ukuba lisebenze kwimibandela enjengezempilo, ukufuduka, okanye inkqubo yezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, i-ofisi yoMongameli yoLawulo noHlalelo loHlelo lwemali [OFLT] [[FLT]] izindululo zombutho wolawulo, [[FLT]], ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo lwezikongamela-mthetho, zihambelane nezo zobungameli.

Ukusayina iintetho kunye nokucaciswa kwegunya

Ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli bakhupha iingxelo ezimiselayo [ xa kutyikitywa amatyala kumthetho. La magqabaza angachaza indlela uMongameli achaza ngayo indlela achaza ngayo umthetho, abonisa indlela isebe eliphetheyo eliyawunyanzelisa ngayo, okanye liphakamise imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa ukutyikityo olu xwebhu lungabopheleli ngokusemthethweni kwiinkundla, bangaphembelela ukunyaniswa kombutho kunye nemingeni esemthethweni. Lo msebenzi ugxekwe njengesixhobo esilawulayo “ilungu lika-veto". Ukuzama kodwa uhlala unegunya lomongameli.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekutolikeni Umthetho

Isebe lejaji, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, lisebenza njengotoliko lokugqibela lwemithetho yomGaqo-siseko kunye norhulumente. uphindo oluqulunqe kwi-, olumiselwe uMarbury v. Madison [183], iinkundla zinegunya lokuvakalisa imimiselo okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingavumelaniyo. Eli gunya liphembelela ngokunzulu intsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho.

Ukuchazwa kwesiseko kunye nophando

Xa kuvela amatyala phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente, iinkundla zichaza ulwimi lomthetho, ngokufuthi zizalisa izithuba ezishiywe yiKhongozeli. Iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ezinjenge ubhalo kunye ne[FLT] i-parafition[[ ikhokela indlela abagwebi abafunda ngayo imimiselo. Umgaqo we-[FLT:] u-desis[[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [FLT] [5] [umzekelo] [okst:] uqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuzinza komthetho, nangona iNkuNkundla ephakamileyo inokuthi ilawule izigqibo zayo zangaphambili okanye ingqiqo.[FLT][9]

Ukukhangela kwigunya elinolawulo nomthetho

Ijudiadia isebenza njengogcino lwemida yesiseko. Iinkundla zihlola ubugqeba bemithetho yezolawulo, imimiselo yolawulo, kwanemimiselo yequmrhu. Umzekelo, ulutsha olusemgceni weSpread Comment & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa umyalelo wesigqeba sikaMongameli uTruman ukubamba izikhonkwane zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, ibambe ukuba uMongameli akanalo siseko wemithetho yokwenza oko. Imithetho enjalo iqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kwaye igxininisa indima yeenko kwimidalo yesenzo somongameli.

Umthetho Nomthetho

Ngaphandle kohlalutyo lomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zivelisa umthetho wesicaka [[FLT: 1] obumba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho. Iinkundla zorhulumente ezisezantsi kufuneka zilandele imizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kwaye izigqibo zazo zidala imithetho engqinelanayo kwiziphaluka zazo. Lo mthetho owenziwe ngabagwebi unokuba nempembelelo encinane njengomthetho we-statory, uchaphazela iindawo ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kumazwe achaseneyo.

Ukudibana phakathi koMongameli namaNkundla

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye namasebe agwebayo luphawulwa ngumjikelo oqhubekayo wesenzo, intsabelo, kunye nesigqibo. Imimandla emithathu/iZigqibo, imingeni engokwasemthethweni, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Ukutyunjwa Kwezaphuli-mthetho: Ukusetyenziswa Kwezizukulwana

Enye yezona zivumelwano zihlala zihleli zikaMongameli ngamandla okuphelisa abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ezi zindululo zihlala zihleli, oku kuthetha ukuba uMongameli omnye angaphembelela ijaji kamashumi eminyaka. Le nkqubo ibandakanya isiqinisekiso [, kwaye kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ungquzulwano luye lwaba lukhulu kakhulu kwiindawo zedabi. Abalawuli badla ngokukhetha ii-mineeno neentanda-ntanda-bulumko ezithile zejaji zejaji (*iprojectalism, okanye ubuGrandezi bomgamfazelo, okanye ubugqeba obuphilayo bomgaqo-siseko (iqeqeqeshiwe). Ingqiniso kwiinkundla ezifana noRobert Bork, Crence, uTrence, Brett Kavaghgh, kunye noAmy Barrnetts, inks.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Kwizenzo Zobuongameli

