Impembelelo yemithetho kaRhulumente engoqeqesho lwamapolisa nophando lwemicimbi yangaphakathi

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemithetho karhulumente kunye nengqeqesho yamapolisa luyintsika ephambili yokubekwa komthetho. Kwilizwe lonke, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zimisela imimiselo elawula ngokuthe ngqo indlela amasebe amapolisa asingatha ngayo izityholo zokungalungisi, aqhube uphando lwangaphakathi, kunye nokunyanzelisa izenzo zoqeqesho. Le mithetho ichaza amalungelo asemthethweni asemthethweni, iimfuno zokubonisa ngokucacileyo zamasebe, kunye nomlinganiselo wobuphathi bomthetho. Ukuqonda esi siseko somthetho kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwegunya lamapolisa kunye nokuthembeka kwabantu. Njengoko iingxoxo ezingondleko zotshintsho lwamapolisa zikhula, umsebenzi womthetho ekuye kwanenzeni okanye ekuthinteleni ukuphendula komthetho kubonakale kungumbandela obalulekileyo kubenzi bezomthetho, abaxhasi, abameli, kunye neenkokeli bomthetho.

Isizathu Sokuba Imithetho Karhulumente Ibaluleke Ekuqeqesheni Amapolisa

Ngokungafaniyo nolawulo lukarhulumente, olusebenza ngokubanzi ngeSebe leMithetho yeJaji (DOJ) nangemigangatho yomgaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente inika imithetho yokusebenza yosuku nosuku kwicandelo lemicimbi yangaphakathi. Urhulumente ngamnye uneseti yemithetho yakhe, ngokufuthi ephumela kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo zoluleko. Umzekelo, urhulumente oyalela ukukhululwa koluntu ngeziphumo zophando lungakhuthaza utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, lo gama urhulumente onokuthi iirekhodi zolawulo zolawulo zibangele isithethe sokufihla imfihlo. Oku kuthetha ukuba igosa-ofisi yamapolisa etyholwe ngokuziphatha okuphosakeleyo okukohlukeneyo kumazwe amabini ahlukeneyo, isenokujamelana neziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Njengomphumo, utshintsho lomgangatho womthetho luye lwakhuthaza ukulwa kwemfazwe efuna ukuphucula ukuphendula amapolisa.

Ingqwalasela yoqeqesho lwamapolisa neMicimbi yangaphakathi

Amasebe amapolisa kulo lonke ilizwe axhomekeke kwimicimbi yangaphakathi (IA) ukuphanda ngezityholo ezithenjiweyo zokuziphatha okubi. La maqela ajongene nezikhalazo ezisuka kwizikhalazo ezisuka kwi-amandla agqithisileyo nokukhutshelwa kwizenzo zobuqhetseba nokunganyani. Amanyathelo okuqeqesha alandela uphando aquka izilumkiso zomlomo, izikhalimo ezibhaliweyo, ukungahlawuli, ukuthotywa kwemiqathango, okanye ukupheliswa. Kuwona matyala anzima, izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zinokuziswa yi-ofisi yephondo efuna ingcebiso. Kodwa ke, ukuphumelela kokuhlola okusoloko kuxhomekeke kwimeko esemthethweni emiselwe ngumthetho. Amanye amatyala, ngokokuba kufuneka ukuba i-IA ilandele ixesha elingqongqo, lo gama abanye abasebenzi bevumela ukuba balumkele udliwano-ndlebe okanye bancinqikelelo olukho phambi kokuba benoxandumise i-ocedolo-cedophiso lwe-cccceaccea.

Inkqubo Yemicimbi Yangaphakathi: Ukuqwalasela Ngokusondeleyo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, uphando lwe-IA luqala emva kokuba umphengululi edluliselwe isikhalazo ngummi, omnye umphathi okanye umphathi. Isebe landula labela umphandi, ngokufuthi umphathi ofungelweyo oqeqeshwe ngokuqokelela ubungqina kunye nobuchule bokuphendula. Umphengululi uqokelela iingxelo zamapolisa, iikhamera zekhamera, iingxelo zobungqina, kunye nalo nabuphi na ubungqina obuphathekayo. Ukuba uphando lugqityiwe, ingxelo inikezelwa kumphathi-mikhosi olawulayo okanye kwibhodi ekhutshelwayo. Ibhodi ngoko igqiba ukuba izityholo zigcinwe, oko kuthetha ukuba inyaniso sisenzekile, okanye asinatyala, siphelisiwe, okanye asixhaswangabo ngenxa yobungqina obunganelanga. Imithetho yorhulumente inokumisela oko kwenzeka kwinyathelo ngalinye.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhelekileyo Kuphando Lwemicimbi Yangaphakathi

