Ukwazisa: Indima Ephambili Yoncedo Lwamazwe Asemzini Kwezobupolitika

Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle lumela ukunyuka okuninzi kobuncwane obusuka koorhulumente abanikelayo, kumaziko amaninzi, nakumaziko azimeleyo akwizizwe ezisakhasayo. Ngo-2023 kuphela, uphuhliso olusemthethweni oluvela kumazwe e-OECD lufikelele kwii-irandi eziqikelelwa kwii-dola ezingama-2010 zezigidi. Iinjongo ezichaziweyo zale nkxaso zisuka kukunciphisa ubumpofu kunye nokuphucula impilo kwinkqubela-ntle yezolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kodwa, enye yeenkalo ezininzi zokuphikisana ngoncedo lwamazwe angaphandle luziziphumo zezopolitiki kumazwe amkelayo. Ukuzinziwa kwemeko zezobupolitika (* ngokuchazwa njengokungabikho kwemfazwe, ukulawulwa, ukulawulwa nokuthelekelela kwezenzo ezizinzileyo (iiiiiiiiiiiiii-R4) kunye nophuhliso kuphuhliso kuphuhlisolwazi oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo lwezibonelelo lwezopolitiko. Kodwa, ulwalamano oluphakathi koncedo alunakuxhasayo nozibonelelo olusebenzayo, kodwa ukhuseleko alunakuxhasayo, kodwa alunakuxhasa

Iimbono zoncedo nozinzo

Abaphengululi kunye noogqirha baye baphuhlisa iindlela ezininzi zokuqonda indlela uncedo olusetyenziswa ngayo kwamanye amazwe kunye neenkqubo zobupolitika. Imodeli yesithethe “yolawulo olulungileyo” iphikisa ukuba uncedo lomeleza amaziko, lukhuthaza ukubonakala kwamehlo, kwaye lunciphisa izikhalo ezibangela ukungalawuleki kwepetroli. Ngokwahlukileyo, “imbono yezoqoqosho” ilumkisa ukuba uncedo lungadala intshukumisa ezigqwethekileyo, iincutshe ezonakeleyo, zentengiso zentlalo, zenze buthathaka isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabemi kunye norhulumente. Imbono yesithathu, esekelwe kwiizifundo ezingquzulanisayo, icebisa ukuba uncedo lungawaxhasa ngokuphandle amaqela axhobileyo okanye uxanduva oluphakathi koovimba belizwe xa ugcino-mali lusasazwa ngokungenamdlamo. Ezi ngcamango zigxininisa imfuneko yenkcukubeko eqwalaselweyo, ejonge imeko-actrity, kunye nezishutsolup zopolities zombini zombini zombini.

Icebo Elinesiqalekiso Ngokufanayo

Iqumrhu elikhulayo lophando lifumana ukufana phakathi koncedo lwamanye amazwe kunye nengeniso yendalo yobuncwane. Kanye njengokuba i-oyile okanye izimbiwa zingaphembelela ukonakala, ubuzwilakhe, kunye nemfazwe .Into eyaziwa ngokuba “kukuqalekiswa okutsha-qalisiweyo”"""indlela ethe yakwazi ukuthelekelela iziphumo ezifanayo. Inkxaso inokuba ngumthombo “wengeniso engasetyenziswayo kurhulumente”, ukunciphisa ukuphendula kwabo kubemi kunye nokuthoba izikhundla zemali emakhaya. Amazwe axhomekeke kakhulu ekuncedeni anokufumana amandla abuthathaka angakumbi emoye ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngenxa yokuba iinkokeli azifuni kuxolelwana ngemirhumo okanye zamandla asekelwe kwinkxaso entle. Oku kunganyusa ukungazinziswa kwezopolitiki, ingakumbi xa uncedo luncitshisiwe ngequluke okanye xa kuthe kwangoko kusetyenziswa.

