Inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini kuMzantsi mpuma Asia iguqulelwe kakhulu kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, isuka kwingingqi ephezulu yethanga elihlala abaphathi ukuya kwintsika ephakathi yemisebenzi yeCanberra kunye nezoqoqosho. Lo mmandla, kwikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu kunye nezinye zezoqoqosho ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwehlabathi, ngoku ibalulekile kwimpumelelo nokhuseleko lweOstreliya. Kubafundi kunye nabaphengululi bolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukulandelela le ndaleko kutyhila indlela amandla aphakathi ahamba ngayo kummandla ominyeneyo owenziwe ngukhuphiswano olukhulu, idecolon, ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko. Eli nqaku lihlola ukuphumelela kwembali, ukutshintsha kwenkqubo engundoqo, kunye nezinyanzelo zexesha elichaza ukudibana kwe-Australia noMzantsi-Asia.

Ulwalamano Lwamandulo Nempembelelo Yamathanga

Unxulumano lwangaphambili lwe-Australia noMzantsi mpuma Asia lwahluzwa ngelensi ye-Inglane yoBukhosi baseBritane. Kwinkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, amathanga ase-Australia agcina uthengiso ne-Singapore, iBatavia (ngoku eyiJakarta), kunye neManila, ngokuyintloko ngoomatiloshe baseBritani noomatiloshe. Ukufunyanwa kwegolide eVictoria kwiwaka lama-1850 kwatsala amaTshayina yaye kamva abanye abaphambukeli basemzantsi-Asia, bedala amaqela amancinane kodwa abalulekileyo kwizixeko zasekhohlo. Noko ke, unxulumano oluphambili lwalungolulo olunexhalayo malunga no "Asian kumntla"/a lunxulumanelo oluthe ncam yolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-othe .

Ngeli xesha, i-Australia yayingenazo iinkonzo ezizimeleyo zobuzwe eMzantsi-ntshona Asia. Abaphathi beBritane balawula ulwalamano lwengingqi kuWhitehall, kunye nabenzi benkqubo base-Australia babenqabile ukuphikisa ezona zinto ziphambili. Ubukho boMkhosi wamanzi eSingapore babujongwa njengomgca wokuqala we-Australia wokuzikhusela. Oku kuxhomekeka kwamathanga kwakuthetha ukuba ukudibana kweAustralia noMzantsi-Asiya kwakungasebenzi kwaye kuphenjelelwa, kuphenjelelwe ngakumbi likhethe lobuhlanga kunye necebo lolawulo lwengingqi.

Ukuqhatha nokuLungiselelwa

Iziphumo zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II zaphawula ukupheliswa kwelizwe. Ukuwa kweSingapore ngowe-1942 kwayiphelisa intsomi yokungabi nakufezeka kweBritane kwaye kwanyanzelisa i-Australia ukuba imelane nemeko yayo yendalo. Njengoko i-Indonesia yavakalisa inkululeko ngo 1945 namanye amazwe aseMzantsi mpuma Asia alandela, iAustralia yajamelana nommandla owehlayo. Umzabalazo wokuzimela nxamnye namaDatshi wabangela uvavanyo lokuqala: iAustralia, isebenzisa uMphathiswamasebe weMsebenzi wezizwe zangaphandle H.V.Ett, yaxhasa iminqweno ye-Indonesia yesizwe kwiZizwe ezimanyeneyo, nto leyo eyayibonisa ukuba ukuzimisela ukubhukuqaqa umkhosi osuka kumaphondo aseYurophu.

Iminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960 zabona iAustralia ingqubana nento engenanto eshiywe yiBritane. IMalayan Emergency (1948-1960) yatsala imikhosi yase-Australia ukuba isebenze ichasene nemikhosi yaseBritane ne-Malay, iseka umzekelo wentsebenziswano yomkhosi namazwe aseMzantsi mpuma Asia. Okwangoku, ukwenziwa kwe-ASCEAN ngo196 kwafumana ingqalelo yobulumko eCanberra. I-Australia ayizange imenywe ukuba ithelele, kodwa imigaqo esisiseko yentlangano yokungadibani nxulumene nemikhosi nemikhosi yengingqini engquzulaneyo nemfuno ye-Australia ngeminqweno ekhululekileyo kwingingqineyo engaphandle.

