Liyintoni Igunya Lezobupolitika Yaye Kutheni Kubalulekile?

Igunya lezobupolitika limi phantse kuyo yonke inkalo yobomi banamhlanje. Limisela ukuba ngubani onokuzikhupha iirhafu ze-levy, onokuthi azise imfazwe, onokuthi alawule amashishini, kwaye angakwazi ukumisela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lwegunya lezobupolitika, ibutho labantu liza kuzama ukuhlanganisana, ukucombulula iimpikiswano, okanye ukunikezela izinto zikawonke-wonke ezifana nesiseko semfundo. Kodwa umbuzo wokuba ngubani oza kwenza imithetho kunye nesizathu sokuba abanye bamkele loo mithetho uhlale uhleli weyona mbambano ididelwano yezopolitiki nezo zezobupolitika.

Igunya lezobupolitika alingomandla nje. Igunya kukunyanzela abanye ukuba benze izinto ngendlela ethile, ngokufuthi ngegunya okanye ngesisongelo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, igunya lithetha ilungelo lokulawula ukuba abalawulwa baqaphele ukuba kufanelekile. Igosa lamapolisa elilawula iinqwelo-mafutha linegunya kuba abaqhubi bayavuma ukuba igosa linelungelo lokwenza oko. Igosa elifuna imali linegunya kodwa alikho igunya. Le micimbi ibangelwa kukuba igunya, xa libekwa ngokufanelekileyo, linciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelisa nokuvumela abantu ukuba basebenze ngokuzinikela ngokuzithandela.

Eli nqaku lixubusha iziseko zegunya lezobupolitika, iindlela zalo ezahlukeneyo, iimeko eliyamkeleka phantsi kwazo okanye eligatywa kuzo, nentsingiselo yalo esebenzisekayo yokulawula nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Uhlobo Lwegunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika libhekisela kwilungelo elifanelekileyo lokwenza izigqibo, ukumisela imithetho, nokunyanzelisa ukuthobela ummandla okanye uluntu oluchaziwe. Lahlukile kwimpembelelo okanye ukunyanzelisa kuba linembopheleleko. Xa igunya likhupha umyalelo, elo gunya lidla ngokuziva linyanzelekile ukuthobela, kwanaxa lingavumelani nomyalelo othile.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zegunya Lezobupolitika

Ezi mpawu zintathu zinxulumene zichaza igunya lezobupolitika: ukugunyaziswa, ukunyanzelwa nokuvunyelwa.

  • ILegitagisi: Esi sisiseko segunya. Imithetho ikhona xa abalawuli bekholelwa ukuba abo banegunya banelungelo lokulawula. Le nkolelo inokusuka kwisithethe, umthetho, imfundiso yonqulo, okanye ingqiqo yokuba abalawuli basebenza ngomdla kawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kokugunyazisa, imiyalelo iyadityaniswa, ukuchasana, okanye imvukelo ecacileyo.
  • I-Conuction: Kwanegunya elisemthethweni lifuna unyanzelo lonyanzelo. Imithetho kufuneka ibe neziphumo kwabo bayenzayo. Urhulumente unegunya lokusebenzisa amandla ngokusemthethweni kwintsimi yakhe. Lo mbutho uthintela ulwaphulo lomthetho kwaye unika isiqinisekiso sokuba abanye baza kuvumelana. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka kakhulu ekunyanzelweni kusenokuphelisa ukufaneleka.
  • I-'I-'I-conent'''''''''' Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi,'igunya lifumaneka ubuncinane kwinxenye yemvume yabalawulwa. Abami bayavuma ukubotshwa ngemithetho kuba banelizwi ekukhetheni abaququzeleli bomthetho kwaye banokubagcina benetyala ngonyulo. Ukuvuma kudala ulwalamano olulungeleleneyo: abami bathobela umthetho, kwaye urhulumente ukhusela amalungelo abo kunye nezilangazelelo zabo.

Ezi mpawu azimiselwanga. Ulungelelwano phakathi kwazo luyaguquguquka lunqumla iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika namaxesha embali. Ulawulo lolawulo lookumkani lungaxhomekeka kakhulu kwisithethe kunye nokunyanzelwa okulinganiselweyo, ngelixesha urhulumente wale mihla wedemokhrasi uxhomekeke ekuvumeni okuxhaswa ziinkqubo zomthetho.