Inkxaso Efanelekileyo Yoncedo Lwamanye Amazwe Kumanyano Lwezobupolitika

Xa zihambelana nezinto eziza kuqala kwindawo yasekuhlaleni kwaye zilawulwa ngokucace gca, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lunegalelo ekuzinziseni kwezobupolitika kwiimeko eziliqela. Iinkqubo zonyango zahlukeneyo: uncedo lungaxhasa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke eziyimfuneko, lungaqinisa amaziko azimeleyo, luxhase ukucombulula iingxabano, lubangele amathuba ezoqoqosho anciphisa isitsalane sogonyamelo.

Ukuqinisa ubugocigoci bukaRhulumente kunye neeNkonzo zikaRhulumente

Omnye wemijelo ecacileyo ekhuthaza uzinzo ngoorhulumente beAfrika abakwaziyo ukunikela iinkonzo ezisisiseko. Imfundo, unyango lwezempilo, amanzi, ukungcola, nombane zibalulekile kwimpilo yabantu. Xa ezi nkonzo zingekho okanye zingaphumeleli, abantu bayaphela kwaye bangazithobeli. Ngomzekelo, iinkqubo zoncedo-zonyango kwi-Saharan Afrika zinegalelo ekuncitshisweni okuphawulekayo kokufa kwabantwana kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo ezinjenge-HIV/AIDS kunye nemalariya. Ezi mpumelelo zikhuthaza ukuthemba urhulumente kunye nokunciphisa iingxhulumano zoluntu. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi exhaswa ngabani.

Ngapha koko kunikezelwa kwenkonzo, uncedo lusoloko luquka uncedo lobugcisa ukuphucula ulawulo lukarhulumente. Uqeqesho lwabasebenzi belizwe, inkxaso yokubonisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, kunye noncedo ekuyileni iinkqubo zerhafu ezisebenzayo zinganyusa ubuchule borhulumente bokulawula. Kwimimiselo yasemva kwemvume enjengeRwanda neLiberia, ukwakhiwa kweziko lombutho oxhaswe ngumnikezeli kwanceda ukumisela kwakhona umthetho kunye nokuthembana kwakhona kumaziko karhulumente. Ngoxa inkqubela ibonise ukuba uncedo olufanelekileyo lungaqinisa kanye ugcino-mthetho.

Ukukhusela Ingxabano Nokwakha Uxolo

Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle ludlala indima ephambili ekuqiniseni uxolo nokuthintelwa kwemfazwe. Abasebenzi baxhasa ukupheliswa kwezixhobo, ukwenziwa kwedemoribilia, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwakhona kweenkqubo ze-(DDR) zangaphambili, ukuxhasa inyaniso kunye neenkokhelo zoxolelwano, kunye namanyathelo omanyano lwezemali entlalo-ntle yoluntu. ENepal, umzekelo, uncedo oluvela kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye namaqabane asebenza kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo zombutho wamalungu omkhosi wamakhaya lungaxhasa inkqubo yoxolo emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya ethabatha iminyaka elishumi, kuquka ukupheliswa kwemililo nokuphinda i-manyene. EColombia, uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe luxhase ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubela-mali neendawo ezichatshazwa kudala ukuvuselwa kobundlo. Ezi zinto zingenza umngcipheko ngqo wobundlo-mkhosi emva kwemfazwe, kwanokwenza iimeko zezobupolitika.

Ukuxhaswa Kolawulo Lwedemokhrasi Namalungelo Abantu

Amaqumrhu amaninzi anikela ngedemokhrasi azimisele ukukhuthaza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi njengendlela yokuzinza. Uncedo lungaxhasa unyulo, ukuqinisa izindlu zowiso-mthetho kunye neejaji, ukuxhasa imibutho yoluntu, nokukhuthaza inkululeko yamaqumrhu oluntu, kunye nokukhuthaza inkululeko yamajelo eendaba. Kumazwe anayo kutshanje iinguqulelo kwidemokhrasi. NjengeGhana neKenya(aid) inceda ekuncediseni kwamaziko okhetho oluneenkqubo zolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nokwakha amandla okudluliselwa koxolo lwamandla. Xa unyulo olufanelekileyo luqulukileyo luquluwe kwaye luhlonelwa, ukhuphiswa, ukhuphiswano lwezo lwezobupolitika luye luye luye luye luye lusetyenziswe kwiinkqubo ezingekho zixhobo. Uncedo olufanelekileyo ekuxhakaleni kwezo lwezo lwezopolitiki.

