Kwixesha lamanani, intetho yezopolitiko iye yaguquka ngokunzulu, iqhutywa yimibutho engaphandle kwesithethe kunye nezakhiwo zomtshato. Phakathi kwabadlali abanempembelelo kodwa abasoloko bengaqondwa kakuhle ziiKomiti zezenzo zepolitiki ezingadibeneyo (i-PAC). Ngokungafaniyo neekomiti zabo ezinxulumeneyo . ezibotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni kwi-projekthi ethile, umbutho wezobupolitika, okanye umbutho odityaniswayo, okanye i-PACs (ezingadityaniswanganiswanga) usebenza ngaphandle komdla. Le nkululeko ivumela ukuba baphakamise imali yokuxhasa okanye yokuchitha abatshatiswayo, imigaqo, okanye iimbambano ezinganxibelelani ngqo. Njengoko amaqonga amanani e-cridial aye anwe ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, la maPasha afumana indlela enziwe ngayo, aqhutyelwa ngayo, ahlolwa ngayo, athekiswe naxatyiswe ngayo. Ukuqonda indima yabo kumntu omntu oyena ntlalo lwe-demo-demo-demo-yo.

Ukuqonda iiPacs Ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Ukuqonda impembelelo yee-PAC, kuqala kuyimfuneko ukuqonda umahluko wazo osemthethweni nosebenzayo. Phantsi koMthetho weCandelo loPhuhliso lweFederal (FECA), i-PAC engaxhaswanga ngumvotelwa, iqela lezobupolitika, okanye umbutho ucalulwe njengePaC engadityaniswanga. Olu hlelo luquka uludwe olubanzi lwamaqela, ukusuka kwisithethe, ummiselo omiselwe iPaCs ukuya kwiikomiti ezizimeleyo zakutshanje, eziqheleke ngokuba yiPiecone. Umahluko ongundoqo ukho kubuchule bawo bokunyusa nokusebenzisa imali.

I-PAC yesithethe engadityaniswanga iphantsi kwemida yokubonelela. Ngokunjalo i-$5 000 (R1,000) umntu ngamnye ngonyaka kwi-PAC, kunye nee-$5 000 kunyulo ngalunye kwi-PAC. La maqela asoloko emela intshukumo zengqondo, imiba enye, okanye amaqumrhu orhwebo akhetha ukungayilani ikomiti enxulumeneyo. Ii-PAC, kwelinye icala, zabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowa ngo-2010 .[FLT]. Zinganyusa iimali ezingenamdakamtheko kubantu ngabanye, kwimibutho, nakunye, kodwa zimele zisebenze ngokwayo nakweyiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na i-cawayo kwaye zingakwazi ukunikela ngokuthe ngqo kwimirhumo. Zombi ezi ntlobo phantsi kwe-ambreal [FT] [FF]

Unyuko lwe-PACs ezingeyoyo-odityanisiweyo luye lwamangalisa. Ngo-1990, zingaphantsi kwama-500 amawaka eekomiti ezinjalo ebekho; ngo-2020, iKhomishini yoNqumo loManyano (FEC) yanikela ingxelo engaphezu kwama- 2,000 asebenzayo angadityaniswanga, kuquka zombini ii-PACs zesithethe kunye neMidlalo ephezulu. Amandla ayo emali ayamangalisa: iSuper PAC kuphela echithelwe ngaphezu koR2,3 amawaka ezigidi zomjikelo wonyulo. Olu qhushululu lwemali oluzimeleyo luye lwaguqula ngokusisiseko ukuqukuqela kwenkcazelo yezobupolitika, ingakumbi njengoko la maqela efumene ucwangciso oluntsonkothile lwemi.