Imithombo Yegunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika aliziveli ngokuzenzekelayo. Lisekelwe kwimithombo ethile enika abalawuli ilungelo lokuyalela nabemi isizathu sokuthobela. Izazi zezobupolitika ziye zachaza imithombo emithathu ephambili, yokuqala equlunqwe ngokwentlalo, nguMax Weber: igunya lesithethe, igunya elinamandla angummangaliso, negunya elingokwasemthethweni.

Igunya Lesithethe

Igunya lesithethe lixhomekeke kumasiko amiselweyo, izenzo, nemeko ezuzw ’ ilifa. Abalawuli basebenzisa igunya ngenxa yokuba bekwisikhundla ebesisoloko sinegunya, yaye amalungu ebutho labantu ayamkela eli lungiselelo njengelemvelo nelifanelekileyo. Iinkosi zibonakalisa igunya lesithethe: ukumkani okanye ukumkanikazi ulawula ngobuzibulo, yaye abalawulwa bathobela ngenxa yokuhlonelwa kwezithethe ezihlala ixesha elide.

Igunya lesithethe linika ukuzinza nokuqhubekeka. Iziko elakhiwe ngokucothayo kwiinguqu zesithethe, ezinokuba luncedo kwibutho labantu elinoxabiso elithe laxelwa kwangaphambili kunye nocwangco. Noko ke, igunya lesithethe lingakwanelisa ukungalingani nokuchasa utshintsho olufunekayo. Iinkokeli ezifumana igunya njengefa zisenokungabi nabuchule okanye zingabi natyala, nabemi abacel ’ umngeni umngcipheko wegunya ngokwesithethe ochazwa njengoweedentiliki okanye abaqhekeki.

Kwiipolitiki zanamhlanje, igunya elingokwesithethe liyaqhubeka kwimicimbi yezolawulo enjengeyolawulo lweUnited Kingdom neJapan, apho umlawuli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente efuziselayo ngoxa enyulwa ngamagosa alawulayo.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Igunya elilawulayo lisuka kwiimfanelo zobuqu zenkokeli. Abantu ababonakalisa imbonakalo engaqhelekanga, inkalipho, okanye ulweyiseko lokuziphatha banokukhuthaza ukunyaniseka okunzulu nokuzinikela phakathi kwabalandeli. Iinkokeli ezikholisayo zidla ngokuvela ngexesha leengxaki, xa amaziko akhoyo ephelelwe kukuthenjwa yaye abantu befuna iinguqulelo.

Imizekelo yegunya elinamandla angummangaliso iquka abaprofeti bonqulo, iinkokeli zemvukelo, nabaseki bebutho labantu abanjengeMahatma Gandhi, uMartin Luther King Jr., kunye noNelson Mandela babenegunya elingummangaliso lokukhuthaza intsebenziswano nokucel ’ umngeni amagunya anqatyisiweyo. Igunya labo lalisuka kungekhona kwizikhundla ezisesikweni kodwa lisuka kubuchule babo bokucacisa umbono onyanzelisayo nokuphembelela abanye ukuba benze okuthile.

Igunya lokuxhasa aliguquguquki ngokwemvelo. Lixhomekeke kubukho benkokeli obuqhubekayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Xa inkokeli ifa, ithatha umhlala-phantsi, okanye iphulukana nokuthembeka, igunya lidla ngokupheliswa ngaphandle kokuba lidluliselwe kwisakhiwo sequmrhu. Le nkqubo, uWeber ayibiza ngokuba "kuqhubekeka kwenguqulelo ye-charmasta," iguqula igunya elinamandla angumzekelo libe ligunya lesithethe okanye elisemthethweni. Umzekelo, icawa yamaKristu akuqala yagunyazisa igunya elingumsisholo likaYesu nabapostile bakhe ibe ngumbutho omisiweyo wemfundiso kunye neenkqubo ezimisiweyo.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Igunya lokwalathiswa komthetho lisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho yezobundlobongela. Amandla asetyenziswa ngokwemithetho egunya eligunyasiweyo kunokuba asetyenziswe ngokweminqweno yobuqu okanye ngokwemeko ezuzwé ilifa. Abo banegunya bakwenza oko ngenxa yokuba bekwisikhundla esichazwe ngokusemthethweni, kwaye igunya labo lilinganiselwe yimithetho elawula loo ofisi.

Urhulumente wale mihla wedemokhrasi ubonakalisa igunya lokwahlula umthetho. Amagosa, abagwebi, kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni afumana igunya lawo kwimimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo yolawulo. Abemi bathobela imithetho kungekhona ngenxa yokuba beyazi okanye beyixabisa ngokwabo abayila imithetho kodwa ngenxa yokuba imithetho imiselwe ngeenkqubo ezimisiweyo kwaye isebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu.

