Ukwazisa

Ulwamkelo lwezobuphekula luye lwaba luzinzi lwendlela zokhuseleko lwesizwe kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukususela ekuhlaseleni ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, oorhulumente baye bamisela uludwe olubanzi lwemigaqo elungiselelwe ukukhusela, ukuphonononga, nokusabela kwizisongelo zobugrogrisi. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwala manyathelo kusoloko kudlulela ngaphaya kwenjongo yabo, iziphumo ezichaphazela kakhulu abantu abafudukayo kunye neembacu. Kula maqela, asenokuba asenokujamelana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ukulawulwa, ukuma komthetho, ukuma komthetho wenkqesho, kunye nokulungisa inkqenkqenkqeza, imigaqo ye-othetho echasene nemigaqo ephikisanayo, uloyiko, uloyiko, kunye nokubekwa koogxanduva okuselukileyo phakathi kweemeko-mthetho, nokukhuselwa kokhuseleko oluqhubekayo phakathi koluntu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yoluntu phakathi koluntu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kokhuseleko oluqhubekayo.

Isishwankathelo samanyathelo okuphikisa ubuphekula

Iindlela zokulwa nobuphekula eziqukelele uludwe olubanzi lwezixhobo kunye nokungena. Ezi zingasetyenziswa ngokuphangaleleyo kumsebenzi wobupolisa owenziwa ngobuchule, ukhuseleko lomda olunyuselweyo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokujongwa, izakhiwo zomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zobundlobongela (CVE) zobundlobongela.

Umthamo kunye noqokelelo logcino-lwazi

Iinkqubo zokhangelo olukhulu, ezifana nezityhilwa ngabavuli-mlozi, ziye zandisa amandla oorhulumente okuqwalasela uthungelwano, ukuthengiselwana kwezemali, nokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwezemali. Iinkqubo ezininzi zixhomekeke ekuqokelelweni kogcino-lwazi oluninzi kunye nohlalutyo lwe-algorithms ukuchaza izinto ezinokuba ziyingozi. Abaphambukeli kunye neembacu, ingakumbi ezo zisuka kumazwe amaninzi angumthunzi, ziye zaxhotyiswa kakhulu. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezifana nokhuseleko lwe-National Agency elungelelanisayo engenakusetyenziswa ngezixhobo zokhuseleko oluzinzileyo kunye neSebe le Homeland lokusebenzisa izikhuseli ze-CD zoluntu ezifuna izikhuseli ze-bhayiselo ezisekelwe ngokungaqhelekanga kwisizwe okanye kunqulo. Izenzo ezinjalo zinokuqhaqhathaza kwaye zidise abantu ekuziseni abantu ekubonakaliseni imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ngenxa yoloyiko oluqhelekileyo.

Uthutho loMda kunye noMda

Ulawulo olungqongqo lwemida, uhlolo lwendawo engasemva, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabezoludwe lwababali bewotshi kuye kwaba yinto esezantsi. Ukwenziwa kweesiseko sogcino-lwazi esinjenge-Technshowning Secrening (TSDB) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokungena kwe-biometric ekhoyo kwenza ukuba kuhambeke kwaye kungeneke ntsonkothe kakhulu. Ulawulo lwe-Immigrantsc kunye neebaleki zisoloko zijongene neenkqubo zokuziphembelela, unyuso olunyusiweyo lwezixwebhu, kunye novavanyo oluninzi lweziko lwesiseko sedata. Kwezinye iimeko, abantu baye babekwa ngaphandle kwemiqathango okanye imvume esekelwe kubungqina obufihlakeleyo okanye kwimibutho engalunganga. Ulawulo lwe-Trump luye luthintelwe lungene njani ulawulo oluthe lwamazwe amaninzi amaSulumane, olubonisa indlela ukuthethelela okuzichasana nokhuseleko oluchaphazela ngayo kwimiqatha lweempukukhangela kwimibutho efuna ukhuseleko.