Indima yeePaccos ezinganxibelelaniyo kwiNtshukumo yamanani

Imigangatho yamanani `izixhobo zentlalo-ntle, ii-injini zokukhangela, iinkonzo ezimpompoza kunye nee-apps ezihambayo , kwaye zaba ziindawo zokuqala zokuthumela imiyalezo yezobupolitika. Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zingqineke zinobuchule ekusebenziseni ezi zixhobo. Ngokungafaniyo nabaqhubi okanye amaqela, asoloko ejongene nophando olubanzi, amaqela azimeleyo angajolisa amacandelo anciphileyo evotatelwe ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Le misebenzi encinane edityaniswe kakhulu izenze abadlali abanamandla ekulungiseni intetho yezobupolitika kumgangatho we-ontaneti.

Umzekelo, i-PAC enganxulunyaniswanga ne-PUC ejolise kwimiba yokusingqongileyo ingaqhuba izibhengezo kwi Facebook ngokukhethekileyo kubasebenzisi abakwiminyaka ephakathi ko18-35, abalandela utshintsho lwemozulu, abaphepha ukulahlwa nokukhutshwa kwempembelelo. Ngokufanayo, iPUC engaqhelekanga ingajolisa amadala amavoti kwingingqi enye yezibhengezo zeposi, iYoutube- qullpool, kunye nee-programmatic dislatects. Isiphumo yincoko kawonke apho amaqela ahlukeneyo afumana intlobo ezahlukeneyo zobunyani, ondlekileyo yi-algorithm kunye neeprofile zedata kunokuba abelane amava eendaba.

Isantya sokusasaza amanani sikwadibanisa impembelelo ye PACs. Ividiyo efakelwe kakuhle okanye imemo ingahamba kwintsholongwane kwiiyure ezimbalwa, isuka kwizibakala kunye nemijikelo yeendaba yesithethe. Eli santya besiboniswa ngokupheleleyo kwinani lika 2016 kunye no-2020 lonyulo, xa amaqela azimeleyo atyhalela ulwaneliseko olwalusoloko lufiphaza umgca phakathi kwe-advocacy kunye nokurhoxa. Ngoxa omnye umsebenzi unokuba yingcamango ecacileyo, uninzi lwawo lwenzelwe ukuvavanya uloyiko, ukoyika, ithemba, ukuqhuba ukhupho kunye neminikelo.

Uqhagamshelwano lwangaphandle kwimithombo enegunya lunganceda abafundi baqonde isikali. FEC's i-data yezemali yezemali inikezela ngamanani angaqhelekanga kwinkcitho engadityanisiweyo ye PAC. Kuhlalutyo olunzulu lwenkcazo yamanani, iingxelo ezivela kwi Brennan Center yeJaji [ inika uhlaziyo rhoqo kwimali emnyama nezibhengezo zezobupolitika kwikhompyutha.

