Ukwanda kweePAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga

IKomiti yePhilitiki Action Action (i-PACs) ibisoloko ingumkhosi olawula inkxaso-mali yezemali yaseMelika. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, ezona ziphambili ze PACs “zayadityaniswa” ze PACs , ezo zimiselwe ziqumrhu, amaqumrhu asebenzayo, amaqumrhu orhwebo, okanye imibutho yamalungu. Ezi mithetho zidityaniswe ziphantsi kwemithetho ecacileyo: zingacela kuphela iminikelo kwiklasi yabo ethintelweyo (umz., iziphathi-ofisi, abasebenzi, abanobutheli, okanye amalungu omanyano) kwaye kufuneka zisebenze phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwequmrhululo oluxhasayo.

Noko ke, isigqibo sezopolitiko satshintsha ngokuphawulekayo emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 . Esi sigqibo sahlela indlela yokukhula okudubulayo kwe-PACP(Ikomiti ezizimeleyo) ne D.C. kwicandelo lesiphaluka elilandelayo elingadityaniswanga nayiphi na intlangano ethile. IPaC edityanisiweyo iyakwazi ukunyusa iminikelo engenakulinganiswa nayiphi na imali, imibutho, imibutho, kunye nemibutho (ngokunjalo iminikelo kwi PAC ngokwayo isephantsi kwemiqathango ukuba iPC yenza iminikelo engqalileyo i-enze i-enza i-awudingxma kwilungu layo). Isitshixo sazo asidityaniswanga nangalulo lwazo lwento.

Eli nqaku lihlola impembelelo enzulu eye yafunyanwa zii-PAC ezingezozo ezidityanisiweyo kwimithetho yezopolitiko. Ngelixesha ezi komiti zinyusele iindlela zokuthetha ngokwezobupolitika kunye nokuganana ngengca, zikwabhenca nobuthathaka obubalulekileyo kulawulo lokubona ngaphaya kwendalo ecetyelwe ukwazisa abavoti malunga nokuba ngowaphi amaphulo emali. Njengobuninzi bee-PAC abangezozidibanisi, uxinzeleko phakathi kwenkululeko yokuthetha kunye nelungelo likawonke-wonke ukwazi luya kuba lusiba lukhulu ngakumbi.

IPacs Ezingaqhakamshelwanga: Ukwakhiwa

Ngaphantsi komthetho karhulumente, nayiphi na ikomiti yezobupolitika engadityaniswanga, engalawulwayo, okanye elawulwa ngumbutho, umbutho, okanye elinye iqumrhu. Le PAC isoloko isekwa ngamaqela eengcamango, amangqina, okanye abantu abaxhasa intlangano ngabanye abangenayo inkxaso esesikweni. Ngokungafaniyo nabo banxulumene nabo, ii-PAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga, zisenokucela iminikelo evela kuwonke-wonke, kuquka abantu ngabanye kunye nemikhosi engekho nxalenye yodidi oluthintelweyo.

I-PACs engokwasemthethweni elawula isakhiwo esingadityanisiweyo isekelwe ngokuyintloko kuMthetho weCandelo loNkqululo (FECA) kunye nezilungiso ezilandelayo. Iimfuno ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ubalo kunye nokunika ingxelo: IPAC ezingadityaniswanga kufuneka zibhalise ne-FEC xa nje zigqithe ku-R1000 kwiminikelo okanye kwinkcitho. Kufuneka ngoko zifake iingxelo zexesha nexesha ezichaza yonke iminikelo efunyenweyo (ngaphezulu kwe $200) kunye nazo zonke inkcitho ezenziwe (ngaphezulu ko-200). Abanikeli abanikela ngaphezu kwe-200 kunyaka wekhalenda mabafakelwe ngamagama, idilesi, umsebenzi, nomqeshi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isigqibo sokunika iMpahla: I PAC engadityaniswanga ayinakwamkela ngaphezu kwe $5 000 ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-PAC. Noko ke, ukususela i-Speech Ngoku[ isigqibo, i-PAC engazidityaniswanga zisekwa kwakhona “inkcitho- kuphela ikomiti” (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Super PAC) enokunyusa iinkcitho ezingenasiphelo.
  • INgxowa-mali eyahlulweyo: Abaninzi abangazidibanisiyo bagcina ii-akhawunti zebhanki ezahlukeneyo ukuze balandele iindidi ezahlukeneyo zemali(umz., “imali eninzi” ityala leminikelo yongenelelo lwemali kunye“ netyala lemali” kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo. Oku kunceda ukwanelisa iimfuno zolawulo kodwa kwakhona kwenza ukuba kubekho ukuntsonkotha kwenkcazelo.

Ngaphandle kwale mithetho, i-PAC enganxulunyaniswanga isebenza kwindawo encinci engqongileyo edityaniswe nee-PACs. Ukungabikho kombutho oxhasayo kuthetha ukuba akukho nkqubo yolawulo eyakhelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Endaweni yoko, umthwalo wehlela kumthamo wogcino-mali wePAC kunye nomthetho wokunyanzelisa iFEC .

Umlinganiselo Obonisa Ngaphaya Kwale Miba: Oko IPacs Ezinganxibelelaniyo Zingakucimi (nako Zingakuthandiyo)

Abaxhasi bee-PACs ezingeyoyo-odityanisiweyo baphikisa ngelithi sele bejongene neemfuno ezimandla zokwamkelwa. Ngenene, iifomu ze-FEC zokunika ingxelo zineenkcukacha, kwaye ezininzi ii-PAC ezingezo ezidityanisiweyo zenza iingxelo ezibonisa iminikelo nenkcitho rhoqo. Noko ke, iisithuba ezininzi zokwakha zinciphisa ukusebenza kwezi nkcazelo.

Umnikeli noMrhumo

Olunye ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo lukudityaniswa kweminikelo. I-PAC engadityaniswanga ingafumana inani elikhulu leminikelo emincinci ewela ngaphantsi komnyango wokwenza izinto ezingama-R360. Le minikelo mincinci ibekwe ngaphandle kwengxelo ngaphandle kokudwelisa abantu abanikela ngabanye. Ngelixesha i-PAC ingachaza udibaniso lwemali evela “kwiminikelo edityanisiweyo”, abavoti kunye nabalawuli abanakugqiba ukuba ngubani onike le mali. Le ngumba othile we-PAC osebenzisa iplatifomu efaka imali ekhusini, apho amawaka abani abancinane banikela ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza.

Ngaphezu koko, ezinye ii-PAC ezingeyo-intanethi zibandakanywa kwi- “conuit” okanye“inkqubo zokunikela ngameva”, apho iminikelo emininzi ikhutshwa ngabantu okanye kwimibutho ukufihla imvelaphi yantlandlolo. I-FEC iye yazama ukuxhasa ezi nkqubo, kwaye izenzo zokunyanzelisa aziqhelekanga.

Imali emnyama nokungabi nazimfihlelo

Ubuchule bokwenza ii-PACs ezingadibaniyo ezisebenza kunye nama-501(c). Umzekelo, 501(c) okanye amaqumrhu oluntu angama-527 ayile ummandla welizwe othe ngqo. Ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zidityaniswe ngokusondeleyo “nemali engacacanga” amaqela angamele atyhile abanikeli bawo kuyo yonke imithetho ye-IRS. Umzekelo, 501(c)(4) ingaxhasa iindleko zolawulo lwe-PAC okanye akhaphelise imisebenzi yayo yezobupolitika, ukanti ii-PAC's FECs zingabonisa kuphela 501(c)(4) njengomnikeli-omntu onikelayo. Ngokunyanisekileyo le nkqubo idityaniweyo.

Uhlolisiso lwama-2022 lweCampaign Legal Center lwafumanisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe-R22 yezigidi zemali yezopolitiko echithwe yi-PACs kunye nemisebenzi yabo phakathi ko-202022 ayikhange ilandelwe emva kumntu obonakalayo onikela ngenkonzo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba “yimali efihlakeleyo” kuyenza ingabikho injongo engundoqo yemithetho yenkcazelo: ukwenza abavoti bavavanye izisusa zezopolitiko.