Amandla ogunya elisemthethweni aquka ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, ukungakhethi, nokuziphendulela. Imithetho yaziwa kusengaphambili, isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo, kwaye iphantsi kokucelw'iimpikiswano ngeenkqubo ezisemthethweni. Imibutho yolawulo lwabaphathi-mikhosi inokusebenza kakuhle ngenxa yokuba izigqibo zilandela iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni kunokuba zilandele ulwalamano lobuqu.

Noko ke, igunya lokwandiswa komthetho lineempawu ezibuthathaka. I-ofisi yoluntu inokuba ngqongqo, icothe, ingakhathali kwiimeko ezithile. Ukugxininisa ekulungiseni ngokwesithethe kunokufihla ukungabikho kokusesikweni okungacaciswanga. Yaye xa iinkqubo zomthetho ziphulukana nobulungisa bazo okanye zibanjwe zizinto ezikhethekileyo, igunya lokwahlula okusemthethweni lizitsho ziphele.

Isiseko soMthetho

Umthetho yibhulorho ebalulekileyo phakathi kwegunya negunya. Umlawuli usenokuba namandla okunyanzela, kodwa ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa, loo mandla anamandla nje. Izithandi zobulumko zezobupolitika ziye zanikela iingxelo ezikhuphisanayo ngoko kwenza igunya libe semthethweni.

Ingcamango yeNkcubeko

Iingcali zezentlalo ziphikisa ngelithi igunya elisemthethweni libangelwa kukuvuma kwabalawulwa. UThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau ngamnye wavelisa iinguqulelo zale ngcamango, nangona wafikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wegunya.

Hobbes, ebhala kwintsingiselo yemfazwe yamakhaya yamaNgesi, waphikisa ngelithi ubomi obungenagunya yimfazwe echasene nabo bonke abantu. Ukuphepha le meko yendalo, abantu bayavuma ukunikezela ngamalungelo abo kumlawuli ogcina uxolo nokhuseleko. Kubo bonke abalawuli, phantse naliphi na igunya lingcono kunelonke, ngoko amandla omlawuli aphantse apheleliseke ngokupheleleyo.

Locke wanikela umbono olinganiselweyo. Waphikisa ngelithi abantu banelungelo lemvelo lobomi, inkululeko, nempahla. Bavuma urhulumente ngokuyintloko ukukhusela la malungelo, yaye igunya lisemthethweni kuphela xa lichanabeke kuloo mida. Ukuba urhulumente uphula amalungelo emvelo, abemi bayagwetyelwa ukuwachasa okanye ukuwathabathel ’ indawo.

Rousseau wagxininisa ukulawulwa kwemithetho ngokudibeneyo. Igunya elisemthethweni livela "kukuthanda" kwabantu, eliboniswa ngokuba nenxaxheba ngqo ekwenzeni umthetho. KuRousseau, igunya kufuneka libonakalise okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo kuneminqweno yodidi olulawulayo.

Umthetho

Ngokutsho kwale mbono, igunya lisemthethweni xa lisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezifanelekileyo nezibonisa ngokucacileyo. Ingcamango yezobupolitika yangexesha idla ngokugxininisa ekuthethweni ngokusemthethweni. Abahlali bangaphikisana neziphumo ezithile kodwa bayazamkela kuba inkqubo eyabenza bazenze yayisesikweni.

Umthetho osemthethweni ufuna unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, inkqubo efunekayo kwiinkundla, ukubonakala kwezigqibo zikarhulumente, namathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke. Xa ezi meko zihlangatyezwa, abemi banesizathu sokuthobela naxa bengaphumeleli kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Imithetho esekelwe kwimisebenzi

Bambi abaxhasi beli phulo bathi ukufaneleka kuxhomekeke ngokwengxenye ekusebenzeni. Urhulumente onikela ukhuseleko, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, neenkonzo zikawonke wonke ufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Le mbono ichaza isizathu sokuba abanye oorhulumente abalawulwa ngenkohlakalo bazigcine bezinzi: abemi banyamezela inkululeko elinganiselweyo yezopolitiko ngenxa yeengenelo zezinto eziphathekayo.

Umthetho osekelwe ekusebenzeni uyachacha-chaphazeleka. Xa iimeko zezoqoqosho ziwohloka okanye iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke zingaphumeleli, igunya elakhelwe kwisenzo liwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kungabi nakusebenza kakuhle kuchaza isizathu sokuba ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lusoloko luwa ngesiquphe xa iingozi zibhenca ukungakwazi kwabo ukunikela.