Inzuzo yemiqathango yamanani yeePacs ezinganxibelelaniyo

Izixhobo zamanani zinika i PACs iinzuzo ezininzi ezahlukileyo kunendlela yokungena kwimithombo yezosasazo. Ezi nzuzo zenzile i-intanethi ibe yindawo yokuqala yedabi ukuze kusetyenziswe ezopolitiko.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusasazwa kolwazi. Yisiganeko seendaba esinokuthi sifakwe kwaye sityhalelwe kubaphulaphuli ngemizuzu nje embalwa. Le ntshukumo ivumela i PAC ukuba ichaze iingxelo phambi kokuba uthetho lwezosasazo lwesithethe lungaphendula, ixonxa iimbono zikawonke-wonke wokuqala.
  • Izibhengezo ezivezwe kumaqela athile ovoti. Iinguqu ezifana ne Facebook ne Google zivumela ababhengezi ukuba bakhethe abaphulaphuli ngejografi, izilangazelelo, izinxulumani zeqela, ubudala, kwanendlela yokuvota yangaphambili. Oku kunciphisa uluvo oluphoswe phantsi kwaye kwandisa amathuba okuphembelela abavoti.
  • [[NTL:0] uvavanyo lwexesha lokwenene kunye nempendulo. Iindawo zezentlalo zonxibelelwano zingajongwa ukwenzela ukuganana i-metrics/njenge, ukwabelana, gqabaza/ukuchwetheza i PAC ukulungisa imiyalezo kwimpukane. A/B uvavanyo lokudala nokukhuphela luqhelekile, luvumela amaqela ukuba asebenzise ngokukhawuleza ngokusekelwe koko kuvuthuzayo.
  • Iphulo elinesiphumo elithelekiswa neendlela zesithethe. Ukuvelisa nokubeka i-telekniki enye kwintengiso enkulu kungabiza amakhulu amawaka eerandi. Izibhengezo zamanani zingasetyenziswa ngeqhezu leendleko, ziyenze ibe lula kakhulu kwii-PAC ezingeyoedityanisiweyo ukukhuphisana neentshaba ezityebileyo.
  • Ukuqokelela kunye noluhlu lwesakhiwo. I PAC ezininzi zisebenzisa izibhengezo zamanani kungekuphela nje ukukhuthaza kodwa ukucela iminikelo emincinci. Le minikelo yakha isiseko esiphindaphindiweyo sabaxhasi abanokulungiselelwa unyulo kunye namaphulo engxelo yexesha elizayo.
  • Ukukhululeka kubagcini bamasango e-media. Ngokunxibelelana ngqo ngokufunxa intlalo kunye ne-imeyile, i-PACs ikhupha izihluzi zomhleli, ivumela ukuba zingabi navarniosh( kwaye isoloko igqithisa) imiyalezo ukufikelela abaphulaphuli ngaphandle kokulungiswa.

Ezi ingenelo ziye zamisela umgangatho ophantsi wokufumana impembelelo kwezobupolitika ngeendlela ezithile, kodwa zikwabangela inkxalabo enzulu ngokuziphendulela nokuthetha kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ucelomngeni Nenkxalabo

Amandla okuzibophelela kwezopolitiko ngomatshini ahambisana nobungozi obungathethekiyo. I PAC engadityaniswanga, ngenxa yokuba isebenza ngokwayo kwaye isoloko ityhilwa kancinci, ibangela imingeni emininzi kwimfezeko yentetho yezobupolitika.

  • Inguqu zobuxoki kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo. Ngaphandle kolawulo lomhleli bamajelo eendaba, iPACs ingasasaza izinto zobuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo ngaphandle kwesohlwayo esinxulumeneyo. Ngexesha lonyulo lwama-2020, iikomiti ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zifunyenwe zikhuthaze iingcamango ezithe zarhoxiswa ngokuqhatha, kamva zanyuswa yimibutho ye-bot kunye namaziko angaphandle.
  • [[NTLT:0] Iphepha lokubona ngaphaya kwimithombo yenkxaso-mali. I-PACs ezingeyo-odityaniswayo ziyafuneka ukuxela abanikezeli kwi-FEC, kodwa zikhona iindlela zokuphepha. Oku kubizwa "Imali emnyama" amaqela" acwangciswe njengo 501(c)(4) imibutho yoluntu yentlalo-------gqone iintellings ezingenasiphelo kwi-i-paC ngaphandle kokuchaza umthombo wokuqala. Oku kuyenza kube nzima kurhoxiso ukuchaza ngokwenene ukuba ngubani osemva komyalezo.
  • Ukungena kwemali kuluvo lukawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Ngenxa yokuba ii-PAC ezizimeleyo azinakunxibelelana nabazo iinkonzo, zingenza izithembiso okanye intlaselo ezingasoze zivunywe yiphulo. Ukudibanisa phakathi kobuchule bePCAC neqonga lomntu oza kujoliswe eqongeni kungalahlekisa abavoti kwaye kugqwethe izinto eziphambili.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso yezopolitiko yamanani. IFEC izama ukuhlaziya imithetho yexesha lamanani. Ngokungafaniyo nezibhengezo zikamabonwakude, ezimele ziquke "Indlela yokuzichaza nge" dislaimers, ingingqi yengingqi yengingqi, zibonakala ukondla nokucima ngaphandle komkhondo. I-Platforms iphumele amanye amanyathelo okubonisa ukukhanya kokuzithandela, kodwa ihlala idislayidia.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwenziwa ngaphaya kwencam kunye namagumbi esandi. imodeli yemicrobes ekhoyo iqinisa ikhethe elikhoyo ngokubonisa abasebenzisi ulwaneliseko oluqinisekisa iimbono zabo kuphela. Ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zisoloko ziqokelela ukuthumelelana okugqithisileyo ukuqinisa isiseko, okunokuthi kuqhubekeke ngakumbi ukucola nokuhlisa umhlaba owakhelweyo.