Amandla Asemthethweni Nawamagunya Empatho

Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho eyandisa igunya lokugcinwa komthetho lokubanjwa, ukuncinwa, nokutshutshiswa kwabantu ngenxa yokurhanelwa ukuba ngamaqhina abanqolobi. Iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, nokusetyenziswa kobungqina obufihlakeleyo ziphakathi kwamanyathelo aye agxekwa ngokuthob'iinkqubo efunekayo. EUnited States, iUSA PATRIOTTTT Act kunye nomthetho olandelayo wandisa amandla karhulumente okuhlola abantu ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo, kuquka abangengoovimba.

Ukulwa Nenkqubo Yokukhupha Inkohlakalo (CVE)

AMACVE ajolise ekuthinteleni ukuhlaziywa okugqithisileyo ngokwemibutho yabantu, ngemfundo, nangeenkonzo zentlalo. Ngoxa ezi nkqubo zikholelekile, zingabahlazisa bonke abantu. Xa amalungu oluntu ecelwa ukuba anikele ingxelo ngabamelwane okanye amalungu entsapho, ukuthembana kuyaphela. Eminye imigudu yeCVE iye yagxekwa ngokungqalileyo ngenxa yokujoliswe kumaSilamsi, igxininisa ingcamango yokuba abaphambukeli neembacu batyekelele kwimibange. Oku kunokukhokelela kwimvakalelo yokuba ngamapolisa kunokuba axhaswe, iqhubeke ihlasele uluntu ekuhambisweni kwamapolisa namaziko karhulumente.

Imiphumo Kuluntu Olufudukayo Nabafuduki

Ukuphunyezwa kwemilinganiselo yokulwa nobuphekula kuye kwavelisa iziphumo eziziingxelo ezibhaliweyo kuluntu lwabaphambukeli nakwiimbacu, ukusuka kuxinezeleko lwengqondo ukuya kwingozi esemthethweni. Ezi ziphumo zisoloko zidityaniswa, zidibanisa iingxaki ezisele zihambisana nokufuduka nokuphinda kuhlaliswe.

Uloyiko Nokungathembani

Enye yezona mpembelelo zisasazekileyo kukuphelelwa kokuthemba amagunya. Xa uphando kunye nokugaxelwa kweliso kujongwa njengokuhlasela amaqela athile esizwe okanye onqulo, amalungu oluntu ayakugatya ukubandakanyeka kumapolisa, amasebe karhulumente, kwaneenkonzo zentlalo. Oku kusenokuthintela abantu ekuxeleni ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukufuna uncedo olungxamisekileyo, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yoluntu. Uhlolisiso lweZiko loBugcisa lamaSulumane aseMerika awayesoyika ukujongwa lungafumanisi ngemisebenzi erhalaselwe umthetho, ngokuchasanayo noko kucetyiswa ziinjongo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, iimbacuka zisenokunxulumana namagunya alwano kunye nobukho bentlalo-majoni ajonge ubukho bezoyikiso kunokuba zikhusele.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Neenjongo Zokungayenzi

Abafuduki nabahlali bajongwa ngokungaqhelekanga kwiinyanga okanye iminyaka engekho mthethweni. Abangangeni-burhulumente banokuvalelwa, bagxothwe, okanye bakhafulelwe ukungena ngenxa yobungqina obahlukeneyo okanye izityholo ezibanzi. Ukuvalelwa kwabantu abafuna indawo yokhuseleko kwiindawo zokhuseleko kunyuke kumazwe amaninzi, nabantu abagcinwe iinyanga okanye iminyaka bengakhange bahlolwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ku-UK, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Gororrisbustration Prevention and Investigation Magements (IM) kuquke amazwe angaphandle angenakugxothwa ngenxa yamalungelo abantu. E-Australia, ukuvalelwa okungagqibeleliyo okunga kugwetyelwayo, ngokweendleko, ngokugwetyelwa yimibutho elwela amalungelo abantu. Ukwahlulo lentsapho lungumphumo oqhelekileyo, njengoko abaxhasi begxothwa okanye begxothwa, beshiya kwiimeko ezingakhusele. Abantwana abangenamali bengena kubazali abahlala bebo.