Iingozi Nemiphumo Embi Yoncedo Lwamanye Amazwe

Phezu kwazo nje ezi nzuzo, amaxwebhu angakumbi oncwadi anokuba sengozini yokuzinza kwezobupolitika. Iingozi eziyintloko ziquka ukuxhomekeka kuncedo, ukuphembelela ukunganyaniseki, ukumanyanisa iimfazwe ezinyanzelisa ulawulo olungqwabalala nokuphelisa iimfazwe ngokuphandle.

Ukhuseleko noXonkeko oluTsha

Kumazwe apho uncedo lubumba ulwahlulo olukhulu loqingqo-mali lwesizwe, ngamanye amaxesha lungadlula ngaphezu kwama-50% emali echithwa ngurhulumente. Abaxhasi berhafu basenokungabi namdla ophezulu kumsebenzi karhulumente kunabamkeli bemibutho yangaphandle. Xa oorhulumente befumana inkxaso-mali evela kwimithombo yangaphandle, bangawutyeshela urhulumente wasekhaya kwaye bangawucinezeli umkhosi ngaphandle koloyiko lokungavumelani norhulumente. Le ngxaki iphawulwe kumazwe amaninzi azimeleyo angaphantsi kwe-Saharan Afrika nakuMbindi Asia. Umzekelo, e-Ethiopia phantsi kongquzulwano lweTigray, inkulu yoncedo ayizange ithintele urhulumente ekunciphiseni inkululeko yamakhaya okanye ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Endaweni koko, ibonelele oko kuxhobisa ukuba imeko elungele ukugcinwa kwesizwe ukuba i-ophangalawulwa ngaphandle kolawulo lwezopolitiko.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokungahoywa

Uncedo olukhulu lungadala amathuba okunganyaniseki, ingakumbi apho ulawulo lubuthathaka khona. Abasemagunyeni bangaphazamisa izimali, izivumelwano zoncedo kwi-cronica, okanye basebenzise izinto zoncedo ukwakha ii-internet. Oku akuthethi nje kuphela ukulahlwa kwezixhobo kodwa kukonakalisa ukuthemba amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba uncedo lukhulisa inani elikhethekileyo, ukucaphuka nokungavumelani nepetroli. Kumazwe afana ne-Afghanistan kunye noMzantsi Sudan, uncedo olukhulu oludiza ukudibana nokunganyaniseki nokunga. Isifundo seWorld Bank sifumanisekuboneni ukuba imisebenzi yoncedo iphumelela kakhulu ngokuhlola okunamandla kunye nemali ekhoyo; ekungabini kwabo, uncedo lunokuphazamisa ulawulo. Ukurhoxisa oku, ukunikezela oku kurhoxilonga kwe-borbr, kodwa i-grogggn

Ukusebenzisa Izobupolitika Nokuxhalabela Ulongamo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe alunabundi buphela. Imbali yemfazwe yomlomo inikela imizekelo emininzi apho ulawulo lwegunya elikhulu lubekwe khona ekutshintshiseni ukunyaniseka, amathuba orhwebo, okanye impembelelo yengqondo . olunokugqwetha ezopolitiko zelizwe elinolwamkelo. Uncedo lungathunyelwa kwiinkokeli okanye amaqela athandwayo. Lungasiwa kumazwe afana neTshayina neRashiya, lungawakhusela ekuphembeleleni okanye anike inkxaso ekhoyo ukuze athintele abachasi. Xa uncedo lwemfazwe yomlomo luvela kwizixhobo eziphezulu ezibekwe phantsi kwemithetho yolawulo yegunya ekutshintshiseni ukunyaniseka, ngokufuthi ekuxhaseni ukhuseleko, ngokufuthi ekuxhaselweni kwezizwe ngezivumelwano zentlalo-ntle, ukuxhasa elinye iqela elinobugrorhoxina.