Ezi miba azingoqikelelo. Uphando lweZiko lophando lwe- lubhale ukuba amaMelika axhomekeke kakhulu kulwazi lwezentlalo-ntle yeendaba zezobupolitika azinakukwazi ukudibana neembono ezinqamlezayo. Iziko leBrennan eliqhubekayo lohlalutyo lwemali [[FLT:] kwi-politiki iinkcukacha ngendlela engadibaniyo ne-PAC ezisebenzisa ngayo iziqwenga ze-mvo.

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna umanyano lotshintsho olusemthethweni, uxanduva lweqonga, kunye nemfundo yovoti. UMthetho wobunyani be-Ads, osungulwe kwiKhonklamenti kodwa ongakadluliswanga, uya kufuna iqonga lemivo ukuze kugcinwe isiseko sogcino-lwazi lwezopolitiko, esifana nemithetho yezosasazo lwezasasazo zezixhobo. Ezinye izicelo ziquka ukomeleza amandla omsebenzi we-FEC nokufuna ukutyhilwa kwexesha lokwenene kwizibhengezo ezizimeleyo zenkcitho.

Ucelo Lwedemokhrasi

Ukwanda kwee-PAC ezingeyo-odityanisiweyo kwingqungquthela yamanani zithwala iziphumo ezifanelekileyo nezingalunganga zolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kwesinye isandla, la maqela angakhulisa inxaxheba ngokunika igalelo kwiimbono ezingaphantsi nokukhetha abavoti abaziva bedidelwe kakhulu yizopolitiko. Ubuchule bokulungelelanisa i-intanethi kunye nokunyusa iminikelo encinane edityanisiweyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imirhumo engqubana nezixhobo zedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, iphulo lomongameli elingu2020 kaBernie Sanders elixhaswe kakhulu yiPACIC (Inguquko yethu) eyakhuthaza izigidi zabani abanikela ngemingcipheko kunye namajelo amanani. Ngokufanayo, ukukhutshwa kwemiqatha lemiqatha lengca, ukukhuselwa kwentlalo-ntle, ukukhuselwa komgangatho okanye ulawulo lwemipu exhobisayo kunonondisa ink ’ ukukhuthaza iinkathalo ezithile zemeko zabemi abahlala kumazwe.

Kwelinye icala, izixhobo ezifanayo ezinika amandla asebenzayo ekuqhubeni iingcambu ezihambayo zingasetyenziswa ukuthoba ukuthembana. Xa izixa ezininzi zemali zingachazwanga zisiya kwiikomiti ezizimeleyo, uwonke wonke unokuba nombono ofanelekileyo wokuba amavoti abo athengwa. Uhlolisiso lwama-2021 olwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseMaryland lufumanise ukuba ama-77% amaMelika akholelwa ukuba kufuneka abe nemida ekwandiseni iphulo, kwaye ama-65% axhasa ukufuna zonke izibhengezo zezopolitiki ukuchaza izibonelelo zawo eziphezulu. Imbono yokuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe isenokujika idele kwaye ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-demokhrasi, isisongelo esingqalileyo sokusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ngaphezu koko, ukwenziwa kolwazi lwemithetho-manani okugqithisileyo okubangelwa yi-PAC engadityaniswanga kungathoba ubunjani bentetho. Kunokuba kukhuthaze ukuqwalaselwa, iimpikiswano ze-intanethi zidla ngokuhlahlela kwimilo yesizwe. I-PAC ingenelela ngokwemali nangokwezobupolitika ekudibaniseni ngokweemvakalelo, ngoko ke ayinazikhuthazo zininzi zokulinganisa isandi sayo. Oku kuba negalelo elinamandla kwingxaki ebanzi yenkcazelo ephosakeleyo kunye nokungathembani namaziko, njengoko kungqinwa yimibutho efana ne engenisa iRpolution kwinyathelo layo lokuqalisa ukudityaniswa kweemvakalelo.