Iiyunithi zemicimbi yangaphakathi zisoloko zijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Umanyano lomsebenzi, maxa wambi lubizwa “ludonga lwezithulo,” lungadinisa amangqina ekusebenzeni. Imithetho karhulumente efuna uphando olukhawulezileyo okanye ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lwepolygraph kunokuthi kuthintele ukuqokelelwa kobungqina. Ngaphezu koko, umthwalo wobungqina kwi-IA yenzeka iqheleke “ukuqikelelwa kobungqina” (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunangenjalo), kodwa amanye amajelo aye azama ukunyusa umgangatho wokufumana“ ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiselayo, obunzima ukudibana. Le mifanekiso ibonisa indlela okude ngayo ukubeka kwemeko yemithetho ye-IA i-RGOCPRODUCT.

Indima Yemithetho KaRhulumente Ekuchaseni Uqeqesho

Imithetho yezomthetho imisela umgaqo-siseko apho kuqhutywa uphando lwamapolisa okungekho mthethweni. Ichaza amalungelo amagosa, imisela iimfuno zomthetho ezingokwesithethe kubaphandi, kunye nokugunyazisa ukubonakala okanye ukufihla imfihlo. Le mithetho ingenza ukuba kulula ukuphendula okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ukujongana nolawulo, kuxhomekeke kumalungiselelo ayo. Iindidi eziliqela eziphambili zomthetho karhulumente ziye zavela njengempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo: imithetho ekhusela inkqubo efunekayo yabaphathi-ofisi, imithetho elawula ukufikelela koluntu kwiingxelo, nemithetho elawula ukukhuselwa komlingo.

Amalungelo eenkqubo afunekayo kunye neSindululo saMalungelo saBaqeshi boMthetho

Enye yezona nkqubela zibalulekileyo kumthetho karhulumente kukuthathwa komthetho kwe-Algorder yoMphathi-mikhosi wamalungelo (LEOBR). Eyokuqala yadlula eFlorida kuma1970, le modeli iye yamkelwa kwintlobo ezininzi ngamazwe amaninzi, kuquka iRhode Island, i-Maryland, i-Illinois, ne-Wisconsian. Imithetho ye-LeOBR inika abaphathi-mthetho ikhuselwano ekhethekileyo ngexesha lokuphengululwa kwangaphakathi, njengamalungelo okukhoyo, ilungelo lokubona bonke ubungqina obuchasene nawo ngaphambi kokuba kuxoxwe nabo, kwanokukhulula uqeqesho ekuphumeleni kwendlela yokuthula ulawulo lwawo lwesihlanu. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo, abagxeki abagxeki befuna ukukhuselwa, nokuthotywa kwemithetho eqinileyo, i-LRop, i-R2, ejongene, impumelelo, i-LB2 yenze i-e, emva kweminyaka e-20.

Imizekelo yokhuseleko lwe-EOBR

  • Umbuzo wokuba amagosa anikwe isaziso seentsuku ezili-10 phambi kodliwano-ndlebe oluphandayo.
  • Ukubhenca ukusetyenziswa kwezikhalazo ezingaziwayo ukuze kuqalise uphando.
  • Ilinganisela ixesha lokuphanda kumlinganiselo othile weentsuku.
  • Amagosa avumela ukuba ajonge bonke ubungqina aze alungiselele impendulo ebhaliweyo ngaphambi kodliwano - ndlebe.

Ngamnye kula malungiselelo angadala imiqobo yeyunithi ye-IA. Umzekelo, isaziso seentsuku ezilishumi sinika igosa ixesha kunye nexesha lalo lokudibanisa, okunokuthi kubangele ukuququzelela iingxelo eziphazamisa ingqibelelo yophando. Xa uphando lungaphelelwa lixesha, amatyala anzima abandakanya amaxhoba amaninzi okanye amangqina angakhawulezwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufumaneni okungaphelelanga.