Ukugqugqisa Kweentshaba Zobuhlanga Nezenqila

Ulwabeko loncedo luyindalo. Izigqibo malunga nendawo ezakha izikolo, amakliniki, okanye iindlela zinganceda ezinye imimandla okanye amaqela esizwe kwezinye. Kuluntu olwahlulekileyo, oku kungandisa izalathiso ezikhoyo kwaye kubangele izikhalazo. Umzekelo, eKenya, uncedo oluya kwimimandla eyabelwelwa iqela elinye lohlanga oluxhobisa imbono ephambili yokucalucalucalucalulo nefakta kwingxwa ebangele ugonyamelo emva konyulo lwango-2007. Ngokufanayo, kwimpuma yeDemocratic Republic of the Congo, uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe lungaqondangawandisa amaqela axhobileyo ngokunikezela okanye ukukhotyoliswa kwemiqathango. UDonors uyakwazi ukuqaphela ngakumbi ezi ngxaki kwaye ngoku ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemicimbiso-mcimbini woono-mdla-mngeni-msila-mfono, kodwa ukuphumeza imo-mngeni-mngeni-ntle ihlala ingafezeki.

Ubungqina Obunamandla: Xa Uncedo Lusebenza Nexesha Olubuyiselwa Ngalo Emlilweni

Uphando lwetyala kunye nohlolo lohlolo lwe-quanta lunika ubungqina obudityanisiweyo. I-2020 ye-meana-lylysis yophando olungama-38 kuncedo kunye nengquzulwano yafumanisa ukuba, ngokwe-avareji, uncedo lunciphisa amathuba emfazwe/ngokunjalo isiphumo sixhomekeke kumongo. Kumazwe anomgangatho ophezulu, uncedo olusoloko lusezantsi umngcipheko wokungahambi kakuhle, noko ke, uncedo lunganyusa umngcipheko wokungqubana okusezantsi, ingakumbi kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yenkqubo. Uhlobo lwemisebenzi olunika uncedo olunikezelwa ngemibutho engeyi-76679% (NGOs) lunxulumene nomonakalo ombimbi kakhulu kunoxandulo oluthe ngqo kunoxanduva olunikezelweyo kurhulumente.

Umzekelo Owomelezayo: Umanyano Lweminyaka Eliwaka Oluneengxaki

IMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) ingumzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwemvo yokunikela ukuze inkxaso kumaqhina kwinkqubela yolawulo eqikelelekayo. Amazwe kufuneka adibane neempawu zebhentshi kwiindawo ezinjengolawulo lokonakala, ulawulo lomthetho, kunye namalungelo edemokhrasi ukuze afanelekele izibonelelo ezinkulu. Ngokulungiselela uncedo kwimisebenzi yolawulo, i-MCC ifaka utshintsho oluphakathi kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko oluya kunyusa ulawulo olungelulo. Kumazwe anjengeGhana ne-El Salvador, i-MC Compacts zibonelela izibonelelo zemali kunye nemisebenzi yezolimo ezixhaswayo ecaleni kolawulo, inegalelo ekuzinzeni kozinzo oluqhubekayo.