Umhlaba osemthethweni nowolawulo

Ummiselo wangoku ongomthetho we-PACs engekho nxulumeneyo ngumsebenzi wemithetho, imithetho yenkundla, kunye neenkcazelo ze-FEC. Umthetho we-Bpartisan Campaign Reformation ka-2002 (BCRA) wamisela imiqathango kwimali ethambileyo kunye nokukhupha isindululo sobungangamsha, kodwa iCitazen United isigqibo sarhoxa izicwangciso ezingundoqo, ukubeka indlela ye-PACs. Ukususela ngoko, i-FEC iye yasilela ukuhlaziya imimiselo yayo ukwenzela ukubhengezwa kwezopolitiki ngekhompyutha, ishiya ukugcinwa kwayo ngokwayo. Amanye amazwe amisele imithetho yawo yokuzichaza, kodwa i-intanethi-ama-intanethi yendalo yenza kube nzima ukuqhuba inkqubo.

Imigudu yotshintsho ijongene nenkcaso enzima. Abameli bemali engenasiphelo baphikisa ngelithi iikomiti ezizimeleyo ziluhlobo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo phantsi koMphengululo wokuqala. Baphikisa ngelithi abavoti bakrelekrele ngokwaneleyo ukubona kwiingxelo zobuxoki kwaye iimfuno zokutyhila zinika ityala elaneleyo. Noko ke, ubungqina obudibeneyo bokunganyaniseki nokungenelela kwemiqathango yangaphandle ngo2016.

I-FEC ihlala ibotshelelwe kwimicimbi emininzi, kunye neekhomishinari zayo ezintathu zeDemocratic kunye nezithathu zamaRiphabliki zisoloko zingavumelani. Ngo-2022, ikhomishini yazilahla izikhalazo nxamnye nee-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga nezibandakanyekileyo kwimibhiyozo ye-Januwari yesithandathu, ichaza ukunqongophala koovimba bokunyanzelisa kunye nemithetho egqwethayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthwalo wokuzikhulula ngokwawo wenkqulukwano uwela kwiinkampani zobugcisa, ezijamelana neengxaki zabo zomdla xa ingeniso yezobupolitika isengozini.

Izifundo zetyala: I PAC ezingazidibanisiyo ziyasebenza

Imizekelo ye-PACte ibonisa impembelelo ye-PAC engadityaniswanga kwintetho yamanani. Enye imeko ephambili yi Club yeNdlela yokwenyuka kwenqanawa, iPUPP eninzi echithe kakhulu kunyulo lwamaRiphabliki ukuxhasa abavoti abalwahlukileyo. Ngo-2022, yasungula iphulo lemivo ngokuchasene nomphathi ohleliyo owayevote inte, esebenzisa izibhengezo ze Facebook ezithelekisa iivoti zakhe. Izibhengezo zafikelela kumakhulu amawaka abavoti abavoti kwisithili kwaye zabelana kakhulu ngabathathi besithethe. Ngaphandle koko, iziphumo zentelekelelo-ndaba zasekuhlaleni, ukuva nokuxhasa ukurhoxiswa kwe-'ibhuthi ezimfashoni.

Omnye umzekelo ngu Imali yemisebenzi yomzali edityanisiweyo, esebenza njengazo zombini i PAC ne 501(c) umbutho (4). Ngexesha lonyulo lwama-2020, isebenzisa uthotho olunempumelelo olubizwa ngokuba "Dlulisa," olusebenzisa amabali obuqu kwizigulana ukulwa nemithetho ethintelayo yokuqhomfa. Iphulo liphumeza usasazo lwentsholongwane kwi-Instagram ne-Tik, ikhuthaza abaselula ivolution. Oku kubonisa indlela enokuthi ngayo ii-PC ezidityanisiweyo ezinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswe ngokuchasene nolawulo oluphambili.

Kwingxaki, ipro-Trumpu Super PAC Yenza iMelika iSinyathelo esikhulu sezibhengezo eziquke izicatshulwa zevidiyo zikaJoe Biden ezidityanisiweyo ukuchaza ukuba wayenobuthathaka obuthile. Izibhengezo zabelana ngezigidi zezihlandlo kwi media yoluntu nangona zikhutshiwe. IFEC ayizange isebenze kwizikhalazo, kwaye iqela laqhubeka lisebenza ngaphandle kwesohlwayo. Iziganeko ezinjalo zibonisa indlela iPaCs engadibaniselaniyo nesiphumo esiyingozi ngesiphumo esincinane, ukuthemba kukawonke wonke kunyuko.

Imouse Yexesha Elizayo

Impembelelo ye PACs engekho mnxibelelaneni nezopolitiko idla ngokukhula, iqhutywa ziziphumo eziliqela. Okokuqala, ubuchule bokwenziwa buzakwenza ukuba i-II iqhubeke ngokuchanekileyo. I-GPGP ingenza umqulu omkhulu wombhalo wenyani, isandi, nevidiyo `kuquka ii-afakes' ezingezozomdla''. ICPU inokusebenzisa ukwenza iziganeko zobuxoki okanye iziganeko eziyilayo. Okwesibini, ukuhlanganisa iqonga-qonga kuthetha ukuba iinkampani ezimbalwa zilawule isiseko sezibhengezo zezobupolitika, zinyusa iziphakamiso zazo ngoko kwamkelekileyo. Okwesithathu, iNkuphakamileyo inkundla ingaphinda isebenzise imizekelo yezemali; inkundla engqongqo elungele ukusetyenziswa ngokuzimela.

Iimpendulo zolawulo aziqinisekanga. Amanye amaphondo, anjengeKhalifoniya neMaryland, aye amisela imithetho efuna amaqonga asebenzisa amanani ukutyhila abaxhasi abaphezulu beentengiso zezobupolitika ngexesha lokwenene. Umthetho womanyano ofana ne-Four People Act uzakuyiphucula kakhulu imithetho yezemali yezemali, kodwa iphelile kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi. Uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lokubonakala lunganyanzelela ukuba ekugqibeleni iBhunga lithathe inyathelo, ingakumbi ukuba kugqabhuka amanyala aphezulu epropati.

Okwangoku, ii-PAC ezingeyoyo-adityanisiweyo ziza kuqhubeka zityhalela imida yokudityaniswa kwezopolitiko. Impembelelo yazo kwintetho likrele elinqiniswe kabini: zingakhupha iingcamango ezintsha zize zithumele abavoti, kodwa ziyakwazi ukukhohlisa, ukuphelisa, nokululaza ukholo kwidemokhrasi. Kubafundisi, iintatheli, nabemi, ukuqonda iziqhubo kunye nezisusa zezi ntlangano. Kubaluleke kuphela ngokuhlala benolwazi ukubamba iPaCs kunye namaqonga ajongene netyala.

Njengokuba ubugcisa buguquka, kufuneka izithethe nemithetho yethu. Ucelomngeni lukukulondoloza ukuvuleka kwesithuba samanani ngelixesha kuqinisekwa ukuba unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko luhlala luyinyaniso, lucace luze luhlonelwe yidemokhrasi. Ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo zilapha ukuba zihlale zihleli, kwaye indima yazo iza kukhula. Ukuqonda amandla azo linyathelo lokuqala ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yentetho yezobupolitika kwisizukulwana samanani.