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweseti yeenqanawa kunye nomngxuma wamva

Ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityanisiweyo zikwasebenzisa indlela yokuphepha. Ezinye ii-PACs zilibaziseka ukuqokelela iingxelo zazo de kusemva konyulo, xa ulwazi lungenampembelelo eninzi. Ukugcinwa kwemiqathango yokucwangcisa kubuthathaka kakhulu, kwaye izigwebo zisoloko zincinane. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye ii-PACs zisebenzisa i- “shell". Iikomiti ezisungulwe zize zinyibilike ngokukhawuleza, zishiya imikrozo emincinane yemisebenzi yazo. Oku kuqheleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimijaho yomgangatho karhulumente apho iimfuno zokutyhila zingekho mgangathweni.

Izigqibo ezingomthetho ezalungisa kwakhona iMithetho

Imeko- bume ye-PAC yale mihla engadityaniswanga ayinakho ngaphandle kwemithetho emibini ebhaliweyo esemthethweni: Ityala lokuqala labetha imiqathango ezimeleyo kwinkcitho ekhoyo ngemibutho nemibutho, ngexesha eyesibini ibambe imiqathango kwimiqathango yemiqathango ezimeleyo kwi-expressiture- quact.org v. FEC[FLL:3] (20). (20). Ityala lokuqala lalwa phantsi imiqathango exhomekeke kwimiqathango ezimeleyo kwibhodi (i-pacs) ezizimeleyo kuphela.

Noko ke, zombini izigqibo zaxhasa ngokucacileyo iimfuno zokwamkelwa. ICIINTLE], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi “ukusasaza inkcitho kunganika abanikeli kunye nabemi ulwazi olufunekayo ekugcineni iinkampani namagosa anyuliweyo amele ukuphendula kwizikhundla zawo.” Uluvo lukaJaji Kennedy lwagxininisa ukuba ukutyhila “ukungalungisi nokufumanisa ukunganyaniseki.”

Kodwa ukuhla kwemithetho yeqhinga elandelayo kususiwe kwimiqathango yokutyhilwa. AmaMelika e Proscrates Foundation v. Bonta [2021], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasilela kwimfuno yeKhalifoniya yokuba imibutho encedayo ityhile abanikeli bayo abakhulu, icaphula inkxalabo yoMbeko Wokuqala ngokukhathazwa ngumnikezeli. Ngeli lityala elijongene nenkxaso-mpuku, ukuqiqanda kwayo kuye kwakhuthaza ucelomngeni lokunikezela nge-PACs ezingeyo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zikwamkele iimpikiswano ezifuna amagama abanik'azo ezithi zibangele isiphumo esimandundundu kwintetho yezobupolitika.

Ii-FEC kuManyano oluManyeneyo zinikezela ngemvelaphi ebhekele phaya kwisakhiwo esisemthethweni.

Indlela Imithetho yePacs enganxibelelaniyo eye yakhuthaza ngayo iNguquko

Ulwalamano olufipheleyo lwe-PAC olungadityaniswanga lubangele imfuneko ye-bipartisan yotshintsho. Kumgangatho worhulumente, amatyala amaninzi ajolise ekuvaleni ukurhoxa nokuphucula ukubonakala. UMthetho we-DISCLOSE, osungulwe okokuqala kwaye ophinde wabuyiselwa kwiiKhomishini ezilandelayo, uza kufuna ukuba yonke imibutho echitha imali kunyulo ukutyhila abanikeli abanikelayo ngaphezu kwe-R10 000. Umthetho udlulise Indlu kodwa ugcinwe kwiBhange phakathi kwe-RCBS.