Umzekelo Ombi: Uncedo EAfghanistan

E-Afghanistan, uncedo olukhulu lwezizwe ngezizwe ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2021 aluphumelelanga ukuvelisa amaziko ezobupolitika aqinileyo. Uninzi lwalo ncedo lwanikelwa ngezixhobo ezihambelanayo ezidlula urhulumente, ukuyila izoqoqosho ezibini ezathi zabangela ukuba urhulumente we-Afghanistan angabi semthethweni namandla afanelekileyo kunye nobuchule. Urhwaphilizo lwagqugqisa, kwaye urhulumente akakwazanga ukukhupha ukhuseleko okanye okusesikweni ngokunempumelelo. Xa uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe lwawa phantsi, iTaliban ngokukhawuleza phezu kwemikhosi karhulumente. Le meko ibalase indlela yokunceda, ukuba ayinyanzelekanga kubuchule obucacileyo bezobupolitika, inokuba ingasebenzi urhulumente protemprivert.

Ubuchule bokuphelisa ukuchaphazeleka koncedo

Xa bebonele ngezi nzame, abenzi benkqubo baye bavelisa iindlela zokunyusa impembelelo entle yoncedo kuzinzo lwezobupolitika lo gama benciphisa iingozi. Imigaqo elandelayo ivela kuphando nokuqhelisela.

Ubuchule bomsebenzi basekuhlaleni kunye nolungelelwaniso

Uncedo lunokuba negalelo kakhulu ekuzinziseni xa luhambelana nezinto eziza kuqala nezibalulekileyo kunye namaziko esizwe. Isindululo saseParis esingekuPhuhlisiswa kwezeNcedo (2005) kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo sigxininisa ubunikazi belizwe, ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwabanikeli, kunye nokuphendulana. Xa oorhulumente abamkelayo bekhokela ukwenziwa kweenkqubo zokuphuhlisa, uncedo lungadibanisa imigudu yasekhaya kunokugqwetha izihlokozo. Oku kuthetha ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ekunikezeleni uncedo, kwananobungafezeki babo, ukwakha ubuchule kunye nokuthembeka kunokudala izakhiwo ezihambelanayo.

Ukuveliswa kwemali kwiziko ezinamandla nolawulo

Ukwakha amaqumrhu olawulo anamandla .--audity ofisi, amasebe alwa nokunganyaniseki, amajelo eendaba, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni iqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lusetyenziswa ngokucacileyo nangokungafihlisi. Abanikeli bangayixhasa ngqo le mizimba, kwakunye nemeko ekuphuculweni kwezixhobo zokulawula. Imodeli ye-Piffered Interies Impharefice (ETI) esebenza kwiingeniso zendalo, ilungiselelwe ukunikela uncedo olucacileyo. Ukunika ukhuthulo oluthelekeleyo oluthe ngqo kwaye iziphumo zeprojekthi zinciphisa amathuba okusetyenziswa kakubi nokuthemba kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Indlela Yokwamkela Ingxabano

Inkqubo nganye yoncedo kufuneka iqwalaselwe kwiziphumo ezinokwenzeka zempikiswano. Udweliso olunochuku lubandakanya ukuqonda uqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwasekuhlaleni, ukudibana nabagcini-matyala abahlukeneyo, kunye nokuhlola iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Oku kuquka ukuphepha uncedo lokuba amaqela axhobileyo, ukusasaza ubuncwane ngokulinganayo kwimimandla, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zokwakha uxolo zidityaniswe kuwo onke amacandelo . hayi nje lawo achazwe ngokucacileyo ngokuthi “ukwakha uxolo.” Abanikeli abaliqela, kuquka iUnited Kingdom’s Foreignformation, Commonween & Development Office Office Office mentmentments zolucations zamazwe athambileyo.