Ukukhutshwa kwazisa ucelomngeni loMcimbi woMkhosi wase-Indonesia (Konstrasi) ngokuchasene neMalaysia (1963-19666). I-Australia yenza imikhosi yokukhusela iMalaysia, ibonisa ukuba iCanberra iza kuthatha inyathelo lomkhosi ukugcina uzinzo lwengingqi nxamnye nohlaselo olubonakalayo. Eli xesha labona ukuqala komgaqo-nkqubo ozimeleyo we-Australia, nangona enye isalungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo nolwaneliseko lwequmrhu lwamazwe aseNtshona.

Imfazwe yehlabathi II

Imfazwe yomlomo yatshintsha indlela yokungena kwe-Australia kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asia. Isivumelwano se-ANZUS (1951) ne-United States ne-New Zealand saqinisekisa i-Australia ngesiqinisekiso sokhuseleko, kodwa kwakhona yafaka uCanberra kukhuphiswano lwezimvo nxamnye nobukomanisi. Umzantsi-ntshona we-Asia waba yindawo engundoqo yokulwa, i-Australia ijonge ummandla ngelens yengcamango ye-domino .

Imfazwe yeVietnam yayiyimbonakalo echazayo yale ngqiqo. Imikhosi yase-Ostreliya yasebenza ngo1965, yathumela abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-60 000. Isigqibo saqhutywa lumanyano ne-United States kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba ulwando lwamakhomanisi eMzantsi mpuma Asia lwasongela ngqo i-Australia. Imfazwe yahlula ibutho lase-Australia ngokunzulu yaza yabangela utshintsho kwiimeko zamanye amazwe. Ekuqaleni koo1970, urhulumente weWhitam warholam yarhoxa imikhosi yase-Australia yazazaza yashukuma e-Ostreliya yaza yashukuma-China, ibonakalisa ukuqondwa okucacileyo kwe-Ostreliya.

Olunye utshintsho olunzima lwasemva kwemfazwe yaba kukutshintsha kwe-Australia indlela yokuma kwe-colonist. Urhulumente we-Whitlam (1972-1975) wanyusa inkululeko yePapua New Guinea kwaye wamkela indawo enzima ngakumbi kulawulo lwamaPhuthukezi kwiTimor-Leste. Eli xesha labona ukuba iAustralia ilungele ulwalamano neTshayina ngo1979 kwaye ibandakanyeke ngokukhuthele ngakumbi ne-ASEAN, eyayivela ngelo xesha njengeqela elibalulekileyo lezopolitiko.

Ukungaphili ngokwezoqoqosho nokuTshayina korhwebo

Ukuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo kwavula amathuba amatsha okumanyanisa uqoqosho. Ukukhawuleza kwemveliso yelizwe lase-asiya emzantsi-ntshona we-10.

Ukuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho e-Australia kwakhawuleza ngo-1990 phantsi korhulumente waseHawke kunye noweKagat, owaxhasa i-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. APEC, eyandululwa ngo 1989 ngegalelo elinamandla leAustralia, yaba sisithuthi sokurhwebelana ngesisa kulo mmandla. I-Australia yabona ikamva layo linxulumene nolwando lwase-Asia, kunye noMzantsi mpuma we-Asia njengelona thuba lifikelelekayo.

IASEAN-Australia-AUSEA Free Trade Areace (AAANZFTA), eyaqalisa ukusebenza ngo-2010, ilitsheyina lokwakhiwa kwezorhwebo lwase-Australia kunye nommandla. Iphelisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla e-Australia kwi-96% ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe e-ASIAN zoqoqosho kwaye inyuse urhwebo lwendlela ezimbini ngaphezu kwe-AU $1,1,000 yezigidi ngonyaka. I-Australia kwakhona ilandela i-bimetal FTAs enamalungu athile e-ASEAN, PNG, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, kunye neVietnamh. inyusa umnayitha womnatha worhwebo othengwayo.

