Izindlu Ezintle Kumgangatho Wendawo: Indlela Imithetho Yolawulo kaMasipala Eyitshintsha Ngayo Imilinganiselo

Izindlu ezintle aziyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni — luzibopho olusemthethweni nolwemilinganiselo olusebenza suku ngalunye kummandla, kwiiofisi zokuqesha, kunye namasebe okucwangcisa kulo lonke elo. Ngoxa imithetho yephondo enjengeFair Howar House Act yowe-1968 imisela isiseko sokukhusela ukucalucalulwa, umsebenzi wokwenene wokuqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela okulinganayo ekuhlaleni kusoloko kungena koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Amabhunga ezixeko, amabhunga ephondo, amaqumrhu, amabhunga ephondo, amagunya ezindlu, kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni asebenza ngokwemithetho yezakhiwo, kunye nemimiselo ekwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zivulwe iingcango okanye ziqiniswe. Ukuqonda impembelelo ekhoyo yale mithetho yasekuhlaleni kuyimfuneko kubaxhasi, abalawuli bemithetho-nkqubo yezomthetho, abasebenzi bemibutho, nabahlali belizwe abafuna ukwakha abantu apho bonke abantu banokuhlala khona ngesidima, ngokhuseleko, kunye namathuba.

ISisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko: Ukusuka kuManya oManya ukuya kuHlolelo lwasekuhlaleni

UMthetho Wezindlu Ofanelekileyo Nonyanzelo Lwawo

IKhomishini yeSebe leNkundla yeNdlu yeNdlela yokuHlala iPhakathi ngowe-1968, kwaye iiNguqulo ezalandelayo ziye zandisa ukhuseleko ukuquka ukukhubazeka, ukuma koburhulumente, nezinye izinto ezingaphezulu. Noko ke, urhulumente wengingqi uxhomekeke kakhulu kurhulumente nakumaziko asekuhlaleni ukunyanzelisa ezi zikhuselo. ISebe leMibutho yeeHouses kunye noPhuhliso lwe-Urban (HUD) luye lwangabo abajolise ekuphakameleni nasekuchongweni, kodwa uninzi lwezingcinga-mali ezifanelekileyo zezindlu ziphethwe yimibutho entle okanye ii-ovelisi-malungelo abantu. Xa imigaqo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni ihambelana ngenjongo karhulumente, i-omatilo inokuba luncedo. Xa ithe yaphela, imidangala, ishiya abantu abachaphazelekileyo bengabandakanywa kwikhethe.

Indima yee-odoli zasekuhlaleni ekunikezeleni

Izixeko ezininzi kunye neendawo ezininzi eziye zagqithisa imithetho yezindlu elungileyo yasekuhlaleni engaphaya kwesiseko sorhulumente. Umzekelo, ezinye iindawo zokwandiswa kokhuseleko olusekelwe kwimvelaphi yengeniso, oko kuthetha ukuba abanini-khaya abanako ukulandula abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-screenters (ukungakhuselwa 8), uKhuseleko lwabantwana njengengeniso yabo yokuqala. Ezinye ziquka ukhuseleko lwendlela yokuzichaza ngokwesini, ubufana, okanye ukuma kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Olu lwandiswano lwendawo lubalulo kuba luxabisise ngenxa yokuba bathetha ngemilinganiselo yocalulo engekho mthetho weqululo, ingakumbi kwiintengiso apho umthombo wekhetheko apho ihlala ingumqobo uhleli umqobo wokungena kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi kunye nabantu abanombala.