Ukunciphisa Ukuxhomekeka Koncedo Ngokuthe ngcembe

Uzinzo lwexesha elide lufuna ukuqhubela kwiinkqubo zokuzixhasa zokwenza ingeniso. Uncedo lungaxhasa ulungiso lwerhafu kunye nokuququzelelwa kovimba wasekhaya. Umzekelo, iinkqubo ezinceda amazwe aqinise ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu kwaye ayenze izoqoqosho zocwangco zinciphisa ukwabelana ngoqingqo-mali kunye nokuphucula ukujoliseka kurhulumente kubemi. Ngoku, ukuncitshiswa okuthelekelelwayo kuncedo olunika uncedo qhazeleleyo.[1] Ukunika oorhulumente ixesha lokuziqhela nokuvelisa ezinye imithombo yengeniso. Iinkqubo ze-European’s “inkxaso yerhafuthi" ngoku ziquka izibonelelo zokusebenza ezinxulumene nenzala yengeniso yasekhaya.

Ulungelelanisiweyo phakathi kwabanikazi

Uncedo olulungelelanisiweyo, olungalungelelanisiweyo lungasongamela oorhulumente abamkelayo kwaye lubangele ukhuthazo oludityanisiweyo okanye izihlomelo eziphikisayo. Umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokwenza amaphepha-nkqubo, ukwabelana ngeziphumo, kunye nenkqubo yenkxaso-mali edityanisiweyo (njengeNgxoxowa-mali yehlabathi Lonke Yokulwa noGawulayo, Isifo Sephepha ne-malariya) inciphisa iindleko zentengiselwano kunye nemigudu yokusebenzisa iinjongo ezifanayo. Iindlela ezilungelelanisiweyo zibaluleke ngokukhethekile kumazwe angenaluko oluqinileyo, apho abanindileyo basebenza ekunqamleni iinjongo. I-New Decial for Admentation Relances in Fragine, exhaswe yi-OECD, ibiza ukuqwalasela phambili ekuvuseluxuseni uxolo kunye neenjongo zephondo zelizwe kunye nokwakhiwa kwelizwe elivumelana kunye norhulumente besizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukuqhuba Urhwebo

Uncedo lwangaphandle sisixhobo esinamandla kodwa esingafezekiyo sokuphucula uzinzo lwezobupolitika. Iziphumo zaso zixhomekeke ngokunzulu kwezobupolitika nakwimeko yesizwe esifumana uncedo, ukusetyenziswa koncedo, kunye nokuvumelana komnikeli wobungqina. Xa lusetyenziswa ukomeleza amaqumrhu anokuphendula, ukunikela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko, nokuxhasa iinkqubo zoxolo eziqulethweyo, uncedo lungaba ngamandla abalulekileyo okuzinzisa. Noko ke, xa lukhuthaza ukonakala, luxhasa ulawulo olungafikelelekiyo, okanye lugqwetha iintshukumisa zezobupolitika, lunganciphisa ukuzinzisa kwalo ukukhuthaza.

Ubungqina bukhomba kunyango olulula kodwa olulucelomngeni: uncedo kufuneka lufakwe kwindlela ebanzi ebhekisele kulawulo, isakhiwo, kwaye ilungelelanisa nemeko-ntle yasekuhlaleni. Akufuneki ukuba kubekho ithemba okanye ukungathembi. Endaweni yoko, ubungqina obunesiqinisekiso bubonisa ukuba ulwazi oluqhubekayo kunye nokulungisa, bunika eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lwamanye amazwe lunegalelo ekuzinzeni kwezobupolitika kunokuluphoxa.

  • Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo: uncedo lusebenza kakuhle xa luqinisa ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni kwaye lwakha umbilini wemeko.
  • Umngcipheko ongundoqo: olungenazintlu-mali okanye olungenazintlawulo zinokubangela ukunganyaniseki okungagqibeleliyo kwaye kwenze uthotho lwesivumelwano sentlalo.
  • ubheka phambili: Abanikazi nabamkeli kufuneka bafake ingeniso ngokudibeneyo ekuboneni, ekuphazamisekeni kwengxabano, nakwilixa lemali yasekhaya.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona iBhanki yehlabathi neZiko , iOECD's Frazel States iingxelo[, kunye neNgxowa-mali yokwakha yoMbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo