Impembelelo Yemithetho Yomthetho Yokwaphula Iindlebe Yengqungquthela Neyokulungisa

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko kudala kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo kwindaleko ye-United States esemthethweni kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa izinto. Ezi zenzo zisesikweni zilungiselela inkqubo apho abenzi bomthetho, amasebe, iinkokeli zoshishino, iinkokeli zoshishino, iingcali zemfundo, kunye nabameli basekuhlaleni bahlola amandla nobuthathaka besakhiwo sangoku esisemthethweni. Ngobungqina, ingxoxo, kunye nengxelo kawonke-wonke, iindlebe zivelisa ubungqina kunye nenkqubela yezopolitiki efunekayo ukuguqulela inkqubo entsonkothileyo kwisenzo somthetho-siseko somthetho. Kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, iindlebe ziye zayila ngokuthe ngqo izinguquko zemithetho, ukususela ku-Leay-Smith America Intent Act ye-Leact ka-Intens ka-2011 kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokuqulungela umgangatho, ukuxhaphaza ngokwezikhundla, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo azimele-khuphiswano.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko neseziko

Amandla eNgqungquthela okumisela imithetho esemthethweni equkunjelwe kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Elinika indlu yowiso-mthetho "ukukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa obuluncedo, ngokukhusela amaxesha alinganiselweyo kubabhali kwaye ngokubeka iZivumelwano ezipheleleyo kwiZibhalweyo kunye neeDiso. IiNgqungquthela zemithetho-siseko ziyindlela yokuqala apho indlu yowiso-mthetho iqokelela ulwazi olukhethekileyo olufunekayo ukusebenzisa eli gunya ngobulumko. Inkqubo yokuphulaphula ilawulwa yimithetho yegumbi ngalinye kwaye ibandakanya ikomiti ebhekisa isaziso okanye ikomiti enegunya lobugqweqwele-mpasi. Kwi-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-Overse-ofisini ekwi-Intertempty ithatha ukukhokela, i-Judiatee Coute, kwi-Proutem yeN. Kwi-Intertemplettee.

Ukuchophela amatyala kusenokuba yimpembelelo ngokukhethekileyo. Bavumela iikomiti ukuba zibize uMlawuli weBhunga elingu-U.S. uphando (ukuhlola ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ekhoyo), uphando (ukuphanda iimbambano ezithe ngqo), okanye ukuqinisekisa (kwiziko loonontlalo-ntle), okanye ukuqinisekisa (ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho inkxaso-mali). Kwinkqubo esemthethweni, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kuye kwaba nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo, ukuva okukhethekileyo. Bavumela iikomiti ukuba zibize iNkubiza uMlawuli we-Ofihlolo-mthetho wase-U. Patent ne-Tradexmark Office (USTO), abagwebi bezezoqoqosho, abameli benkampani, nabaxhasi bezorhwebo ukuba banikezele zombini ulwazi.

Iingqayi Zembali Eziphenjelelwa Kukuva

IPatent Act yowama-1952 noMthetho woKhuseleko lweMigangatho yaNgoku

Enye yezona mfuneko zokuqala nezinesiphumo ezifanelekileyo zezaziwayo zenzeka ekupheleni koo-1940 kunye nasekuqaleni koo1950 njengeKhomishini yaqwalasela ukusetyenziswa ngokuphandle kwekhowudi esemthethweni. Isiphumo sowe-1952 iPatant Act yaseka isiseko sangoku sokuzimela, kuquka imbali ecacileyo (35.S.C. 76 103). Ukuva phambi kweKomiti yeNdluwa yeNdlu yeJadiaudiary kwabonisa ubungqina obucacileyo obuvela kumagqwetha, amaqela oshishino, amaqela eeshishini, kunye nezifundiswa ezaziphikisa ukuba umthetho wangaphambili uxanduva utshintshane. Iinkundla zomthetho ezilawula imicimbi ezisekho ziphinda zivelise imbali ecacileyo xa kutolikwa ukugunyazwa kwemithetho, ingakumbi iimeko "Graham" zokuqwalasela ngokucacileyo. Ngaphandle kokuva ushicilelo, iinkundla zabonisa ukuchana kwengxelo ecacileyo kwisivumelwano emva komthetho.

Ii - 1980: Ukuzalwa Kwenkundla Yanamhlanje YePaten and the Biotech Age

Omnye umjikelo obalulekileyo wokuva wenzeka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980 xa iNkundla yeZibheno yeNkundla yase-U.S. iFederal, eyamiselwa yiFederal Court Reformation Act ka1982, yahlanganisa zonke izibheno ezisemthethweni kwinkundla enye yokumanyanisa umthetho osemthethweni. Ukuphulaphula phambi kweNkundla yeNdlu yeQembu yaseMkhosi weNkundla ye-Union, iSizwe seLungu, kunye noLawulo lweJajiko-Jaji, kwaquka ubungqina obuvela kubagwebi nakunobuchule obubalase izigwebo phakathi kwemimandla. Indalo yeFederal yakhokelela ngqo ekunyanzelweni okusemthethweni okusemthethweni okukhoyo nokuxhomisiweyo kwemiqathangokwa kwe-projekthi ye-com, ngokuhambelana, kumthetho we-Beytonsburg, kwi-Derkieskiechreans, kwimistring, kwimizant yephondo engongongongongongongo yezo zezo zezo mveliso egunya kwezoshishiso.

UMthetho Wesigulo SaseMerika Ngowama - 2011: Utshintsho Olukhulu Kwisizukulwana Esitsha

Akukho mithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni eyakhiwe ngokucokisekileyo kukuva kune-LeyaýsSmith America Indents Act (AA), esayinwe kumthetho ngo- 2011. Phakathi ko-2009 no-2010, iKhomishini yafumana iimvo ezininzi ngemibandela esuka kumgangatho osemthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemithetho esemthethweni, ifuna ukuba kubekho i-projekthi yokuqala ye-ainvenventioń́́́ (5)to tii tiirfilefile. Iimvings ezityhilelwayo ezinzulu kunye neenkampani zezoshishino. Abameli beenkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa bemichini e-oglofish, iMicrosoft, kunye neIntel-ery.) baqiniswa ukuba inkqubo ye-U. i-U.S. i-gnobon ephantsi kwemiqatha ye-gractic trolic nomthetho-ography.

Ukuva ekugqibeleni kwabangela ulwahlulo oluquka amalungiselelo amaninzi angundoqo: ukufuduka ukusuka kwi-optional to inforentôŕtótotofile system yokuqala; ukwenziwa kweenkqubo zohlolo lwasemva kwe-prev.grant inkqubo zobungqina obufana nokudibanisa iinxenye (IPR) kunye nendlela yoshishino egqunyweyo (CBM); kunye nezindululo zokuthintela ukuphawula iisuti zobuxoki kunye nokukhuthaza amalungelo omsebenzisi phambi komsebenzi. IKomiti ekwindlela yokuyila i Jadiary izakuchaza ingxelo yonyaka ka-2011, ikhutshelwe ngobungqina kwaye ibhalwe, isakhankanywe ngokugunyaziswa ngocango olusemthethweni namhlanje, ingakumbi malunga nomgangatho wenkqubo yotshintsho lwendlela yobuchule egqunyiweyo. UAAA ime ingumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela yokuvayo eqhubekayo yokuthetha ngendlela echasanayo. [5]

Izihloko Ezingundoqo KwiiNtengo Zengqungquthela

Nangona imixholo exutyushwa kwiindlebe ezisemthethweni iye yavela ngobugcisa nangamandla entengiso, imixholo ephindwayo yeyona iphambili kudweliso. Olu luhlu lungezantsi luchaza eyona mixholo iphambili ephikisanayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo.