Indlela Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha Yasekuhlaleni Ekuphembelela Ngayo Ngokuthe ngqo Ukufumaneka Kwezindlu

Imithetho yokujika-jika kunye neMimiselo yeLizwe

Imithetho yokuzingela iphakathi kwezixhobo ezinamandla zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka baphembelele ukufumaneka kwezindlu kunye nokuqulunqwa kwabantu. Ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo kudla ngokwahlula iindawo zokuhlala kwimisebenzi yezorhwebo kunye nokuthintela ubunzima bezindlu. Xa izithuba zisetyenziselwa ukukhupha izindlu ezininzi zeentsapho, isiphumo kukulinganisela ukunikezelwa kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka nokuzinzisa amalungu aphantsi akwimimandla ethile. Oku kuqheliswa kunezingcambu ezinzulu zembali zentlalo ephakathi kwebala. Namhlanje, amadolobha amaninzi acinga ukuqulungela ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kwezindlu. Umzekelo, ukuphelisa iintsapho enye-kuphela kwendawo — eyayisetyenziselwa ukukhupha abantu abanombala kunye neentsapho eziphantsi kwengeniso — kuvumela ukuba i-duplex, i-gritees, kunye nezakhiwo ezincinane zakhiwe kwimimandla ebekelwe kwizindlu ezithene.

Iimfuno zeNtloko eziDibanisayo kunye neNkxaso yeNdawo

Iinkqubo zokwabelana zifuna abaphuhlisi becandelo lezindlu ezintsha njengeemali ezinokufumaneka eziphantsi okanye ezifanelekileyo. Le nkqubo inokuba yeyokunyanzeleka okanye eyeyabodwa, kwaye isoloko iza nezihlomelo ezifana neebhonasi zoxinaniso okanye ii-ambuyiselo. Xa yenziwe kakuhle, ukufakwa kweziko kudala uluntu oluneengeniso ezidityanisiweyo kwaye inciphisa ikhusi lezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ukuba iimfuno zemali zinyuke kakhulu okanye ukuba abaphuhlisi bafumana iintambo, iziphumo zinokuncipha. Isitshixo kukudibanisa iibhonasi ezidibanisi ezidibanisiweyo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho okrwadayo kunye nokuxhasa iiprojekthi zokuhlala ezinokulinganayo.

Umthombo wesiphumo soMthetho wokungavumelani

Inani elandayo lezixeko zase-U.S. lidlulise imithetho ethintela abanini-khaya ukuba bangahlulwa ngokusekelwe kumthombo wengeniso yendlu ehlala abantu. Le mithetho ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiintsapho ezisebenzisa iHome Comfice Vouchers (ukukhuselwa 8). Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, abanini-zindlu abaninzi abafuni ukwamkela abagcini-mpahla, ngokunempumelelo ukungazifaki ziintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi kwimimandla eqeleneyo. Ngokutsho kwe-Arenti & Lamp; IBhunga lophando loLuntu, njengango-2024, amazwe angama-21 kuphela nangaphezulu kwekhulu oomasipala abafumana imithombo efumana inkxaso. Lo msebenzi uthetha ukuba abaqeshi bezindlu-mali bajongenekhethe kwananeemeko oluphantsi oluxhaswa ngurhulumente.

Imisebenzi yokhuselo lwentenanti

Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni ingakhusela abaqeshi ekugxothweni okungekho sikweni, ukuqeshwa kwerhafu, kunye nemeko zezindlu ezisemgangathweni. Imithetho yokukhupha imoto, ibangela iimfuno zokugxotha, kunye noncedo olunyanzelekileyo xa izakhiwo zidiliziwe yimizekelo yokukhusela kwemiqobo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuyimisela. Le migaqo inceda ekuthinteleni ukushenxiswa, okuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abanombala. Kumadolophana njengeSan Francisco, Oakland, kunye neNew York, iin khusela ezimele ukususwa kwezakhiwo ezizinzileyo ezizinzileyo ezihlala ixesha elide nangona zinyuka.

Imiphumo Efanelekileyo Evela Kwimilinganiselo Yasekuhlaleni Eqhubekayo

  • Ufikelelo oluthe tye kubantu abaneziphene: ikhowudi yokwakha kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yendlu ingafuna ukuba inkqubela-phambili entsha yeentsapho ezininzi iquke iiyunithi ezinokufumaneka ngokupheleleyo — iminyango ebanzi, iimvula ezinamaphiko aqengqelekayo, kunye neendawo ezisezantsi zokucola. Oku kwenza abantu abaneziphene ezingokwasemzimbeni baphile ngokwabo kwaye bathabathe inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi boluntu.
  • Ukuncitshiswa kwemikhwa yeDiscrimination: ulungiso oluqinileyo lwemithetho yeendawo zokuhlala olufanelekileyo luthintela abemi nabanikazi bezindlu ukuba bangahlulwa. Xa iinkqubo zokuvavanya izindlu ezifanelekileyo zixhaswa kwindawo ethile, batyhila izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kwaye bakhokelela ekuthobeleni ngamandla.
  • Indidi yengingqi yobuNtloko ebanzi: Ukungahlanga nokhuseleko olupheleleyo lunceda ukuqhekeza imizekelo yembali yocalulo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le nkqubo ingakhokelela kwingingqi eninzi yezoqoqosho neyobuhlanga, eziye zaboniswa ukuphucula amathuba abantwana kwaye zinciphisa ikhethe phakathi kwabantu abadala.
  • I-Imfecced Access to Opport: ngokufuna indlu efikelelekayo ukuba yakhiwe kwingingqi ezinezikolo ezilungileyo, ukufikelela kothutho, kunye namaziko emisebenzi, imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni inganceda ekuphuncweni komjikelo wobuhlwempu. Le yinjongo engundoqo yomthetho we-Afring Modernbuffering Horing (AFFH), apho iindawo ezininzi zifumene khona njengesiseko socwangciso lwazo.

Ucelomngeni Nezithintelo Eziqhubekayo Zokuzalisekisa Izinto Eziphumelelayo

Inkcaso Yezobupolitika NobuGqirha

Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni eqinisekiswe kakuhle ijamelana nenkcaso ekrakra. “Kungekho kwicala lam langasemva” (I-NIMBY) isoloko ivutha imvakalelo xa izicelo zokwakha izindlu ezinokufikeleleka okanye ulwando loxinaniso ziveliswa kwimimandla ebanzi emhlophe, etyebileyo. Ukuchaswa komnini-makhaya okhoyo kunakho ukuyeka okanye ukubulala imisebenzi eya kunikezela izindlu ezifunekayo kakhulu kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Amabhunga ezixelweni asoloko echasana nelizwi, ingakumbi kwimijikelezo yonyulo, eyenza kube nzima ukudlula okanye ukuxhasa imigaqo yezindlu ezikhoyo.

Ukungoneli kwemali nokusetyenziswa

Amagosa afanelekileyo alawula izindlu asoloko ephantsi kwentlawulo yaye engasebenzi kakhulu. Isiphumo sisithi izikhalazo zithatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukuphanda, kwaye abanini-ndlu abaphula umthetho bajongene neziphumo ezincinci. Ngaphandle koovimba abaneleyo, kwanomthetho onamandla ungenamazinyo. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zezindlu ezithengwa lula zixhomekeke kwii-irandi zasekuhlaleni, ezilinganiselweyo kumlinganiselo weentswelo. Izixeko ezininzi ziye zavelisa imali yokuthembeka kwezindlu kodwa zahluleka ukunikezela ngemali eyaneleyo ukuze zenze ingeniso eninzi kwingxaki yemali.

Imithetho engaphandle kunye nemithetho yeBofisi

Imithetho yokwakha ejongileyo nemithetho yokwakha eyabhalwa kumashumi eminyaka adluleyo ayibonisi ngokuqhelekileyo iimfuno zezindlu zangoku. Ukuhlaziya le mithetho kufuna iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke ezinde, uhlolo lwemekobume, kunye nengxoxo nabaphuhlisi. I-intelligala ye-ofisi ingenza utshintsho lulibazisekile kangangeminyaka. Okwangoku, iingxaki zezindlu ziyakhula, kwaye abantu abanokuchanabeka bathwale uxanduva lokuqeshwa nokuhla kweminxeka yokuqeshwa.

Imida yokunyanzelisa nokungabikho kogcino-lwazi

Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni abaqokeleli okanye bapapashe inkcazelo engokwahlulwa kwezindlu, iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, okanye iinguqu zamanani anxulumene nenkqubela entsha. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi, akunakwenzeka ukwazi enoba inkqubo iyasebenza okanye iyathintelwa. Abameli bezindlu ezintle basoloko benyanzelela ukuba ingxelo ethe rhoqo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo ziqinisekise ukuba kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ityala. Noko ke, ngaphandle kogunyaziso olusemthethweni okanye inkxaso enikezelweyo, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kuhlala kunqathethwa.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko: Izixeko Ezihamba Ngendlela

IPortland, EOregon — IZoning Esetyenziswayo

Ngonyaka ka-2016, iPortland yaba sisixeko sokuqala eOregon ukuba sifumane inkqubo enyanzelekileyo yokubandakanya isakhiwo. Ngexa ugcino-lwazi lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba inkqubo yokuqala ihlaziywa kwezo mfuneko. Phantsi komgaqo, uphuhliso olutsha lwe-20 okanye ngaphezulu kweyunithi kufuneka zibeke bucala ama-20% eeyunithi njengeemali ezinokufumaneka kwiintsapho ezifumana ingeniso emalunga nama-80% eendawo zolawulo-mediater, okanye zinike abaphuhlisi bemali eninzi. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba inkqubo yokuqala inkqubela phambili, uphando lwakutshanje lubonise ukuba inani lamaqela anokufikeleleka aveliswayo linyuke ngokuthe ngcembe. IPortlandlandlands Countation Project:[F1]

Minneapolis, Minnesota — Ukuphelisa Ukuzingomb ’ Izandla Kosapho Olungenamaqabane

Ngo-2018, iMinneapolis yaba sisixeko sokuqala esingundoqo eUnited States ukuphelisa ukunikezelwa kwezindlu, ukunciphisa indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokwenza iindlela zokuhlala ezibanzi, uMineapolis 2040. Oku kuhamba ngenkalipho kuvumela ii-hithrex kuzo zonke iindawo ezihlala kuzo kunye neduplexes kwimimandla ngaphambili eyayivalelwe imiqathango yeentsapho enye. Inkqubo yayicelwe ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwezindlu, ukunciphisa indawo yokuhlala, kwaye wenze iindlela zokuhlala ezinokufikeleleka ngakumbi. Nangona isicwangciso sijamelene neengxaki ezisemthethweni kunye nokuphumeza izinto ezisekwangumhlamlo, ubungqina bokuqala bucebisa ukunyuswa kwemisebenzi emincinane yeentsapho emininzi. Isixeko kwakhona saphinda satshintsha utshintsho olunamandla ngemibutho kunye nemali eninzi yokufumana indawo efikelelekayo. ([FLD:[0])

ISeattle, eWashington — Umthombo wokhuseleko lwengeniso namalungelo

Seattle ibisoloko iyinkokeli kwimiqobo. Ngo-2018, isixeko sidlulise umthetho owenqabela abanini-khaya ukungaqeshi ukuba baqeshe abahlala kwi-ofisi esekelwe kwimvelaphi yabo yengeniso, kuquka icandelo 8 le-licengs. Esi sixeko sinika uncedo lokufuduswa kwezindlu ezifudusiweyo ngokususwa kwedeyibhile okanye ngokubuyisela imo yesiqhelo, kwaye sinemithetho esesikweni ethintela izizathu zokuba umnini-fama angagxothwa. Seattle unikezela izigidi zeerandi ezingamawaka e-Rhovisi ukuze ahlole ucalucalucalulo lwendawo. Le mithetho elungelelanisiweyo iye yanceda ukugcina isixa esiphantsi kwesantya sokurhoxandukile kwaye inika indawo yokuhlala etsala imali ephezulu. ([[FLDLD]]Soundhost Hostling for Population syst [FF1]]

Cook County, Illinois — Isakhiwo Esandizisayo Sefama

Cook County, equka iChicago, iye yasungula iplani ebanzi yezindlu elungileyo phantsi komthetho we-HUD we-Afritively Fair House. Icebo lengingqi liquka iinjongo zokuphelisa ubuhlwempu, ukwandisa ukhetho lwezindlu, kunye nedilesi ekwahluka-hlukeneyo ekufumaneni kwezindlu zabantu abanombala. Ingingqi kwakhona yayila iFair House Commission kunye nemali enenethwekhi yokuvavanya ngokufanelekileyo kwezindlu kunye nemibutho elungelelanisiweyo. Le ndlela idibaniselaneyo ikhokelela ekunyuseni ukuphaka nokuncitshiswa kwezikhalazo zocalulo. ( Imiphetho: Cook House Howation Program[Ft:1])

Indima Yokukhuthaza Uluntu Nogcino-lwazi Ekuqiniseni Amagosa

Ukuqhelaniswa koomatshini kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Akukho nkqubo yasekuhlaleni isebenzayo ngaphandle kwenkxaso kunye nolawulo loluntu oluqhubekayo. Imibutho yezindlu ezintle, amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo, namaqela asesikweni angokobuhlanga anendima ebalulekileyo ekubekeni ityala koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Aqhuba iingxilongo ezifanelekileyo zezindlu, izikhalazo zefayile, anike uncedo olusemthethweni, anikele ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwabantu ngokubanzi. Kwizixeko ezininzi, yayiyimiqathango yotyaniwa enyanzelelwa ukukhusela imvelaphi efunyenweyo okanye ukuququzelela. La maqela akwafundisa ukuqesha amalungelo awo aze abancede baqhubele phambili kwinkqubo yokukhalaza. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo loluntu, kwanemigaqo ephambili eqhutywayo inokutsalwa okanye ingahoywa.

Ukubaluleka Koqokelelo Logcino - lwazi Nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ukwazi ukuba inkqubo yasekuhlaleni iqhubela phambili izindlu ezifanelekileyo, izixeko kufuneka ziqokelele kwaye zihlolisise ugcino-lwazi. Yiyiphi ingingqi efumana izindlu ezintsha ezinokufikeleleka? Ngaba abaninizo baphula umthetho wemvelaphi efunyenweyo? Ngaba amakhaya anemibala efumana imigangatho ephezulu yokugxothwa? Ugcino-lwazi luphendula le mibuzo. Ezinye izixeko ngoku zipapasha iingxelo zezindlu ezintle zaminyaka le eziphelisa izikhalazo ngokukhuselwa kweklasi, i-grafication, kunye nesiphumo. Ezinye zisebenzisa imaphu ukubonisa apho amaqela anokufikeleleka ngokunxulumene nemisebenzi nezikolo.

Isiphelo: Indlela phambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wezindlu zasekuhlaleni olinganayo

Iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni azizizo izixhobo ezizimeleyo zokulwela indlu entle — zibalulekile. Ngoxa umthetho wesizwe unika isiseko, kukwisixeko nakwinqanaba lengingqi apho ucalucalulo luqhubekeke okanye lupheliswe khona. Eyona migaqo-nkqubo isebenzayo yasekuhlaleni idibanisa imithetho eyomeleleyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho onamandla, inkxaso-mali, kunye nokudibana koluntu. Inkqubela-phambili, ayiboniswa ngamadolobha afana nePortland, Minneapolis, Seandoli, neCook Coak. Kodwa igcina i-data ehlala kunye nomthombo we-ekhohlohlo — egcina iintsapho ezininzi zingena ezinqweqwelezelweni ezikhuselekileyo, ezikwindawo eziphezulu ezihlala abantu. Inkqubela iyenzeka, njengoko kuboniswa ngamaqela amaqela afana neendawo ze-Nylandland, i-Mineapollais, ne-Cookt. Kodwa inkxaso ye-data ekufuneka isombululo, kwaye yoomele yoomiqobo ye-NYMB, kwaye ifuneka phantsi kweminxanxa-yo, kwaye i-yoku.