Iingxaki Kwigunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika alize liphele okanye lihlale lihleli.

Ukungathobeli Kwamakhaya

Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya kuquka ukwaphula ngabom imithetho egqalwa njengengekho sikweni, ngoxa besamkela imiphumo esemthethweni yoko kwaphulwa. Abalawuli bokungathobeli basekuhlaleni babhenela kwigunya eliphakamileyo lokuziphatha, bephikisa ngelithi imithetho engekho sikweni ayifanele ithotyelwe.

Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya kubangela ucelomngeni olwahlukileyo kwigunya. Aluyigatyi ngokupheleleyo ingcamango yegunya kodwa luthi ukusebenzisa igunya elithile akuyomthethweni. Ngokuvuma isohlwayo, abantu abathobelayo babonisa intlonelo yabo ngomthetho ngoxa befuna utshintsho.

Imvukelo

Imvukelo ilulama ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo samandla esikhoyo. Abavukeli abafuni kutshintsha nje imithetho ethile okanye iinkokeli kodwa bafuna ukuthatha indawo yemithetho esisiseko elawulwa libutho labantu. Imvukelo idla ngokwenzeka xa ukugunyaziswa kuthe kwaphela kangangokuba urhulumente akasakwazi ukuthobela ngokuzithandela.

Iinguqu zembali, kuquka imvukelo yaseMerika, eFransi, eRashiya, neyaseTshayina, nganye ibandakanya ukuwohloka kwenkqubo yegunya ekhoyo nokwakhiwa kwentsha. Impumelelo yemvukelo ixhomekeke ekubeni igunya elitsha linokumisela ngokufanelekileyo kusini na emehlweni abantu.

Amaqela Amaqela Eenkwenkwezi

Abalawuli balichasa igunya lezobupolitika ngomgaqo-siseko. Baphikisa ngelithi lonke igunya lobulawuli alivumelekanga kuba lixhomekeke ekunyanzelweni nasekucini ulawulo lomntu ngamnye.

Ngoxa ubucukubhede bungafane buphunyezwe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, iingcamango zokuvukela ziphembelela intlangano yasekuhlaleni, imibutho elungeleleneyo nenza ulingelo lokulawula okuthe tyaba.

Iinkqubo zekhompyutha

Igunya lezobupolitika lisebenza kakhulu kwiimeko ezininzi zale mihla, ukususela kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ukusa kulawulo lwamanani.

Iintlawulo zehlabathi

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Trade Organization neNkundla Yehlabathi Lonke Yezolwaphulo - mthetho inegunya ngaphandle korhulumente wehlabathi lonke.

Amazwe anamandla anokuyityeshela imithetho yezizwe ngezizwe, yaye ukufaneleka kwamaziko ezizwe ngezizwe ngokufuthi kucelw ’ umngeni yimibutho yesizwe nabagxeki abaphikisayo ngelithi alulaza ulongamo lwesizwe.

Iinguqu zamanani kunye negunya labucala

Iinkampani zobugcisa ezifana ne-Google, Meta, kunye no-X (eyayibizwa ngokuba yiTwitter) zinegunya elithe kratya kwintetho yesidlangalala. Zimisela imithetho ngoko kuqulethwe yiyo okuvumelekileyo, ngubani okwaziyo ukuthetha, nendlela ulwazi olusetyenziswa ngayo. Eli gunya labucala liphakamisa imibuzo ngokufaneleka, ukuphendula ngetyala, nemida phakathi kolawulo lukawonke-wonke kunye nolawulo lwabucala.

Ngokungafaniyo negunya likarhulumente, igunya lobuqu alinawo ukuphendula ngedemokhrasi. Abasebenzisi banokulinganiselwa kobuchule bokuphembelela imithetho yeqonga, kwaye izigqibo ezimalunga nomlinganiselo wokuqulathiweyo zingabonakala zingeyomfuneko okanye zibubuqhetseba. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kufuneke ukuba kubekho ukubonakala okungakumbi, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi lwamaqonga amanani.

Ukuxhaswa Yidemokhrasi

Kumazwe amaninzi, amaziko edemokhrasi aphantsi kwengcinezelo evela kwiinkokeli ezithoba ingqibelelo yabanyuli, inkululeko yokucholachola, kunye nokucinezela inkululeko. Le nkqubo, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba kukuphambuka kwedemokhrasi, iphelisa igunya elisemthethweni elixhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Iinkokeli ezibandakanyeka ekuphathweni ngedemokhrasi zisoloko zixhomekeke kwigunya elinamandla ukuze zigcine inkxaso. Zizibonakalisa njengabakhuseli babantu kwiincutshe ezonakeleyo, kwananjengokuba zinikel ’ ingqalelo kumandla zize zinciphise ii-checks kwigunya lazo. Impumelelo yale nkqubo ixhomekeke ekubeni abemi bayaqhubeka belijonga igunya lenkokeli njengelifanelekileyo kusini na.