  • AmaNgqina anikezele ugcino-lwazi olubonisa ukuba i-PAES errortion (PAES) kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi koluvo: Ukuva ukususela ngo-2012] ukubhekisa kwimodeli yeshishini lezinto ezifumana imvume yokuzifumana kuphela ukumangalela okanye ukusongela isuti. AmaNgqina anike ugcino-lwazi olubonisa ukuba i-PAEPAGRAN ityala elibindiweyo lanyuka ukusuka malunga nama-500 kunyaka wama-2006 ukuya kutsho kutsho kuma-4 000 ngo-2015. Ingoma yezikhalazo ikhokelele kwi-INXINT (2013, 2015, 2017,2017) kunye nemilinganiselo eqinileyo yokubongoza kuMthetho we-Compust Procedoult 84(b). I-USTO yaqalisa novavanyo olunikezelweyo kwintsolukelo lwe-PAE kumgaqo-yoMbutho.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Ubunjani obutshintshileyo kunye noHlelo: Isihloko esingagqibekanga sibunjani bemvume ezinikezelweyo. Ukuva kuhlole impumelelo esemthethweni yenkqubo yokuhlola, ukugqibelela kwee-database zangaphambili zobugcisa, kunye noqeqesho lovavanyo. Ngo-2019, i-USPTO inguMlawuli weNdlu ye-Judicary Councie ngokufuna uvavanyo oluninzi lwe-STEM. Ukuva kwafakela kwi-USPTO''' i-P' i-PTP' encothula ubunjani obunyuliweyo, nto leyo equka umgangatho ophantsi womgangatho kawonke. Ungahlola umgangatho ophambili kwi-[FF:2]
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Software kunye nendlela yeshishini iPaents: Unyuko lwe-software ezigunyazisayo zabangela impikiswano, ephumela kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Alicene v. ICLS Bank[ (Unyaka kunye [[FLT]]]] ne [[FLT]]] Mayo v. Promeus] (20). Ukuvakala kweNkuqalile konyaka wama-2010] kwaveza impikiswano enokuba iingcamango ezimfihlelo ziqaliswe kwikhompyutha yoluntu kufuneka zimiselwe ngokusemthethweni. Nangona iBhunga lokuva ulawulo olunolwazi lwe-Pitletive.
  • I-Pricicing kunye ne-Hatch́Waxman Reformations:[ ungeno lweziyobisi oluqhelekileyo, ukuhlaliswa ngokusemthethweni, kunye ne-biologic biologics beziphinda ziphinda-phinda-phinda. I-Hatchpachpachaxman Act yonyaka wama-19881 yavela kungcelele lwezihlolo ezilungelelanisiweyo zabayili beziyobisi ezinegama elingu-stastamean projects nomdla kawonke. Ukuva okuninzi okutsha okungeniswa kwe-Pricision kuvavanya i-interlinegicluex, i-FUPGenegatation, i-excluexclation, kunye nomthetho ochasene nomthetho.
  • Impumlo Yamazwe ngamazwe: Njengoko iinkampani ze-U.S. zisebenza kwiimarike zomhlaba wonke, ukuva kuye kwahlola ukwahluka komthetho wemvume yaseMelika kunye ne-Paten Community Convention yaseYurophu, iPatension Community TriPS Aption, kunye nemigangatho emiselwe yiWorld TriPS Accounting. Isiqinisekiso esivela kwi-USPTO kunye ne-U.S. Trantirantiumment Administration ikhokelele kwimithetho evumela ukuba imigaqo yemithetho ye-unionthi ye-U.S.
  • [[NTLT:0] Esezantsi i-Patentis eziPhakamileyo kunye ne-FRAND izibophelelo: Kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, ukuva kuye kwathetha uxinezeleko phakathi kwemithetho esesikweni (ii-SEPSSENTeseseslients) kunye nokulunga, nokungenalulwa, kunye nongengo-1976discrinigation (FRGP). Abenzi bomthetho baye babuza ukuba ngabalawuli be-SEP bangafuna imiyalelo echasene nabasebenzisi abazimisele ukuhlawula ubukumkani. Iindlebe azikhuphanga mthetho othe ngqo kodwa ziphembele iSebe lenkqubo ye-Activeration yeSebe elilwa nomthetho kunye nolawulo lwe-Genethiwervel Creadential Comment.

Indlela Iindlebe Eziguqulela Ngayo Kwimiphumelo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo Yokwenza Imali Nokuzinziswa

Hearings typically occur in the earliest stages of the legislative process. After a bill is introduced, the committee chair holds one or more hearings to gather feedback. Witness lists are carefully balanced to include stakeholders from industry, academia, consumer groups, and government. The written testimony and question‑and‑answer session become part ofingxelo yekomiti ehambisana nemali xa ithunyelwa kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Le ngxelo igxekwa kuba maxa wambi iinkundla zixhomekeke kuyo xa zitolika ulwimi lomthetho oludidayo. Umzekelo, ingxelo yekomiti ichaza ngokucacileyo injongo "yokuguqulwa kwinkqubo yokuqala yefayile" nokunika uhlolo "lokulungisa icandelo lenqanawa elisebenza ngokukhawuleza, ngokufanelekileyo, nangokungabi naxabiso lini nakwenye indlela" kwinkundla yesithili.

Ukuva Okuphaphileyo Njengokukhangela Kwinyathelo Le-arhente

Kwanaxa kungekho tyala litsha lithe labekwa, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala koomphathi kuvumela iiKhomishini ukuba zinyanzelise amaziko ukuba athethelele iinkqubo zawo nokugxininisa iingxaki ezisenokufuna umthetho. Umzekelo, ngowama-202020 kunye no-2021, iNdlu yeNdlu ye-Judiary Coudiettee yaba nolawulo oluchanekileyo kwi-USPTO ekuphatheni komphathi projects. Abo baphula umthetho baba noluvo olunyulu lwezikhuthayo lokuchaza [[FLT] i-IMPA] kunye noluTyelelo lwe-USPFOP [FLT] lwe-P] I-P. Ngexesha i-UPPPPP-oppont, abaphula umthetho abanyuse ulawulo olutsha.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke Nokuguqula Ifestile