Impembelelo Kwimpilo Yengqondo

Uxinezeleko olungapheliyo lokuphila phantsi korhano lubangela uxinzelelo lwengqondo olunzima. Inkxalabo, udandatheko, uxinezeleko lwasemva koxinezeleko lwasemva kwe-traumatic Active disorder, kunye nokugqithisa okugqithisileyo kuchazwe ngokwexabiso eliphezulu kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abaphantsi kwemida ejongene nemilinganiselo ye-orthobacticus. Kwiimbacu ezisele zibaleka imfazwe, intshutshiso, okanye ugonyamelo, ulwaleko olongezelelekileyo lwenkxwaleko lungaphinda luzichaphazele. Ingxelo yeInterravetic Rights Intelligement Idential Identificiation ichaza indlela ezichaphaze ngayo iinkqubo zovavanyo ezizikhuthayo kwimidali ezibangela uxinelo olunzima phakathi kwabafuni bekhuselwe iingcuphelo olunzima, abavakalelwa ngokuba zizisulu kakhulu kunabangelwayo kunabandene. Abantwana bangama ngamaxhoba abenza esikolweni ngenxa yokuxhatshaniswa kwemi babo ngenxa yemintlukwano ngenxa yoluntu, kwaye bangazenza isigidibo lwabo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezoqoqosho nokwentlalo

Amanyathelo okulwa nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho anokuthintela ukuhambelana kwezoqoqosho. Ucalucalulo ekuqeshweni, ekuqeshweni, ekufumaneni izindlu, nasekufikeleleni kwimisebenzi yemali kuxelwa ngabaphambukeli abaninzi kunye neembacu ezininzi ezikwingingqi ezijoliswe kuzo. Umzekelo, ukuba negama elifanayo nomntu othile osebenza kwingingqi yoonogada kungakhokelela ekuphindisweni komsebenzi okanye ekuvulweni kwe-akhawunti yebhanki. Abanini bamashishini bangaphulukana nabathengi ukuba uluntu lwabo lunxulunyane nobugrogrisi kwintetho kawonke-wonke. Ukonakalisa uluntu lunokuzenza umgangatho ozimeleyo. Oku kunokubangela ukuba abantu abadibaniselwaneyo bangabikho, bangajongwa njengabakrokreqi, kwaye abangakumbi basenokuthiswa kwimibutho ephambili.

Impembelelo Kumanyano Lwentsapho

Ukuhlanganiswa kwentsapho, isiseko senkqubo yokufuduka, kungathintelwa ngokuchasene nobuphekula. Izicelo zeentsapho ezisuka kumazwe aphezulu zisenokulibaziseka okanye zikhatyelwe iminyaka, nto leyo ekhokelela kukwahlukana okude. Kwezinye iimeko, amalungu entsapho kwamanye amazwe aye abekwa kumaqela ajongwa ngaphandle kwengcaciso, ngokunempumelelo ethintela ukukwazi ukutyelela okanye ukufuduka. Imeko yentsapho yeembacu yase-Siriya ekwalahliswa ngenxa yokuba igama lonyana wayo omdala lithenjiswa ekungeneni kogcino-lwazi lubonisa indlela iimpazamo ezinokuqhawuka ngayo iintsapho. Ukwahlukana okunjalo kunokubangela nokungabi nangxaki ngokweemvakalelo kwaye kunokuthi kuphazamise ukhuseleko lweembacuba nabaphambukeli ekufuneni ubomi babo.

Impembelelo Ekuxinzeleleni

Ukudibana okuphumelelayo kufuna ukuba abantu abatsha bazive bamkelekile, bekhuselekile yaye bekwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo ekuhlaleni.