Ukukhuthaza ukubonakala ngaphaya komthetho

Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho efuna uvulo-lwazi lwezenzo zoluleko kunye neziphumo zophando. Le mithetho yokubonisa ijolise ekwandiseni ukuthembana koluntu nokuqinisekisa ukuba kumele kulandelwe iziphumo zomthetho. Umzekelo omnye ophawulayo ngu California Cate Bill 1421 [2018], eyagunyazisa ukukhululwa kweengxelo ezinxulumene nokudubula komphathi-mkhosi, ukusetyenziswa okunzulu kweziganeko zomsebenzi, kunye nokufunyanwa okuqhubekayo kokunganyaniseki okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini. Lo mthetho ugqibele amashumi eminyaka e-10 eminyaka phantsi koMphathi woxolo weRhulumente ye-Rhulumente yaye uvumela ukuba anikezele ngokufihlakeleyo kwiingxelo ezifihlakeleyo ezifihlakeleyo. [FLT:] [12]

Amanye Amazwe Akhokela Imigudu Yokubonisa Iqondo Elilungeleleneyo

INew York yaphinda yathetha ngokungqalileyo kwimilo yayo ende u-50-a mthetho ngo-2020, eyayikhusele iingxelo zoqeqesho ngaphambili kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke. Le repeal yaba yimpendulo ecacileyo kwimibhiyozo elandelelwayo emva kokufa kukaGeorge Floyd. UColorado wadlula [[FLT:] uBill 20-2[[FLT][FLT] [[FLD]]20:3], eyayifuna amaziko owiso-mthetho onyanzelisa ikhamera yeqela ngokukhawuleza kwiziganeko ezinzulu zendalo kwaye yenza iirekhodi ezifikelelekayo. Ngokunjalo i-Connecticut yagqithiswa [[FLT:] uMthetho 20-20 [FLT], efuna ukudalwa kolawulo lwe-cccc, kuquka iziphumo ezithe zalecut.

Izenzo zoMthetho

Ngokuchaseneyo, imithetho ethile karhulumente ithintela ubuchule bamasebe oqeqesho kubaphathi-mikhosi okanye ukunciphisa umlinganiselo wophando lwangaphakathi. Umthetho onjalo unokuba nempikiswano ngenxa yokuba unokuthintela imigudu yokulungisa indlela engalunganga. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo anemithetho efuna ibhodi zolawulo lwabezobupolitika ekuphandeni izikhalazo, ezimisela ixesha elingqongqo ekuphengululweni kweenkonzo. Amanye amazwe abeka imiqathango engqongqo kwimiqathango yamapolisa, ekhokelela ekuwiseni uvumo lwezigwebo xa abalawuli bengenabo ubuchule bomthetho. EOhio, umthetho uyayithintela ibhodi zobucukubhede obuqhelekileyo, ekwaluleni izikhalazo.

Impembelelo yezivumelwano ezidityanisiweyo

Imithetho karhulumente elawula amalungelo asebenzayo kunye nokuthelekisana ngequmrhu ingasikelwa nesohlwayo. Amaqumrhu amaninzi amapolisa adibanisa amalungiselelo akhuthaza ukuququzelelwa kwezenzo zobubi , ithetha ukuba igosa eligxothiweyo linokubhenela kwisigqibo. Kumazwe athile, abaxhasi barhoxise ukukhusela ukubuyiselwa, kwanaxa ubungqina bokwenza okubi bunamandla. Umzekelo, e-Oregon, uhlolo lwama-2021 lufumanise ukuba abasebenzi banciphindiweyo okanye barhoxisiwe phantse ukuba bamalunga nama-50% egosapho. Nangona ukucelelwa kweqela likhuselwe kwisigqibo sokuzinziswa kwemithetho elungileyo, abagxeki abachaniyo baphikisa ukuba ukukhuselwa, xa kudityaniswe nemithetho ebuthathaka, yenza inkqubo engenakufane iziphumo kuyo.

Impembelelo Yemithetho Karhulumente Ekuphenduleni Kwamapolisa

Isiphumo esinyukayo semithetho karhulumente yoqeqesho lwamapolisa sichaphazela ukuthembeka ngqo. Imithetho ekhuthaza ukubonakala kwamapolisa, ukukhusela abavuli-mlozi, kunye nokunciphisa ukubekwa kweliso kudla ngokukhuthaza isithethe sokuphendula. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imithetho engqongqo idala ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwimicimbi yangaphakathi, enokuthi ivumele ukungafezeki nokuphelisa ukuthembeka kwabantu. Uphando oluvela kumthetho ovulekileyo [FLT]] kunye neminye imibutho egadeleyo ibonise ukungqubana phakathi kwamazwe ngemithetho eqinileyo kunye nemigangatho ephezulu yamagosa edecgrafi. Umzekelo, iTexas, kunye neengxelo zayo ezivulekileyo, ideko elingaphezulu kumazwe anjengomthetho ofihlakeleyo.

Umsantsa Wokuziphendulela Phakathi Kwama - United States

Umahluko kumthetho wezwelonke uyile inkqubo yokuziphendulela. Oku kuchaza njenge California kunye neNew York, apho iinguqu zimiselwe khona, intatheli ziyakwazi ukuqokelela iisiseko sogcino-lwazi lwabaphathi abanezi ngxelo eziqinileyo. Oku kuvumela amasebe amapolisa ukuba aphephe ukuqesha abaphathi bembali ebhaliweyo yembali yokuxhatshazwa ngaphandle kokuba amagosa e-ofisini akhutshwe ekuhlaleni. Ngokwahlukileyo, kumagama afana [[FLT:] uNoth [[FLT] , umthetho (iiiiiiiimvume yamaLungelo) uthintelo lwe-Rodroffiant ekhuselwe ngaphandle kokuba igosabi eligwetyiswe kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Impembelelo kwiMicimbi yangaphakathi

Amacandelo emicimbi yangaphakathi kufuneka ajonge ezi ndawo zisemthethweni mihla le. Ngaphezu koko, amacandelo anezibonelelo eziqinileyo, abaphengululi bayazi ukuba izinto abazifumeneyo zisenokuhlolisiswa ngabashicileli nanguwonke wonke, ezinokukhuthaza ukucoceka. Kwiimeko apho iingxelo zitywinwa, abaphengululi basenokujamelana noxinzelelo olungephi lwangaphandle, kodwa baphulukana nenkxaso ethembekileyo efumaneka kutyhilo lukawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho engqongqo ingadimazisa abasebenzi ababona amagosa e-IA abaphepha iziphumo ngenxa yokukhutshelwa kwetyala. Ngokuphikisana noko, izakhiwo eziqinile zomthetho zinika abaphengululi amandla ngokunika igunya elicacileyo nexesha elaneleyo lokwakha amatyala.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala nemizekelo

Ukuze sibonise impembelelo yokwenene yemithetho karhulumente, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile evela kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo.

EKhalifoniya: Umzekelo Wokubonisa Imbonakalo

I-[FLT 1] kunye nomthetho olandelayo uye waguqula indlela ephethwe ngayo ingqeqesho yamapolisa. Ngaphambi ko 2019, iingxelo zoqeqesho zaziphantse zibe ziyimfihlo ngokupheleleyo. Emva kokuba iSB 1421, imibutho yeendaba yaqalisa ukucela amawaka erekhodi, iipawulo zokungalungi okubhaliweyo ezifihliweyo. Umzekelo, uphengululo lwamapolisa [[FLT:] luye lwagqithisela kwimithetho [FLT] i-Times[[FLT]] yafumanisa ukuba amagosa amaninzi kumazwe abandakanye nokusetyenziswa komthetho oqhubekekileyo, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kukhokelela ekulahleni nasekudubeni ngaphandle koxinzelelo. IKLAYILE i-California igqithisei imithetho kwi-'i-'FTY] ekwayiving'injini ekhuselwe ukutshintsha utshintsho olunjalo.[FFoctive , uhlahlohlohlohlo oluthiweyo oluqhubekekayo.

INew York: Ukubuya kwe 50-a nomva wayo

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, [[NTL:0] nomthetho wama-50-a waseNew York wagcina iirekhodi zoqeqesho lwamapolisa ukuba zingakhululwa nakwenye isebe kodwa ziqeshwe ngomnye umhla wama-2020, i-New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) kunye ne-media yogcino-lwazi-lwazi yasekuhlaleni eyapapasha iisiseko somphathi-mikhosi eqeqeshayo. Isiphumo esiphawulekayo yaba kukuchaphazeleka kwamagosa arhoxileyo kwisebe elithile kodwa aqeshwe ngomnye umgangatho wabo ongaphambili. I-New York yaphinda yadluliswa i-Ericner Anti - Charhoke Active Act kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa kotshintsho, ibonakalisa indlela iprogracnmentstingsting projectivesting protoodmentments.

Florida: ILEOBR Enamandla, Imbonakalo Engabonakaliyo Ebuthathaka

IFlorida yayingurhulumente wokuqala ukumisela umthetho onyanzelisayo weBhili yamaLungelo kaRhulumente (19974). Ngoxa umthetho unika ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, ubeka ummiselo ongqongqo weentsuku ezili-180 zophendlo lwangaphakathi. Ukuba uphando alugqitywanga ngelo xesha, igosa alinako ukuqeqeshwa . ngaphandle kokuba isebe lifumane ulwandiso kumgwebi, olunqabileyo. Eli lungiselelo libekwe ityala lokuvala uphando ngaphambi kwexesha. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho yamarekhodi kawonke-wonke ikhusela iingxelo zomthetho ngaphandle kokuba umphathi-mikhosi ugwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Imeko yeFlorida ikhupha abaphathi abambalwa kakhulu ngonyaka kubungakanani bomthetho walo. Advokisharityy iye yabizwa ngolungiso, kodwa imigudu yemithetho yemithetho ye-Rodvice.

Oregon neWashington: Umahluko Kumntla - ntshona wePasifiki

Oregon yagqithisa i-Ill 1603 ngo-2021, eyaseka inkqubo entsha yamapolisa yokuqinisekisa kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuxelwa kwengxelo enzulu yokuziphatha. Noko ke, iqela elinamandla lesizwe lengxubusho livumela ukubonelela okubanzi. EWashington, ivote igqitha I-Intitive 940 [2088], nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuchophela amagosa abandakanye nenza umsebenzi wokungenelela. Umthetho ufuna kwakhona uphicotho-lwe-inkonzo ze-ekhompume-ne ne-mememe. Oku kungaboniswa ngendlela efanayo okuveza ngayo iziphumo zokuntywidilika kwemeko.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nemikhwa Yakutshanje

Ekulandeleni kwemibhiyozo engama-2020 kunye nokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd, amazwe amaninzi asungula kwaye adlulisa umthetho wolungiso lwamapolisa. Ngeli xesha amatyala amaninzi ejolise ekusebenziseni imigangatho yomkhosi, iikhamera zomzimba, kunye nokukhuthaza ukulandelelana kohlanga, ingqeqesho kunye nokubonakala kwamehlo kubone iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. INgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yakwaRhulumente ilandelela amakhulu eendleko yolungiso-hlenga-mali lwamapolisa.

  • [[NTL:0] Iphepha okanye utshintsho lwe LEOBR – Maryland, Rhode Island, kunye neConnecticut ziphinde zahlaziya irejista yamalungelo azo ukulinganisela ulibaziseko nokwandisa ukubonakala.
  • Ukuphelisa iziqinisekiso zokungalungi kokuziphatha okuthile - Amazwe afana neNew Jersey neColorado ngoku kufuneka amagosa enza amatyala anzulu athintelwe ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi wokugcina umthetho kwixa elizayo.
  • Ukutshintsha ulwahlulo – Iimeko ezininzi zithintele amandla abaququzeleli ukubhukuqa izigqibo zesebe loqeqesho, ingakumbi kwiimeko zamandla agqithisileyo okanye ukunganyaniseki.
  • ukwandisa uphando lwabangabupolitika – imithetho eKhalifoniya naseWashington inike iibhodi zohlolo lwasekuhlaleni amandla ophando asezantsi kwepeyinti kunye negunya elingqalileyo lophando, ukucutha ukuthembela kwiqela le-IA kuphela.

Impembelelo yomanyano kunye nokungenelela kweRhulumente

Ngeli xesha imithetho karhulumente ingundoqo, urhulumente wesizwe ufeza indima. ISebe leMimiselo yeJaji okanye uphando lunganyanzela utshintsho kumasebe amapolisa asekuhlaleni, kodwa ezi zilinganiselwe kulawulo oluphantsi kophendlo. Izindululo zenkxaso-mali ezikhoyo, ezifana nodweliso lwenkqubo ye- Byrne JAG , ngamanye amaxesha, zinezi meko zidityaniswe `kodwa ezo meko zibuthathaka. Izicelo zakutshanje zerejista yamapolisa kunye nogcino-lwazi olusemgcenipheni zijongene nenkcaso yezopoliti yezopolitiki, zishiya ulungiso lwezwelo lwezobuzwe lungaphambili.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yezomthetho yimithetho esisiseko yoqeqesho lwamapolisa nemicimbi yangaphakathi. Bafumanisa ukuba ukuziphatha okubi kuyahlolwa ngokunempumelelo, nokuba iziphumo ziphunyeziwe na, nokuba abaphathi-mikhosi bajongene neziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Le ndawo ikhoyo ngoku ingumsebenzi odityanisiweyo, namazwe athile emkelana nokuzinzisa, ngoxa amanye ebambelele ekuboneni intelekelelo entsithelweni nokuzinziswa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo. Ubungqina bucacile ukuba: ukuchanaba nokuzimela okuphezulu koqeqesho nokungaqiniseki kwetyala, njengoko impembelelo yemithetho yamapolisa iqhubeka isenza ikwazi ukuchaphazeleka. Imigudu yemithetho yemithetho ehambayo ibalulekile ekuvaleni ezingxaki nasekuzinziseni okungalawuleni nokuzinzileyo nokuzinzisa okuthelelayo. [[F1][F1][3][3][F1] [F1] [U.[10][4][U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.:[FON:[F:[4][4]