Urhwebo lweenkonzo luye lwakhula kakhulu. Imfundo yase-Australia ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuMzantsi-mzantsi-ntshona we-Asia ingaphezulu kwe-AU 10 yezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka, nabafundi abangaphezu kwe- 150 000 abafunda e-Australia ngo-2023. I-Toursism, iinkonzo zemali, kunye noqeqesho lobugcisa lwandisiwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba i-Australia yorhwebo yesibini yephondo lomzantsi-Australia ibe yeyona iphambili emva kweTshayina.

Ukwakhiwa kokhuseleko kunye nentsebenziswano yokhuselo

Ngokunxulumene nezoqoqosho, i-Australia yakha ukwakhiwa okude kokhuseleko kunye namaqabane alo aseMzantsi mpuma Asia. Amalungiselelo amahlanu aMandla aLawulayo (neMalaysia, iSingapore, iNew Zealand, kunye noManyeneyo) asasetyenziswa, abandakanya imithambo yemikhosi eqhelekileyo kunye nenkqubo emileyo yengingqi yokhuselo. I-Australia ikwanenxaxheba kwiASEAN Defence Service AsseANCOMCO (ADM-Plus), i-um yokuxhasa okuquka onke amalungu e-ASEAAAANULC, kunye namaqabane asibhozo engxoxo.

Intsebenziswano echasene ne-othoric yakhula emva kokuqhushumbisa kweBali ngo-2002, eyabulala abantu abangama-202 kuquka abantu base-Australia abangama-88. I-Australia yaphendula ngoncedo oluninzi ukwenzela amandla obuphekula e-Indonesia kunye neenkqubo zobuchule zommandla. ICentre yeJakarta yeLaw Enforcement Community, eyasekwa ngo-2004, iye yaqeqesha amawaka amagosa oMzantsi mpuma Asia ekuchaseni ubuphengululi kunye nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho oluzweni lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukhuseleko lwexesha lokhuseleko lwamanzi luye lwaba sisixhobo esiphambili, esiqhutywa ziimpikiswano zolwandle loMzantsi-China kunye nokhuphiswano lwamandla amakhulu. I-Australia iqhuba amaqela ajikelezayo kunye nolwakhiwo lobuchule kunye ne-Indonesia, i-Malaysia, iPhilippines, iVietnam, neBrunei. Inkqubo yePasifiki Maritime Security Program, nangona ijoliswe kwiziQithi zePasifiki, ineephakathi-mzamzam-Asia, ikwaxhasa iASEATEANOL kuM kwi-Indo-Paciece, egxininisa ukudibana nokunamathela kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Imilinganiselo Neenyathelo Eziphambili

Amanyathelo aliqela angexesha abonisa ukunyuswa okunzulu komtshato wase-Ostreliya:

  • Icandelo lokufumana iRefusion:[[FT:1] Iqaliswe ngo-2020 no-ASEA, eli nyathelo lanikela i-AU $470 yezigidi ukuxhasa ukuchacha kwesifo esimandundu, ukhuseleko lonyango, kunye nokuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho kulo lonke elase-Asiya.
  • Iqhinga lezezoqoqosho lase-Asia lasemzantsi-mpuma ukuya ku-2040: eli cebo likhupha amacandelo aphambili(macandelo) uqoqosho, amandla aluhlaza, izibonelelo, kunye nolimo---okwandisa urhwebo kunye notyalo-mali, lijoliswe kwixhoba lokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda isantya sotyalo-mali ngo-2040.
  • Aus4AS Skinbos Inyathelo lokuqala: Inkqubo yezigidi ezingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu e-AU yenkqubo yokwandisa imfundo yomsebenzi kunye nophuhliso lobuchule kulo lonke elase-ASEAN, ukuqhuba ii-maketa zengqesho nokukhuthaza ukuhamba.
  • Inyathelo elibalulekileyo lemigangatho yorhwebo lwamanani ase-Australia: Umgudu oncedisanayo wokuvumelanisa imithetho yorhwebo lwamanani, ulawulo logcino-lwazi, kunye nesiseko sogcino-lwazi lwekhompyutha, ukujolisa ukunciphisa imiqobo yeefektha zobugcisa zase-Australia kummandla.
  • Inkqubo yeNdlela yeNdlela yeNdlela yeNdlela-ntle: iAustralia inikezela ngaphezu kwe-AU $100 lezigidi ngonyaka ukukhusela amaqabane akwiMzantsi mpuma Asia, kuquka ukuva ulawulo lwaselwandle, uqeqesho loxolo, kunye nenkxaso elwa nezobunqolobi.