Ezinye izindululo ziquka:

  • Isithuba sokwenza isantya esomelezwayo: ukuhlisa umda onika ingxelo nge $200 [R1] ukuya ku $100 okanye $50 [R150] ukuthatha abanikeli besixhobo esincinane esinika i-athom.
  • Ingxelo yexesha lokwenene: Ifuna iiPAC ezingadibaniyo nezingadibaniyo ukuba zifakelwe iingxelo ze-elektroniki kwiyure ezingama-24 zokwamkela iminikelo emikhulu kufutshane noSuku loNkhluzo.
  • Ibonisa umngxuma weseti yeengxelo zeseti yeengxelo: isithi yonke iminikelo phezu kwemali ethile ibekwe kubanikeli abathile, abangenalo icandelo le-aggregate.
  • Amalungiselelo eAnti-Conduit: ngokulula ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa ‘ kwabanikeli bezixhobo''' okanye izinto ezikhoyo zommeli ukufihla umthombo wokwenene wemali.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, imimandla emininzi iye yamisela iimfuno zayo zokutyhila. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya, iNew York, kunye neWashington ngoku ifuna abanikeli abaphezulu kwizibhengezo zezobupolitika ukuba badweliswe kwizibhengezo ngokwazo. Ezinye izixeko, njenge Seattle, ziye zasebenzisa “ii-democracy commenters” eziquka izibhengezo zotyhilo. Noko ke, le migudu yomgangatho karhulumente isoloko ikhutshwa ngumthetho wesizwe okanye icelwe umngenisel'ii. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yoRhulumente yakwa-Legasti ishiya izimfashina ezi zilandela ezi zimo zemithetho.

Indima yeKhomishini yoNnyulo kuMnyamlo woKhuselo

I-FEC ngumbutho ophambili ojongene nokusetyenziswa nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezemali yephondo, kuquka neyolawulo lwe-PACs engadityaniswanga. Noko ke, isakhiwo se-FEC ``````Ikhomishina''''''''''''. Abakhomishinari abangebi ngaphezu kwabathathu kwiqela elinye'. Ngokufuthi bakhokelela ekupheliseni iqhina lokukhupha i-ankile. Izenzo zonyanzelo zifuna uvoti oluninzi, kwaye iimeko ezininzi ziphele ngokuvala iivoti ezintathu-3. Ngokwesiphumo, i-FEC ibeke iziphumo ezimbalwa kwiPAC ezingadityaniswanga zidityaniswenga kwi-PUS ze-ocss ze-oplustration.

Ingxelo ye-2019 ye-ofisi yoMangathotho-Manyano kaRhulumente yafumanisa ukuba i-FEC ivale amatyala alo okunyanzelisa ama-73% ingathathi nyathelo. Phakathi kweemeko ezisombululiweyo, ii-aftice zazisoloko zithoba-phantsi (i-$10-10,000) kwaye zinqabile ukuyeka ukuphinda amatyala. Oku kusebenza komsebenzi wonyanzelo olubuthathaka kuvumele ii-PAC ezingadityani nongasohlwaywa, ngamanye amaxesha iingxelo ezizizo ezibonakala zingaphelelanga okanye zisemva.

Izibizo zokuguqula i-FEC zikhule kakhulu. Iinkqubo ziquka ukunciphisa inani labakhomishinala, ukufuna igophe elikhulu lokufa, okanye ukunika umbutho igunya lesigwebo sesizwe ngaphandle kokuvota. Okwangoku, iBhunga alikhange lisebenze kwezi zicelo.

Imiphumo Yolwazi Loshishino Nengqibelelo Yorhwebo

Ukunqongophala kwengcaciso epheleleyo kwi PAC ineziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene kunyulo. Abavoter abanakusoloko begqiba ukuba ngubani osemva kwentengiso zobupolitika, iiposi, okanye amaphulo amanani. Oku kungakhokelela ekudidekeni ngeentshukumisa zokwenene zabathathi-nxaxheba kunye neendawo zokhupho. Umzekelo, ukuhlaselwa okuxhaswe yi-PAC engadityaniswanga nabanikeli bayo abanokulahlekisa abavoti ukuba bacinge ukuba umyalezo uvela kumbutho wengca xa uxhaswa nomdla omnye wobutyebi.

Ngaphezu koko, ubobona bungabangela ukuba kubekho ukunganyaniseki okanye inkangeleko yorhwaphilizo. Xa umntu oza kubhaptizwa efumana imali elungileyo yokuthenga ngokuzimeleyo kwi-PAC engaziwayo, ayikho indlela yokuba uluntu luhlole ukuba lowo ungeneleyo ubonwa ngaba mthombo ufihliweyo. Oku kululaza ukulwa nentlawulo yokunganyaniseki engqinelani nemithetho yezemali yezentengiso.

Openserets trams ezidityanisiweyo ezingeyo- PC inkcitho kwaye inika ujongo kumlinganiselo wemali engachazwanga.

Izicombululo zobugcisa nokushishina ngogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Ukuphendula kwizithuba zotyhilo, abaninzi abaxhasi baguqukele kubugcisa. Icandelo lesithathu njenge Opensecrets, Landela Imali, kunye nenkqubo ye-FEC ye-electronic egcina izithuba zemali ivumela uwonke-wonke ukuba uphengululo kunye nenkcitho ye-data. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zogcino-lwazi zisebenza kuphela njengoko kugcinwa ugcino-lwazi. Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga iingxelo zephepha lefayile (zivumele iikomiti ezincinci) zenza ii-data ezisidenjisi kwaye kunzima ukuhlalutya.

Bambi bacebise “icala lokubona ngaphaya-kude lexeshana” eliya kufuna zonke ii-PAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga neminikelo yazo kunye nenkcitho kwiyure ezingama-48. Ubugcisa sele bukhona."I-IRS sele ifuna i-email--evel-afs-kuququzelela irhafu. Kodwa i-uwiso-mthetho-mthetho ithintele ukuthathelwa inzala.

Izisombululo ezisekelwe kwiblockchain zikwadada, apho umnikelo ngamnye unokuthi ubhalwe kwisikhokelo esingenakujika ngeli lixa ugcina ubuqu bomnikezeli kwimizila engaziwayo. Ezi ngcamango zihlala zikhomba ngokuphandle kodwa zikhombe kwikamva apho utyhilo lunokuba lubanzi kwaye lungagqunywa.

Ukulungelelanisa Intetho Ekhululekileyo Nelungelo Loluntu Lokwazi

Abahlalutyi bemithetho engqongqo yokutyhila bathi ukunyanzeleka kokubonakala ngokucacileyo kunokubangela uqhankqalazo lwezopolitiko. Bakhomba ekuhlukunyezweni kwabanikeli ababonwa ekuhleni emva kobungcali bo I-Citizens United. Kwezinye iimeko, abanikezeli kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo babejoliswe kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zokukhatywa, ukutyhafiswa, okanye izisongelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ivumile ukuba “njengoko kusetyenziswa". Imingeni yokuchaza imithetho ingaphumelela xa kukho umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa.

Abaxhasi bengxelo yobheno bathi uninzi lwabanikeli bezopolitiko aluchaphazekanga, kwaye umngcipheko wokukhathazwa ugqithisiwe. Baphikisa ngelithi umdla woluntu wokwazi ukuba ngawaphi amaphulo emali udlula iziphumo ezimandundu. Ngaphezu koko, baphawula ukuba inkoliso yeePaCs ezingeyofayile sele zidityanisiwe, kwaye inkqubo yangoku ivumela iminikelo engaziwayo kuphela ngebhatalo ebengacelwanga yiBhunga.

Ingxoxo emalunga nokuzimela kwamnikeli nokubona ngaphaya kombane ayisombululwa ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, kucacile ukuba ii-PACs ezingezo zidityanisiweyo zitshintshile ulungelelwaniso. Ulawulo lwantlandlolo lotyhilo lwaye lwakhelwe ihlabathi le-PAC, apho abanikeli babesikelwe umda ngenani kwaye babenolwalamano olusemgangathweni nentlangano exhasayo. I-PAC engadityaniswanga iyakwazi ukunyusa imali kwi-ethe-asethi, ngokufuthi olungaziwayo ucelomngeni lukawonke-wonke lolwakhiwo.

Amalinge omgangatho karhulumente kwi-Diski yePaCs ezingaQhagamshelwanga

Ngoxa imithetho yezakhono yorhulumente isebenza kuzo zonke ii-PAC ezithabatha inxaxheba kunyulo lukarhulumente, amatyala anemithetho yawo yemibutho yesizwe neyasekuhlaleni. Amanye amazwe aye avelisa iimfuno ezinamandla ngakumbi zokutyhilwa ezinokuba yimizekelo yokuguqula urhulumente. Umzekelo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] IMinnesota ifuna iiPACs ezingadibaniyo ukuchaza zonke iminikelo engaphezu kwama-100, kuquka umqeshi kunye nomsebenzi wabanikezeli ngabanye.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] igunyazisa ukuba iikomiti zenkcitho ezizimeleyo zifake iingxelo zeeveki zokugqibela phambi konyulo.
  • iqhuba “inkqubo yonyulo olucocekileyo” enika inkxaso kawonke-wonke kumaxhoba avumayo ukulinganisela ukuqokelelwa kwemali nokutyhila zonke iminikelo.

Le mizekelo yesizwe ibonisa ukuba uvulo oluqinileyo lunokwenzeka. Zikwajongene nocelomngeni lomthetho, kodwa ezininzi ziphumile ekuhlolweni. [[FLT: 0] umphengululi we-Legal Brendan Wiley unikela uhlalutyo lwendlela i PAC eziye zalungisa ngayo kwakhona umthetho wezemali kwiphondo .

Ikamva leMithetho yeNkcitho kwiXesha elinganxulunyaniswanga

Njengokuba ii-PAC ezingezo ziqhubeka zisenza indima ephambili kumaphulo, uxinzelelo lotshintsho luza kunyuka. Unyuko lweminikelo efihlakeleyo, ukusetyenziswa kweenkampani zamaqokobhe, kunye nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemibutho yemali enika zonke iingxaki ezintsha. Ngaphandle kwesenzo, imithetho yokutyhila ingaba yeyona ingenamsebenzi.

Inkqubela-phambili yexesha elizayo iquka:

  • Isenzo sokwahlula-hlula: Umthetho omtsha we-DISCLOSE okanye i-pal egunyazisa i-email yexesha lokwenene ye-elektroniki, imiqobo esezantsi, kunye nemithetho elwa ne-conduit eqina-qinayo.
  • [[UTLL:0] FEC uTshintsho: Ukunika ulawulo ukhuseleko lokukhusela ilock efileyo nokunikezela ngoovimba bokwenza unyanzelo kunye nezixhobo zokubonisa ngaphaya.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izigqibo zeNkundla eziKhulu: INkundla ingaba nobunzima kwiimeko ezintsha zangasese ezinikezelayo, ezinokwenzeka ukuba zandise okanye zifumane iimfuno zokwaziwa.
  • Uxinzelelo lwePublic: Iimfuno ze- Voter zokuba mhlophe zinganyanzela iindlu zowiso-mthetho nemithetho-siseko ukuba isebenze, ingakumbi njengokuba ukuchithwa kwemali emnyama kufikelela kunyuko olutsha.

Ekugqibeleni, iziphumo ze PACs ezingadityaniswanga nemithetho yezopolitiko kukuchatshazelwa kolwamkelo noxinezeleko. Ucwangciso lomthetho alugcinanga isantya kunye nemfezeko ekhawulezileyo yezithuthi zezemali zezemali. Ngelixesha ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zinika umzila ofanelekileyo wokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ukukwazi kwazo ukusebenza ngokuzinzisa okulinganiselweyo kusongela ukuthembeka kobandakanyeka kwabanyuli. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi bomthetho, abalawuli, kunye nabemi lukukwenza imithetho yokuchaza imithetho ehlonela inkululeko ngethuba loluntu ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uluntu lungalandela imali. Isigqibo solu xinzelelo siya kuchaza impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika iminyaka emininzi ezayo.