Umsebenzi othe ngqo kodwa obaluleke ngokulinganayo wokuva kukufundisa uwonke-wonke nokuguqula uludwe lweenketho zenkqubo ezamkelekileyo. Xa ijelo-ndaba ligquma iindlebe eziphezulu `njenge tralls' ezibonisa iintlanganiso ezisemthethweni ezincinane zabaninizo abathengi be-US begunyaziswa ukusebenzisa ii-scanss ze-grands/iiiiiii-octels. Oku kuphaphaphandle koluntu kungenza imeko-bume yezopolitiki apho kwakunzima ukucinga ukuba iipetroniki, njengemali ekhutshwayo okanye imfuno yokukhanya yempahla ye-mvume, izenze zamkeleka. Umbutho we-US U. Unventrent usebenzise umva kwimiqhubo yotyaniso lwengca, ngexa i-Rightcoult Alces ifaka ubungqina obuneyo kwi-processwordssss.

Ufundisiso Lwetyala: Idabi Phezu Kwendawo Engalawulekiyo

Enye yeempembelelo ezicacileyo zokuva yenzeka kwindawo yokubeka imvume. Phantsi kwama-35 e-U.S.C., ama-4, ama-USPTO anegunya lokumisela nokulungisa iindleko, ngokulawulwa yingqungquthela. Ngo-2012 nango-2013, i-USPTO yacebisa ucwangciso lwemirhumo oluquka ukunyuka kwemirhumo kwizicelo zezicelo zokuqhubekeka kunye nezicelo zokuqhubeka uhlolo, ukujoliseka ukunciphisa i-partlog kunye nokusebenzisa i-interrix. Abayili abancinci nabaquququzeleli abazimeleyo bangqina ngokuthe ngqo ukuba umrhumo uza kukhutshwa ngabo bafumana izinto ezilinganiselweyo. Iindlebe zakhokelela kucwangciso oluhlazisiweyo lolwa lwemiqatha eligcina ulwando oluncinane (75%) lwemeko oluncinane. Oku kurhoxisiwe kwicandelo eliphakathi le-A, kwicandelo elizinziwayo elilungeleneyo eliphakathi lobungqina elilungele ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obuselu.

Imida Nokugxekwa Kwendlela Yokuva

Ngelixesha iindlebe zingqineke zinamandla, azinaziphendu. Abahlalutyi bakhomba kwiinkupho ezine ezizingisileyo. Okokuqala, ikhalenda yokuva isoloko ilawulwa zizinto ezintsonkothileyo, izinto zobugcisa ezisenokufuna ixesha elingaphezulu kwe 90remaminite enye intlanganiso. Okwesibini, ukukhetha ukunikela ubungqina kukulungelelanisa iindawo ezibekwe phantsi kweebhodi ezineziphumo ezimiselwe kwangaphambili, ukunciphisa amathuba okuqwalasela kwenyani. Okwesithathu, ukuva kunqabile ukuvelisa iziphumo ezisisibophelelo; iindleko ezininzi ziphumela kwingcwaba lemithetho emva kokuva okukodwa. Okwesine, ucango olujikelezayo phakathi kwe-Capitol Hill, i-USPTO, kunye neefektrons zingenza ingxolo apho kuvela khona iingcuphelo eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwezi zicwangciso ezininzi, iingxelo zicebisa ukuba umqhubi ahlale esoloko ekwazi ukuva.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kweendlebe Zeengqungquthela

Ukuvakala kwemithetho-siseko kungqineke kuyi-injini eguqula inkxalabo engabonakaliyo emalunga nenkqubo esemthethweni, enyanzelekileyo. Ukusukela ku-1952 Act ukuya kwi-IA kunye nengxoxo yangoku ekwi-SEPS, i-graincape, kunye nobuchule bokuyila obungeyoyamvelo, ukuva kusebenza njengebhulorho ephambili phakathi kolwazi lolwazi lwezifundiswayo kunye nesigqibo sedemokhrasi. Zinikezela i-data-gradidrenti apho imbono yezoqoqosho ekhuphisanayo nezobugcisa inokuvavanywa khona, kwaye (5) xa iinkwenkwezi zezobupolitika zijika zingena kwimithetho ye-United States. Njengoko imingeni emitsha iphumayo (iii-APrejinief) kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olulungeleyo lwezixhobo olukhoyo kwi-Interneticpozigracking [eces projectives)] kunokuthi iqondene ngokomthetho we-ekhonji ye-ekhompyudio yolwazi olukhoyo ye-ogculo. [ethe yolwazi olukhoyo kwe-ograph