Ukuncipha Kokholoso Eziko

Xa izenzo zikarhulumente zithathwa njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthemba amaziko karhulumente kuncipha. Amasebe okunyanzelisa uluntu axhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yoluntu ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho nokukhusela izisongelo. Ukuba abaphambukeli neembacu bokoyika ukuba ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho kuya kukhokelela ekuzihloleni kwabo, baya kuhlala bethulile. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 lweYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya yafumanisa ukuba abaphambukeli base-Latino e-US bebengafane banikele ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho emva kokwanda kwabasebenzi abasebenza phantsi kwenkqubo ye-Computercity. Ngokufanayo, ama-Sulumane eYurophu aye abika amathanda ukurhoxisana nokuphelwa kwe-Rhovertiestion ngenxa yokuphelwa kwe-proficial. Oku kuthel. Ukungathemba oku kunokwenza bonke abantu bangabi nangozi, njengoko izisongelo zokwenene zingabiswa.

Ukukhetha kunye nokwenza i-Clarente

Imilinganiselo yokulwa nobuphekula ingenza ukwanda kobupheku-nxaxheba ngokukhuthaza ukuthand ’ imimandla engalunganga nokuthethelela ukuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika. Intetho yamaMedi nezobupolitika ezidibanisa ukufuduka nobugrogrisi ingenza abantu bangabi nabutshaba kwiimbacu kunye nabaphambukeli. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqela asekunene asebenzisa ukhuphiswano oluchaseneyo ukuze alwe ulawulo olungqongqo lokufuduka, aqhubekeke alungele abantu abambalwa. Oku kungakhokelela ekuzilawuleni ngokwabo ngokwabo, apho abaphambukeli neimbacuba kwimimandla apho baziva bekhululekile khona, ekuphepheni ukudibana nabantu abaninzi abacinga ukuba baneentsha.

Ukunikela Amangxelo Ngolwaphulo - mthetho Nekhethe

Amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho okanye ucalucalulo olubangelwa ngabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nabanqikela kwimimandla yeembacu asenokungafuni ukufikelela kwinkonzo yabo ukuba boyika ukuba ukwenza oko kuya kutsala ingqalelo engafuneki kumagunya. Ibhinqa elingumSilamsi elihlaselwayo lingakuphepha ukubiza amapolisa ukuba liyaxhalaba ngokuncinwa ngonqulo okanye ngamaqhina oluntu. Oku kuxelwa phantsi kolu ngxelo kuvumela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo ukuba lungasohlwaywa luze luqhubele phambili umjikelo wokungxhwala. Ngaphezu koko, xa abasemagunyeni bengayivumi le ngxaki, bayasilela ukubeka oovimba bokukhusela abantu abachanazo.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Namalungelo

Ukubona ezi ngozi akuthethi ukuba uqhubeke nemigudu yokulwa nobunqolobi. Kunoko, kugxininisa imfuneko yemigaqo esebenzayo, elungelelanisayo nehlonela amalungelo abantu. Indlela elungeleleneyo inokuba luncedo ngaphandle kokunikezela ngentembelo nentsebenziswano yabemi abavela kwamanye amazwe kunye neembacu.

Ukwandiswa nokunyanzeleka

Amanyathelo okhuseleko kufuneka abaluleke ngokungqongqo kwaye alungelelane nesisongelo esichaziwe. Umzekelo, uphando olungenalusini okanye ukhupho olusekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ubuzwe asilolo kuphela ucalucalulo kodwa alisebenzi ngokufuthi. Iindlela ezidityaniswe ngobuntlola ezijoliswe kwizenzo ezithile ezikhethekileyo kunokuba zibe ziindidi zamanani abanzi zibonakala zichaza izisongelo zokwenene ngeli xesha ukunciphisa umonakalo oqingqiweyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yoluntu eyakha ulwalamano namaqela ahlukeneyo iboniselwe ukuphucula ulwahluzo kunye nokuthemba ngaphezu kolawulo loluntu.