Ucelo Lolawulo Nenkululeko

Indlela eliyiyo nemithombo yegunya lezobupolitika inentsingiselo enzulu ngendlela ibutho labantu elilawulwa ngayo nendlela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekhuselwa ngayo.

Ulungelelwano lweNtlalo nokuQokelela

Igunya lezobupolitika libalulekile ekulondolozeni ucwangco lwentlalo. Ngaphandle kwegunya, abantu bazibeka esichengeni sokungena kwisiphithiphithi, apho ungquzulwano luconjululwa ngogonyamelo kunokuba kungabi ngumthetho.

Noko ke, ulungelelwano oluthengelwe ukuphazamisana nenkululeko aluzinzanga. Izixhobo ezixhomekeke ngokuyintloko ekunyanzelweni ekugqibeleni zijamelana nokuxhatshazwa. Umthetho ozinzileyo ufuna igunya abemi abaligqala njengelifanelekileyo.

Amalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko yomntu lunzima. Igunya limisela inkululeko ngokumisela imithetho engqongqo nangokuyithobela. Kodwa igunya elisemthethweni likwanokukhusela inkululeko ngokuthintela ukulawulwa, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo, nokunika ukhuseleko olunceda abantu baphumeze usukelo lwabo.

Umbuzo ongundoqo kulapho ungazoba khona imida yegunya. Ulawulo-melo lwenkululeko lusikelwe umda igunya ngomgaqo-siseko, amatyala amalungelo, kunye neereyithi kunye nolungelelwaniso. Iinkqubo zolawulo olugunyazisiweyo zivumela igunya lingene nzulu kubomi babucala, zishiye isithuba esincinane sokuzimela ngokwabantu ngabanye.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika Nokuziphendulela

Igunya lezobupolitika linelungelo xa abo bathobelayo benokuba nenxaxheba ekusebenziseni kwalo baze baphendule abalawuli.

Iinkqubo zokuphendula ziqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Unyulo sesona sixhobo siqhelekileyo sokuphendula kwiidemokhrasi, kodwa luyongezelelwa luhlolisiso olungokweenkundla, amaqumrhu azimeleyo okuvelela, amajelo eendaba akhululekileyo nemibutho yoluntu.

Xa ukuthatha inxaxheba nokungaphenduliswa, igunya liyahlukana nemithetho. Abahlali baziva bengenamandla, kwaye inkqubo yamagunya iphelelwa semthethweni. Oku kudibanisa kuphembelela ipopulism, imikhosi egabadelayo, kunye nemfuno yokutshintsha okukhawulezileyo.

Isiphelo

Igunya lezobupolitika aliyonto ibalulekileyo okanye liyithandayo. likwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, lisekelwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yokugunyaziswa, yaye lisoloko lijamelene neengxaki ezivela kwabo baxhathisayo okanye abalichasayo. Ukuqonda igunya lezobupolitika kufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe iziseko zalo ezingokweengcamango kunye nezenzo zalo eziluncedo.

Umbuzo wokuba ngubani oza kwenza imithetho awunakuphendulwa kanye kwaye uphele. Ngumbuzo omele zonke izizukulwana zibuze ziphendule ngokutsha, njengoko amaqumrhu ezobupolitika eguquka, njengoko ubugcisa obutsha butshintsha, kwaye njengoko abemi bekhula ukulindela okutsha kwabo basebenzisa igunya. Impilo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezobupolitika ixhomekeke kumandla ayo okuxhasa igunya elisemthethweni ngoxa ihlala isabela kwiimfuno ezitshintshayo nakwimilinganiselo yabantu elawulayo.

[[FLT: 0] Ukufunda ngokuphinda-phindeneyo: Kuphando olunzulu lwale miba, bona i [[FLT:] statford Encyclopedia ye Philosophysia ungeno kwimbopheleleko yezobupolitika[, umsebenzi wemasti ye- Max Weber' kugunyazi ku] kunye noMbutho [[FLT:]], kunye nohlaziyo lwedemokhrasi olukhoyo olusuka kwimibutho enjenge [[FLT] [FLT]] ne[FLT:] D [FLT]