Abantu- Ku- Abantu Bayanxulumanisa kunye Namandla athambileyo

Ngaphandle konxulumano lukarhulumente norhulumente, iAustralia ifake imali eninzi kuqhagamshelwano lwabantu. Isicwangciso seColombo, sandululwa ngo1951, sazisa amawaka abafundi kuMzantsi mpuma Asia kwiiyunivesithi zase-Australia, sidala amaqhina ahlalayo kunye nee-aluminis. Ilixande laso langoku, iPlan yeFingo, ithumele ngaphezu kwama-80 000 eAustralia aphantsi kwe-grands ukufundisisa nokuthatha iinqanawa ukuqesha elo phondo ukususela ngo-2014, kuquka e-Indonesia, eThailand, eVietnam, eSingapore, naseMalaysia.

Ukufuduka kwakha imimandla enzulu. Ngonyaka wama2023, ngaphezu kwe-1,2, izigidi zabemi base-Australia bazalwa kumazwe ase-Asia, kwaye abantu baseVietnam, eFilipinone, nase-Indonesia baphakathi kwamaqela akhula ngokukhawuleza e-Australia. La maqela ancedisa ngokwezoqoqosho nangenkcubeko, asebenza njengebhulorho engacwangciswanga phakathi kwemibutho yase-Australia ne-Southeast Asia.

Uthethathethwano lwenkcubeko, lo gama lungagxininiswa kakhulu, luye lwakhula ngamaziko anjenge ASEAN-Australia Center, andululwe ngo-2020, ekhuthaza ubugcisa, imfundo, kunye nokutshintshiselana ngenkcubeko. IZiko leOstreliya-Indonesia, lasekwa ngo- 1989, iprojekthi yemali encedisanayo kwizixhobo zobugcisa, zobugcisa, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Ezi zixhobo zamandla athambileyo zinceda ekwakheni ukuthembana nokuqonda okukhuthaza ulwalamano olusemthethweni lwezobugqeqeba.

Iingxaki Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Nangona amaqhina omeleleyo, i-Australia ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yayo yoMzantsi-mzantsi-ntshona we-Asia. Iimpikiswano zolwandle loMzantsi Mzantsi ntshona we-China zihlala zingumthombo ozingisileyo wenkxwaleko. I-Australia isoloko icela isigqibo soxolo ngokuvisisana nomthetho wezizwe, kuquka ulawulo lwe-arbital ka 2016, kodwa kufuneka ilungelelanise le ndawo nxamnye nolwalamano lwayo lwezoqoqosho neTshayina . . .

Ingxaki yeMyanmar, emva kobhukuqo lomkhosi lwama-2021, luvavanye uququzelelo lwe-ATEAN kunye nempendulo ye-Australia. I-Australia ibeke isigwebo solwabo kwiinkokeli zomkhosi zeMyanmar kwaye inika uncedo olusemgangathweni, kodwa inesixhathiso esisikelwe umda sokuphembelela iziganeko. Ukungakwazi kuka-ATEAN ukuzalisekisa i-5-Point Consensus kuye kwaphazamisa iCanberra, ebona ukuthembeka kuka-ASIANU njengokuyimfuneko kumthetho wengingqi.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela iingxaki ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezizwe ngezizwe. Umzantsi-ntshona we-Asia usengozini enkulu yokunyuka kweqondo lolwandle, imozulu egqithisileyo, nokunganqabiseki kokutya. I-Australia ithembise i-U $11.2 yezigidi zezigidi zemozulu kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asia phantsi kobuchule bayo beMali yehlabathi Lomhlaba Wonke, kuquka ukuxhasa ukubuyiselwa kombane nokuchuma kwemozulu. Kodwa ke, ukuphuma kwe-Australia kumoya kubangela ukhuphiso kumazwe aseMzantsi-Asia afuna ukuphelisa uqoqosho lwawo.