Ukulawula nokuphendula

Iinkqubo zolawulo zibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okulwa nobuphekula. Iikomiti zohlolo-hlolo, iikomiti zepalamente, kunye nooveleli bomthetho banganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukujongwa nokuvalelwa kuhambelana nomthetho. Ukubonakala ngemigaqo esetyenziselwa ababalindi kunye nenkqubo yokuba abantu bavavanye ukuba babe ngamalungu anzima. [[FLT: 0]] ACLU[FLT][FLT] [FLT]] [1] ithethelelwa ukuba kuhlaziyiso kwinkqubo yokuhlola i-US, kuquka ukunika isaziso kunye nethuba lokukhuphisana nabo. Ngokufanayo, CRF] [FLT] [FLT] [F:3] igxininisa kusithi ikhuselo lugcinwe kumbandela wokuphikisana nomda we-RGBHBHP, kwaye ii-EXSGBSD zimele zisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ukubandakanyeka nokondla uluntu

Abenzi benkqubo kufuneka basebenze ngokukhutheleyo noluntu lwabaphambukeli kunye neembacu ekuyilweni nasekuzalisekisweni kweemilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Iingcelele zinokunceda ekuboneni iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga zize zandise ukuthembana. Iinkqubo zonxibelelwano loluntu, amabhunga oluntu, kunye neenkqubo zokuxela ezingachazwanga zingadala imijelo yonxibelelwano ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo. Ezinye izixeko zaseYurophu ziye zaqalisa iinkqubo zokulwa nocwangco-mthetho ezisebenzisana nemibutho yamaqumrhu elinamaqumrhu entlalo kunokuba zinikele ingqalelo ekunxibelelaneni kunye nenkxaso yasekuhlaleni endaweni yokugatya.

Indlela yokufikelela yamalungelo abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe unika isicwangciso sokulinganisela ukhuseleko namalungelo. Ama-odoli anikwe umsebenzi wokukhusela wonke umntu kubugrogrisi, kodwa kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo okulwa nobunqolobi awacaluli okanye awawachasi amalungelo afana nokuzimela, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. UN i-USPirportial shortives kukhuseleko oluchasene nobugrogrisi namalungelo abantu [ iye yabiza ukuba kuqhuba amatyala okuchaphazeleka kwamalungelo abantu phambi kokusebenzisa amanyathelo amatsha. Ukuvavanywa okuzi kunokukunceda ekuphepheni imigaqo ekwahlukana nokuthobla ukhuseleko olude.

Isiphelo

Amanyathelo okulwa nezenzo zobuphekula angenakuphikiswa anempembelelo engenakuphikwa kwingingqi zabaphambukeli, ukususela ekusoyikeni nasekungathembani okuphezulu ukuya kumngcipheko osemthethweni, ukwahlukana kwentsapho, kunye nokubekwa phantsi kwentlalo-ntle. Ezi ziphumo aziyoziphumo ezingezizo ezingalindelekanga; zinokuzichaphaza ngamandla iinjongo zokhuseleko ngokususa intsebenziswano nokukhuthaza intiyo. Ukujolisa phambili ekuboneni isisongelo esifutshane, kunokubangela umonakalo othe gqolo lwexeshana, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abaphambuke kwintlalo-ntle kunye nokhuseleko. Abenzi benkqubo bobugrogribi kufuneka bamkele imilinganiselo elinganayo enokuba nexabiso elifanelekileyo lokukhusela iinzuzo zabo. Ngokusebenzisa intlukwano, ukuvaleka, ukuphendula ityala, ukuthembeka, ukukhusela okunyanisekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iindlela zokukhusela wonke umntu ngoxa ehlonela amalungelo kunye nesidima ofudukileyo kwingiselwa nakunye.