Izenzo zomongameli .Izenzo ze-Profesidenti . .Imiyalelo yokunqumla, imimiselo, izigqibo zenkqubo zamanye amazwe zisoloko zicelw'ucelo enkundleni. ISebe leJaji likhusela ezi zenzo, liphikisa ukuba uMongameli wasebenza phantsi kwegunya lakhe. Iinkundla ngoko zihlola ukuba isenzo sichasa kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye sigqithe imiqathango. Iimeko zophawu olunjengo TYP v. Hawaii [[FL:1] [20] [20] [20]

Iimbono Zasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Bobabini uMongameli kunye nejaji ziphenjelelwa luluvo lukawonke-wonke, nangona zinjalo. Abameli banobutyala obungqalileyo kubavoti, ngoxa abagwebi bezwe begqunywe ngobomi. Noko ke, uluvo lukawonke-wonke [ lungabumba izigqibo zomthetho ngexesha elithile, njengoko zibonwa kutshintsho oluya ku Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo kunye nolwamkelo lweNkundla yezo mtshato omnye [FT] [FLT:] u-5]. Hodberge. [[FLT][5][5][5]

Ukuhlola Impembelelo Yomongameli Engokwembali Ngomthetho

Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela izenzo zomongameli eziye zabangela ngayo iimpendulo eziphindaphindwayo ezithetha ngomthetho.

Marbury v. Madison (103) – Ukumisa Impinda Yowezo-mthetho

Nangona lingabandakanyeki ngqo kwinyathelo lomongameli, eli tyala labangelwa yimbambano yezopolitiko phakathi koMongameli uJohn Adams nelandela lakhe, uThomas Jefferson. IJaji eliNtloko uJohn Marshall waqinisekisa amandla eNkundla Ephakamileyo okuvakalisa imithetho engekho mgaqo-siseko, ebeka isiseko sokuhlola ityala. Eli gunya kamva laliza kusetyenziswa ukuvavanya abaphangi bomongameli.

Korematsu v. United States (1944) – Ulungelelwaniso lolawulo oluphezulu nokhuseleko lwesizwe

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt uLungelelo loLawulo oluPhezulu luka-9066 lwagunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwamaJaphani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umyalelo [[FLT: 0] Koritatsu, ibhekisela kumagunya oMongameli emfazwe. Amashumi eminyaka kamva, isigqibo sagwetywa ngokubanzi, kwaye iBhunga ladlulisela umthetho kaNovemba weLiberties ka-1988 wokucela uxolo nokunika izigwebo. Ityala lihlala lingumzekelo olumkisayo wendlela iinkundla ezinokuthobela ngayo ulawulo oluphezulu ngamaxesha engxaki.

Ikhasi lenqanawa elincinane & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1852) – Ukunciphisa Ulawulo Lomphathi

Xa uMongameli Truman wasebenzisa izigalo zentsimbi ukunqanda ukubetha ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasilela phantsi isenzo, igqiba kwelokuba uMongameli wayengenalo igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye igunya lomthetho. UMgwebi uRobert Jackson wavuma ukuseka inkqubo eqinileyo yokuqwalasela amandla obumongameli: xa iBhunga ligunyazile, xa iBhunga lithulile, naxa iBhunga lithintela isenzo. [[FLT:] ulutsha oluselula luhlala lisesiseko sokwahlula-mandla ombuso.

United States v. Nixon (1974) – Akukho Bani Uphezulu koMthetho

Ngexesha lehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Nixon wathi unelungelo eliphezulu lokuvala iiteyipu ezirekhodiweyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yavuma ngamxhelo mnye, iqinisekisa ukuba ijaji imele ijonge izityholo zelungelo, ingakumbi kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukurhoxa kwetyala kwalandela uNixon kwabonisa amandla eenkundla okunyanzelisa umthetho ngokuchasene noMongameli.

[[UMTL:0]Bush v. Gore [2000] – Intsebenziswano yezomthetho kwimiboniso

Kunyulo lomongameli wama- 2000 oluphikiswayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa ingxelo eFlorida, iphumelela ekuncomeleni umongameli kuGeorge W. Bush. Isigqibo saphikisana kakhulu, abahlalutyi bephikisa iNkundla beyityeshela indima yayo. Ibethelela indlela izigqibo zogwebo ezinokuthi zimisele ngayo iziphumo ezithe ngqo zomongameli.

Ukungavumelani Kwamandla obuOomongameli Ngesenzo Sezaphula-mthetho Nangomthetho

Ngoxa uMongameli enezixhobo ezibalulekileyo, iinkundla kunye neeBhunga zimisela imiqathango. Izigqibo zezeejaji zingawisa imiyalelo yezolawulo, kwaye iBhunga linokuwisa umthetho omisela igunya lomongameli elimiselweyo, elilawulwa kukugatya nokuhlola okugweba.