Ukhuseleko lwamanani nolwekhompyutha lumela umda ovelayo. I-Australia ne-ASEA zizimisele ukwandisa intsebenziswano kubuchule bokusebenza kwekhompyutha, ukulwa nokungahlangani kwenkcazelo, nokukhusela izibonelelo ezibukhali. I-ASEAN-Australia Cyber Cooperation Inyathelo eliphambili, elindululwe ngowama-2021, iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwemali kunye nenkqubo yonyango lwezisongelo. Njengoko urhwebo lwamanani lukhula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yekhompyutha ekhuselekileyo nesebenzisanayo iya kuba yeyona nto iphambili.

Ukhuphiswano lwamandla amakhulu phakathi kwe-United States neTshayina lubangela ukuba zonke iinkalo zomgaqo-nkqubo wengingqi yeAustralia. Amazwe asemzantsi mpuma we-Asia asoloko efuna ukuphepha ukunyanzeliswa ukuba akhethe amacala, imilinganiselo yesikhundla e-Australia kodwa azama ukuhlalisa. Ukukhokelwa kwe-Australia ye-AUKUS kunye nokuma kwayo okukhulisiweyo kwe-U.S. kumaphondo ase-Australia aphakamisa inkxalabo kwezinye izikomkhulu zomzantsi-Asia malunga nokuxhokonxa iBeijing. ICanberra kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba izivumelwano zayo ziphucule uzinzo lwengingqi kunokuyithoba.

I-Asiya eseMzantsi mpuma kwi-Ostreliya elungeleleneyo

I 2023 Defence Strategic Review yachaza i-2023 Defected Extegin Review echaza ukuba uMzantsi-ntshona we-Asia "imeko-bume ekhawulezileyo," ibeka ummandla kumthombo wokuzikhusela. Uhlolo lwagxininisa imfuneko yokuqwalasela okunyusiweyo koomatiloshe, intsebenziswano, kunye noqeqesho oludibeneyo namaqabane asebenza kunye e-Asia. Oku kubonisa intsingiselo ende: uMzantsimpuma-Asia awuseyo inkxalabo yenkxalabo ye-okanye kodwa uxalabo olusembini lwe-Australia.

Ukukhangela phambili, inkqubo yamanye amazwe yase-Australia kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asia kusenokujoliswe kwintsika ezintathu: ukunyusa ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho ngotshintsho lwamanani kunye noluluhlaza; ukuqinisa ukhuseleko oluhlonela isiseko sombindi; kunye nokutyalwa kweemali kwikomkhulu lomntu ngemfundo nangobuchule. IATEAN-Australia Comprehensive Tregitical internet shinship, eyasekwa ngo-2021, inika isiseko esingaphezulu kwesiseko sokhuseleko ukwenzela le migudu.

I-Australia kufuneka iqhelene nommandla othe xhaxhe kakhulu. Impembelelo ekhulayo yeTshayina kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asia/ngoncedo lwezibonelelo, ulawulo, kunye nokufikelela kwezorhwebo , kunye nobunzima obukhoyo . Kukho amathuba kunye nobunzima bezorhwebo. I-Australia ayinakukwazi ukulingana nobunzima bezoqoqosho bamaTshayina kodwa inokunika ezinye iindlela eziphezulu: inkxaso-nkxaso-siseko, izibonelelo ezisekelwe kulawulo, kunye nolwakhiwo lwamandla olujongeneyo. Ucelomngeni lwabenzi benkqubo ye-Australia kukuhlala bethembekile kwaye belulonke igunya.

Kubafundi bolwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, amava ase-Australia anika izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga noxolelwano oluphakathi. I-Australia ishenxise ukusuka ekukholweni kwe-lotheni ukuya kumanyano olunempembelelo yengingqi, ukwakha ulwalamano olusekelwe kwimiba efuna ukwabelana ngentla, kwaye uxanduva aluphelelanga, kodwa ulwalathiso lucacile: Ikamva le-Australia linxulumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nozinzo, impumelelo, kunye nomanyano.