Imisebenzi yokuqala yesebe loMyalelo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linguqumrhu lokwenza umthetho worhulumente. Libhala, lineengxoxo, lize lidlulise umthetho ochaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke .Njengokokuba irhafu kunye nemfundo ixhaswa ngemali ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nomgaqo-siseko wemekobume. Ngaphandle kokuseka imithetho, isebe lowiso-mthetho libamba amandla emali, lilawula indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali yokuhlawula irhafu. Livumela uqingqo-mali, inkcitho, kunye nokuphicotha indlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo. Isebe likwalawula isebe elilawula okanye ligatyele imimiselo yesebe, lihlola imisebenzi karhulumente, liqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo isetyenziswa ngayo njengoko kucetyiwe.

Kulawulo-demokhrasi olumela abameli, isebe lowiso-mthetho lingummiselo osondelelene nabantu. Amalungu alo anyulwa ngabemi yaye kulindeleke ukuba avakalise izilangazelelo nenkxalabo yabantu bawo. Oku kunxulumene ngqo nonyulo kwenza indlu yowiso-mthetho ibe luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulayo ne-athom yengxoxo kawonke wonke kwimibandela emikhulu. Ukuqonda le misebenzi kunceda abemi ukuba abameli babo baphendule kwaye babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo engakumbi kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Imeko yembali kunye nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Uyilo lwesebe lowiso-mthetho eUnited States lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu yiPalamente yaseBritane kunye neendibano zangaphambili zamathanga. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko bazama ukwenza indlu yowiso-mthetho eyomeleleyo eyayiza kumela abantu ngeli lixa kuthintelwa nayiphi na ingqiniso ekulawuleni. Ukuyekelela okukhulu kowe-1787 kwaphumela kwiBhunga le-bimeral: iNdlu yabameli, nezihlalo ezibekiweyo zabemi, kunye neBhathene, nomelo olunomelo olulinganayo lwesizwe ngasinye.

Inqaku I leMigaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lichaza onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiNgqungquthela. Lichaza iimfaneleko zamalungu, iinkqubo zokudlulisa imithetho, namagunya akhethekileyo anikwe isebe lezemithetho. La magama aquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezorhwebo, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye lenza yonke imithetho ifuneke kwaye ifaneleke ekuphumezeni la magunya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isebe lowiso-mthetho liye laguquka ngokupheliswa kwemithetho, imigaqo yenkundla, nokutshintsha imigaqo yezopolitiko, kodwa indima yalo njengegunya elingundoqo lokumisela umthetho lihlala lingaguqukanga.

Imiqathango engekho mthethweni

Inkoliso yezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ehlabathini lonke yi-biobaral (amagumbi amabini) okanye i-uncameral (igumbi elinye). I-United States, i-United Kingdom, iKhanadal, kunye neJamani zinenkqubo ye-bidamaral. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bidamaral, ezi zindlu zimbini zinamandla ahlukeneyo kunye nee-contituements, zinika umaleko othengezelelekileyo wokuhlola umthetho. Umzekelo, kwi-U.S., iNdlu yeeNdlu yee-acreams iqalisa ingeniso kwaye iyakwazi ukuhlawula amagosa asekuhlaleni, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-Rontarententer.

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingekho mthethweni, ezifana neziseSweden, eNew Zealand, kunye nelizwe lase-U.S. zilula kwisakhiwo. Zingaphumelela kakhulu kodwa zisenokungabi nazihlolo ezinikwa ligumbi lesibini. Ukhetho phakathi kwemixokelelwano yelizwe, umlinganiselo, kunye nentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Zombini ezi zizimisele ukumela abantu kwaye zivelise imithetho eqwalaselwe kakuhle, kodwa zikwenza oko ngemimiselo eyahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho Ibhalwe Ngokweenkcukacha

Ukuqonda indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni umsebenzi wesebe lowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo iqala ngengcinga ngezantsi. Ngokufuthi iqala kwilungu leBhunga, umongameli, umbutho karhulumente, okanye ummi wabucala. Loo ngcamango ibhaliswe kwityala kwaye ivezwe kwindlu okanye kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu (ngaphandle kwemali zemali, ezimele ziqale kwiNdlu yeNdlu).

ISiseko seKomiti

Xa ithe yaziswa, i-lindleko ibhekiswa kwikomiti ejongene nommandla wetyala. Iikomiti zilapho umsebenzi omninzi wemithetho wenzeka khona. Zibamba ukuchongwa, ziqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe, ziphawule ityala-oknaye-ading. Ikomiti ingavota ukuchaza ityala elifanelekileyo (isalathisi esinconywayo), itafile, okanye iyibulale ngokupheleleyo. Kuphela ziimali ezidlula icandelo lekomiti ziya kumgangatho wegumbi.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Kumgangatho, iingxoxo ezipheleleyo zegumbi lomthetho. Amalungu anganikela izilungiso, eziphikiswayo nezivotelwayo. Endlwini, imisela ixesha lokuphikisana nenani lokubuyiselwa. IBhunga, nesithethe salo sengxoxo engenasiphelo, lidla ngokufuna ukunyanzeleka kakhulu ukucela ukuvuselelwa kwentambo kwaye liphele i-monicbuster. Emva koko, impikiswano ivota kwinguqulelo yokugqibela. Ukuba idlula, ityala lithunyelwa kwenye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda iphindeke khona.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Ukuba amagumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye, ikomiti yenkomfa `iqokelele amalungu avela kwindlu neNdlu yeNtlanganiso--meet ukusombulula umahluko. Ikomiti ivelisa ulwahlulelo olufanele luvunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi ngaphandle kokuphinda kulungiswe. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wokugqibela uyafana phambi kokuba uye kumongameli.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa omabini amaqela esivumelwano, ityala lithunyelwa kumongameli. Umongameli angalityobela kumthetho, okanye alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (xa iBhunga likwintlanganiso). Ukuba umongameli ubeka umthetho, iBhunga lingawugqitha umva kunye nabaninzi ababini-3 kumgobo womagumbi omabini. Amandla eveto angundoqo obalulekileyo owenziwe ngumphathi-mthetho, kodwa isebe lemithetho lisenokuwumisa umthetho ukuba liququzelela inkxaso eyaneleyo.

Inkqubo YeKomiti: Apho Umsebenzi Wokwenene Wenzeka Khona

IiKomiti yi-injini yesebe lowiso-mthetho. Zivumela iNgqungquthela ukuba yahlule umsebenzi wayo phakathi kwamaqela amancinane eingcali. Kukho iintlobo eziliqela zeekomiti:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Iikomiti ezimisayo zindawo ezisisigxina eziphethe iindawo ezithile zenkqubo ezithile, ezifana nezolimo, iiApproprication, iiNkonzo zeZixhobo, kunye neJudiary.
  • Khetha okanye ikomiti eyodwa yenzelwe injongo ethile okwethutyana, njengokuphanda ngehlazo okanye ukuhlolisisa umba wocinezelelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] iikomiti ezidibeneyo ziquka amalungu avela kwindlu kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso kunye nemicimbi ebandakanyanayo, njengerhafu okanye iThala leencwadi leBhunga.
  • [ Iikomiti zeConference zizinto zolawulo zexeshana ezenziwe ukudibanisa umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso yeMithetho.

Izihlalo zekomiti, eziqheleke kwiqela elininzi, zinamandla abalulekileyo okumisela iingxubusho kunye nocwangciso lokuphulaphula. Inkqubo ephambili emiselwe ngokwesithethe, kodwa uqheliselo lwangoku lusoloko lubandakanya unyulo ngecaucus yeqela. Iikomiti nazo zineekomiti ezincinci ezijolise kwimiba enciphileyo, ezivumela uhlalutyo oluthe kratya. Inkqubo yekomiti iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uphengululwe ngokucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ufikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Amandla Okuthenga: Uqingqo-mali Nezicelo

Elinye lawona magunya abalulekileyo esebe lowiso-mthetho kukulawula iindleko zikarhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya lerhafu, ukuboleka, nokuchitha imali kwintlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo neyoluntu. Nyaka ngamnye, iBhunga kufuneka lidlulise isigqibo soqingqo-mali esimisela amaxhoba onke, lilandelwe ziindleko ezihlawulwayo ezihlawulwayo ezinikezelwa ngemali ekwakheniwa iimali kumasebe karhulumente neenkqubo.

IiKomiti zoluHlulo-mali zombini kumagumbi omsebenzi okwenza la matyala. Zahlulahlula amatyala oqingqo-mali karhulumente abe ngamatyala alishumi elinesibini onyaka agquma iindawo ezifana nokhuselo, ezolimo, ezothutho, neenkonzo zempilo. IBhunga lingadlulisela izicelo ezongezelelweyo zongxamiseko. Ngokulawula uqingqo-mali, ukubekwa koovimba besebe bemithetho, ukubekwa kwemiqathango kolawulo oluphezulu, kwaye libeka amaqumrhu ngeli lokuhlawula irhafumrhu.

I-ofisi ye-Accounting akhawunti kaRhulumente (GAO), umbutho ozimeleyo phakathi kwesebe lowiso-mthetho, uphicotho lweenkqubo zesebe lowiso-mthetho kwaye unika iNkqutyana ulwazi ngendlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali. Iingxelo ezisuka kwiGO yoncedo lwabenzi-mthetho bachaza inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokungasebenzi kwayo, uqinisa indima yabo.

Ukulawula Nokukhangela Kumphathi

Umsebenzi wolawulo lweBhunga lisiseko senkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokuva, uphando, kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu, isebe lowiso-mthetho lihlola indlela elisebenzisa ngayo isebe elilawulayo nenkqubo. Ukulawula kunokutyhila indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kakubi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, okanye ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo.

IBhunga linazo izixhobo eziliqela zokuvelela:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iikomiti ezivayo: kunye namaqumrhu angaphantsi abiza amangqina `kuquka oonobhala bekhabhinethi, iintloko zeziko-langa, kunye neengcali-lwazi] ukungqina kwimibandela ethile.
  • Ingqungquthela ingenza uphando olusemthethweni kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, enokuthi ikhokelele kwiingxelo, izinto ezifunyenweyo, okanye kwanezenzo ezingagqibekanga.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Subpoenas:[ ngaphandle kokuba inkcazelo ekhethekileyo ibandakanyekile, iKhomishini inganyanzela ubungqina kunye nemveliso yamaxwebhu.
  • I- Indlu inamandla okuqukumbela amagosa karhulumente, kuquka umongameli, kwaye iBhunga leNdlela liqhuba ukutyala.
  • Isiqinisekiso: INtlanga yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli okuninzi, kuquka amalungu ekhabhinethi, iijaji zengingqi, kunye nee-arhente, inika intetho ngqo kubasebenzi besebe eliphetheyo.
  • [[UMKHLT: 0] I-' Indlu yemibutho kufuneka ivume izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, inika ukhangelo lomthetho kwimithetho yamanye amazwe.

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuthenjiswa okusebenzayo kwamalungu eqela elininzi nalincinane. I-ofisi ye-Akhawuntication kunye neNkonzo yoPhicotho-Provier Congregational Research ixhasa ukujongwa ngokunika uhlalutyo olungeyonxalenye kunye nolwazi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ilungu ngalinye lesebe lowiso-mthetho limela isithili esithile okanye urhulumente. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo lo msebenzi wommisi-mthetho ungowona thunywashe ubonakalayo. Amalungu achitha isahlulo esibalulekileyo sexesha lawo kwisithili samakhaya awo, ukudibana nabantu, ukuphulaphula izinto ezixhalabisayo, nokunceda abantu ukuba balawule iqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente. Iinkonzo ezincedisana nokhuseleko lwentlalo, uncedo lwamavanjiweyo, amatyala okufuduka, kunye neemali ezincinane ezibonelelwa ngabasebenzi.

Abameli bakwasebenza njengabameli bezilangazelelo zasekuhlaleni. Basebenzela ukukhusela inkxaso-mali yemisebenzi yoluntu `njengenkqubela-phambili yezibonelelo, ukunikela, kunye nokuhlangula iintlekele--"ngendlela yokusebenzisa iibhokisi okanye iimali ezikhokelwa yingqungquthela. Ngokuhlala benxulumene nabantu abameleyo, amalungu esebe lezemithetho-siseko aqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abemi abaqhelekileyo avakala kwingxoxo yenkqubo yesizwe.

Umlinganiselo wamalungu kubameli uyahluka. Endlwini, ilungu ngalinye limele abantu abamalunga nama-760 000, ngoxa likwiNdlu yeeNtsimi, i-sentenet nganye imela imo epheleleyo, enabemi abasusela kumashumi amathandathu anesithandathu ukuya kutsho kumashumi amane anesine ezigidi. Lo mahluko uchaphazela indlela amalungu anxibelelana ngayo nawo aze asabele kwi-ofisi yawo.

Izivumelwano Nezigqibo

IBhunga leNtsimbi lidlala indima ekhethekileyo kwimiba yamanye amazwe kunye nakumagosa alawulayo esebe ngesivumelwano nangamandla okumisa. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, umongameli angangena kwizivumelwano, kodwa anokuba nesibopho kuphela ukuba iivoti ezimbini-ntathu zeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko ziwafake imvume ukuze zivuselele. Le miyalelo inyanzelo ilawula isebe lemithetho-witrogistiki ifuna inkxaso ephangaleleyo kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, ezingafuni imvume yeBhathene, kodwa zihlala zisesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokulawula izivumelwano ezifana nezixhobo okanye amaxwebhu orhwebo.

Ukumiswa komongameli kwizikhundla eziphambili ngezantsi, abagwebi besizwe, oonozakuzaku, oothunywashe, namagosa amatshatsheli aphezulu, kufuneka aqinisekiswe luninzi oluqhelekileyo lweNdlu yeeNdlu. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa inika iNdlu yeQela igunya ekulungiseni ukhokelo lwesebe eliphetheyo. Iikomiti zeNtlanganiso zihlola iimfaneleko zee-minete, ukuvalwa, kunye nokuvota ukuba ingancomela na okanye ingaluncomela uqinisekiso. Le nkqubo i-Cantete iphela inokuba yenze i-projective ephezulu, ingakumbi ukumiswa kwekomiti elawulayo echaphazela ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo.

Isebe loMyalelo kuMgangatho weSizwe

Isakhiwo nomsebenzi wezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ubonakalisa umzekelo wesizwe ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa ngomahluko omkhulu. Urhulumente ngamnye ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska unendlu yowiso-mthetho encinci ebizwa ngokuba yindlu yabameli (ngokufuthi ibizwa yindibano okanye indlu yabameli) kunye nendlu ephezulu (i-senate). Indlu yowiso-mthetho kaNebraska ingodwa. Abalawuli besizwe basebenzisa amagama amafutshane kwaye badla ngokusebenza ixesha elifutshane, ingakumbi kumazwe amancinci apho intlanganiso yemithetho-wisom aya kuhlala iinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zinamandla afana nalawo eBhunga kodwa alinganiselwe kwimicimbi elawulwa ngurhulumente: imfundo, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, nerhafu karhulumente. Zikwanamandla okuphinda zifumaneke emva kokubalwa kwabantu, zimisela imida emitsha kwimimandla yezomthetho nemimandla yase-U. Le nkqubo idla ngokuphikisana kwaye iphantsi kocelomngeni olusemthethweni kwiphondo elinolawulo oluphezulu.

Ngenxa yokuba abamisi-mthetho bemiqathango karhulumente besondelene kakhulu nabantu abasebenza nabo, badla ngokusingatha imibandela echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla, njengemali yesikolo sasekuhlaleni, iindlela, kunye negunya lamapolisa. Ukusebenzisana nesebe lowiso-mthetho likarhulumente yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuphembelela inkqubo karhulumente.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokusebenzisa Ngayo Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe elisebenza kakuhle lowiso-mthetho lixhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi nabasebenzayo. Zininzi iindlela zokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho:

  • I- Ukuphakamisa kunyulo: Esona senzo sibalulekileyo kukunyulwa kwabameli abanolwahlulo olukumgangatho kunye nezinto eziza kuqala. Unyulo lwe-Presal lubaluleke kakhulu kuba bemisela abaza kunyulwa ngokubanzi.
  • Jongana nabameli bakho: iminxeba yemfonomfono, ii-imeyili, oonobumba, kunye nemiyalezo yentlalo- media ivumela abameli ukuba bachaze izimvo kwityala elilandelayo okanye kwimiba. Abasebenzi balandelela olu thungelwano baze bazishwankathelele ilungu.
  • Iiholo zedolophu ezithe gqolo kunye nokuchophela amatyala kukawonke-wonke: izilungisi-mthetho ezininzi ziqhuba iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke apho abemi banokubuza imibuzo nenkxalabo yelizwi. Ukuvavanywa kweekomiti kwiityala elithile yenye indlela yokuphembelela inkqubo.
  • Umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho olandelwayo: Ii-website ezifana ne-.gov inikezela ukufikelela kumbhalo wamatyala, iingxelo zekomiti, iirekhodi zokuvota, kunye nomsebenzi womgangatho. Ukuhlala ufundile kunceda abemi ukuba bagcine abameli babo benobutyala.
  • Amaqela okukhupha inzala:[ Imibutho ejolise ingqalelo kwimibandela ethile", efana nokhuseleko lwemekobume, inkululeko yabemi, okanye inkqubo yezoqoqosho] esoloko ilandela umthetho kunye nolungelelaniso lwemiqathango yengca.
  • Uphumelelo lweofisi: Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphembelela isebe lemithetho kukuba ngummisi-mthetho. Uninzi lwelizwe nee-ofisi zobulali zinemiqobo esezantsi ekungeneni, inika indlela yamazwi amatsha ukuze angene kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke.

Ukuganana ngemithetho kuqinisa idemokhrasi ngokubangela inyathelo phakathi kwabantu nabenzi bomthetho. Xa abemi belumkele, amasebe owiso-mthetho anokunceda abantu.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nesebe Lanamhlanje Elilawula Asemthethweni

Namhlanje, isebe lowiso-mthetho lijamelene neengxaki eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela amandla alo okusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Icandelo lomthetho liye lakwenza kwaba nzima ukukhupha imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemiqathango, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kuqatshelwe i-grid nokwanda kokuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yezolawulo nemithetho elawulayo. Impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika . Ngokunikela inkxaso kunye nokukhuthaza inkxalabo yokuba ngabagwebi bamela ngokwenene ii-acestrans okanye izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo.

Iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zaba ntsonkothile ngakumbi, ngokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwemigaqo-nkqubo efana ne-monicbuster kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Iinguquko ezifana nokwenza imithetho elandelelanayo, ukuvela kwenkxaso-mali, kunye nezixhobo ze-bipartisan ezilungisa ingxaki ezicetyiweyo ziye zacetyiswa ukucombulula le miba. Nangona kukho ezi ngxaki, isebe lowiso-mthetho lihlala liselona sebe likarhulumente ledemokhrasi ngenxa yokuba linyulwe ngqo kwaye lisekufutshane nabantu.

Olunye ucelomngeni lubuninzi obupheleleyo bolwazi kunye nesantya apho izigqibo zenkqubo kufuneka zenziwe khona. Abameli baxhomekeke kumaqumrhu axhasayo njenge nkonzo yophando lwe Congregational ([[FLT: 0]]] CRSS) kunye ne-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoRhulumente (GAO) ukunikezela ukuba angabi nalwazi. Ukukhusela inkululeko kunye noovimba beengingqi zala sebe kunceda ekulondolozeni amandla esebe loPhuhliso lomthetho lolawulo kunye nenkqubo yolwazi ngenqanawa.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwesebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lilapho ilizwi labantu liguqulelwa khona kumthetho. Ukusukela kumthetho wasekuhlaleni olulawulweyo ukuya kowona mgaqo unzima woqingqo-mali wesizwe, nawuphi na umthetho unegalelo kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke kunye neqhinga labameli. Ukuqonda oko isebe lemithetho likwenzayo kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo kulo, bakhusele indima yabo ekwahluleleni amagunya, kwaye bafuna ukuba amagosa abo anyuliweyo aphendulelwe. Kwixesha lotshintsho olukhawulezileyo nolungaqinisekisi lwezopolitiko, isebe elinamandla nelizimeleyo lowiso-mthetho lihlala lisisikhuselo esifanelekileyo solawulo lwedemokhrasi.