Amagunya emfazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe

[[NTLT:0] Isigqibo samagunya emfazwe ka 1973, ifuna ukuba uMongameli adibane noMongameli Nixon's trato, phambi kokuba afake imikhosi exhobileyo kunye nokususa amajoni emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini ivume ukuba iqhubeke ithatha inyathelo. Iinkundla ziwaphephe kakhulu amagunya emfazwe, kodwa isakhiwo simele uvavanyo lwengqungquthela. Iimeko zakutshanje ezifana Zivotofsky v. Kerry (20) u-20) uKorry [20)] uthetha ngamandla oMongameli opheleleyo ukuba aqaphele oorhulumente bamazwe asemzini, ibonakalisa ukuba iinkundla zichaza imidalo yemicimbi yemicimbi yamazwe angaphandle.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

IKhomishini ingamchaza kwaye isuse uMongameli we- “Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye neMisdemers.” Ngoxa ukungagqibeki kuyinkqubo yezopolitiko, kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola umGaqo-siseko. Inkcazo ka-Andrew Johnson, kaBill Clinton, noDonald Trump ibalase uxinezeleko phakathi kwamandla aphezulu kunye nolawulo lwequmrhu. Ijajidica idla ngokuziphepha ukubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yezopolitiki, iziphatha njengemibuzo yezobupolitika.

Imida Yesiseko Nenkululeko Ye-arhente

IKhomishini ye-Intellimenti elawula ukulawulwa kolawulo lwemali, njengoMthetho woLawulo loHlahlo kunye noLawulo lwe-Impondo-mbiza ka- 1974 (ithintela amandla kaMongameli okuvimba izimali) okanye uMthetho we-Federal Vaccies Reformation (ukumiswa kwemiqathango). Amaqumrhu e-edential afana neFederal Reserve kunye ne-Exchange kunye neKhomishoni ye-Exchange Committenions enandipha inkululeko yowiso-mthetho ekulawuleni umongameli ngqo, kunye nenkundla ekhusela loo siseko. [[FLLLLD:0] SA LAW] Umthetho weSibonelo soKhuselo [[FLT:] 202020], iNkugqibelo-Mkhosi-Mkhosi-nkulu yaxhasa imiqathango yokususwa kolawulo koorhulumente kubameli abathile, ukuqinisekisa imbono yokuba isakhiwo sobume.

Izixhobo: Ukwenziwa kwelanga nekamva leeNdlela zoMongameli-Judicial

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ulwalamano phakathi koMongameli kunye neenkundla luye lwakhula ngokukhula. Amadabi oqinisekiso lwejaji aye aba ziindawo ezithe shwaka, namaqela omabini esebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa ukuqhubekisa okanye ukuvala iintsimbi. Unyuko lwe- lwesaunt-paint izihlalo ezibekwa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukutshintsha umlinganiselo wengqondo yawo, .

Ngeli thuba, ooMongameli baye baba nogonyamelo olungakumbi ekusebenziseni imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukudlula kwi-projekthi ye-odrock yowiso-mthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kunyuko lwabaphathi bomthetho. UTrump noBiden ngamnye ujongene nemigaqo-mthetho engamakhulu efuna ingcelele. Oku kujongwa kwamatyala rhoqo kuye kwaguqula iinkundla zaba libala elisembindini lemfazwe, kufipha umgca phakathi komthetho nezobupolitika.

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kwijaji yomthetho kwatshintsha. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ihlala ithembekile kunamanye amasebe, uphando logcino-lwazi lubonisa ukwanda kolwahlulo ngokwemigangatho evunyiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa koJaji Amy Coney Barrett phambi nje konyulo olunzulu lohlaziyo lwama-2020. Imigudu yokumisela imida yegama okanye imigaqo yokuziphatha yemithetho yezobulungisa ifumene ingqalelo ye-bipartisan, kodwa iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zisenzima.

Isiphelo: Ulwalamano Olunamandla Noluhlala Luhleli

Impembelelo kaMongameli kunye neenkundla zemithetho yaseMerika ayiminyenenga okanye ayilula. Lulwalamano lokuxhomekeka kunye noxinezeleko, oluchazwa yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko kunye neziganeko zembali. UMongameli angaqhuba utshintsho olusemthethweni kwivetoes, imiyalelo yolawulo, kunye nezibonelelo; iinkundla zingayichaza, ziyise, okanye zibethe olo tshintsho. Ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho utshintsha ngokucothayo, ngamanye amaxesha, ngelixa kusenziwa umgaqo obalulekileyo wokuhlola nokulungelelanisa. Ukuqonda le midlalo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela ezilawula ngayo, okanye indlela eziqhuba ngayo inkqubo yawo esemthethweni.

[[UMTL:0] ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga kuhlalutyo lokwahlula amagunya, kunye neprojekthi ye-Oyez ukwenzela isandi kunye nokushwankathelwa kwamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo.