Impembelelo yeNkcubeko yeQela lamaNgeniso nokuQhubelana

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziyinkqubo yolwenzeko lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, egqiba indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kwigunya lezobupolitika. Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zolwakhiwo lwezicwangciso zonyulo, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zokwenza imicimbi enzima ngezantsi. Ngokufuthi zichazwa njenge "indawo ezithatha izithuba"", zineziphumo ezinzulu nezisoloko ziphikisanayo kumalungelo amancinane kunye nokufakwa. Ezi nkqubo, eziquka eyokuqala isalathisi (FTP) kunye nokubaleka ukuvota, zenzelwe ukuvelisa iimpumelelo ezicacileyo nezizinzileyo oorhulumente abazinzileyo, kodwa ziyakwazi ukucwangcisa amazwi amancinane. Ukuqonda iindlela, iziphumo, kunye neziguqulo zenkqubo ezingundoqo ziyimfuneko kumelo olusemthethweni olumelwe kumelo olumelwe kumelo olulungileyo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo ezibumba ngayo umelo lwezopolitiko lwamaqela amancinane, ukuzoba kwizifundo zomlinganiso, uphando lobugqhinga, kunye nezicelo zotshintsho. Siza kuhlolisisa ukuthelekisa phakathi kozinzo lukarhulumente nolawulo oluqulunqileyo, ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo oluncinane olujongene nezi nkqubo, kwaye oko kunokwenziwa ukulungelelanisa amaxabiso edemokhrasi akhuphisanayo.

Iinkqubo zoMphathiswa weMajoni

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo ziphawulwa ngomgaqo omnye: umvoti okanye iqela elamkela olona khetho luninzi liphumelela unyulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luphumele kusini na. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba iqela lingakha urhulumente ngomlinganiselo omncinci omalunga nama-35-40 ekhulwini wevoti ethandwayo, lishiye uninzi lwabavoti ngaphandle komelo oluthe ngqo. Oku kwahlukile kumelo olulungelelanisiweyo (PR), apho izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho zinikwa ngokwesabelo esirhabaxa esirhayo seqela ngalinye.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeenkqubo ezilawula oorhulumente ziquka:

  • Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FTP): Esetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge United Kingdom, United States, Canada, neIndiya. I Voters zikhetha isibhaptizi esinye kwisithili selungu elinye, kwaye umvoti oninzi uphumelele. FPPP yeyona nkqubo yesikhulu esisetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkqubo yeRound yesibini (TRS): Esetyenziswa eFransi kunye nonyulo oluninzi lomongameli. Ukuba akukho mvo ufumana uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, umjikelo wesibini ubanjwe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abaphezulu. Oku kukhetha ukuba neqela elikhulu, elizinzileyo.
  • I-Actern Vote ekhoyo (AV) okanye i-Choice Voting: Abavotesi abakwizikhundla abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa ufikelela uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, oyena mvoti uphantsi obekwe phantsi uyasuswa, kwaye ivoti yabo iyasuswa. Ngexa isengulowo ungundoqo kwisiphumo, AV angavelisa iziphumo ezizizo zonke kune-FPTP.

Uqikelelo olungundoqo lweenkqubo zezikhulu lukuvelisa isiphumo esinye, esinqumamileyo ```urhulumente onokuthi ulawule ngaphandle kokunxibelelana. Oku kungakhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemithetho nasekuphenduleni okucacileyo, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba amacandelo amakhulu abanyuli, ingakumbi amaqela amancinane, angabona izinto azithandayo zingahoywa.

Inqanawa elwayo ithatha-zonke amandla

Umba ochazayo weenkqubo ezingundoqo ngumgaqo "winner-all" odala amandla amaninzi okwakha achaphazela umelo lwabambalwa. Okokuqala, ezi nkqubo zidla ngokuvelisa iinxenye ezimbini okanye ezimbini zebloccoc, njengoko amaqela amancinci ejongene nemiqobo enzima ekufumaneni izihlalo. Okwesibini, akhuthaza ukuvota okuqulunqwa, apho abemi bevota kungekhona abantu abakhethayo kodwa abachasekileyo, bebeka umgangatho wesithathu okanye iimbono ezincinci. Okwesithathu, baqwalasela amandla ezobupolitika kwimimandla ethile echazwe ngemimandla, nto leyo enokuba luncedo okanye iyingozi kuluntu oluncinane kuxhomekeka ukuba imidaba injani etsalwa.

Ngokwendlela yezibalo, iinkqubo ze-FPTP zimela ngaphezulu kakhulu iqela elikhulu kunye namaqela amancinane angaphantsi kweleepresence. Umzekelo, kunyulo jikelele lwama-2019 lwe-UK, iConservative Party yaphumelela 43.6% yevoti kodwa yakhusela 56.2 ekhulwini zezihlalo, ngeli lixa iiLiberal Democrates ziphumelele i11,6 ekhulwini levoti kodwa -1,7% yezihlalo. Oku kuguqula amandla amaninzi kwaye kunciphisa impembelelo encinane, kudala impembelelo yesakhiwo echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto amaqela amancinane amele ubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ulwimi oluncinane.

Umatshini wokutshintsha umda wemida kwiinkqubo zeMajonithali

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zidala iindlela ezithile ezinokuwanciphisa amaqela amancinane, kwanaxa loo maqela enziwe inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kumgangatho wesithili, umgangatho weqela, kunye nomgangatho wenkqubo.

Ukuphazanyiswa kwejiyografi

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kumelo lweqela elincinane phantsi kwesixokelelwano solawulo lwengingqi kukuxinaniswa kwelizwe. Ubuhlanga, ulwimi, okanye unqulo oluncinane olujoliswe kulo ngokwemimandla ethile . Njenge Quebecois eKhanada okanye iScottish e-UK-inokusoloko ikhuseleka ngokuphumelela imimandla yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, amancinane asasazeke kwimimandla emininzi ajongene nengxaki enkulu. Iivoti zawo zinwenwa zinqamleza kwisithili ezininzi, zinqabile ukufikelela kumda ofunekayo wokufumana nasiphi na isihlalo esinye.

Oku kunamandla kuphawulwe kwimo ezininzi. E-United States, abavoti base-Afrika kunye ne-Latino base-Merika basoloko bejoliswe kwimimandla yasezidolophini kodwa basenokuba "bantlukwano" ukunqumla imimandla emininzi kwimigudu yokuthoba, ukunyibilikisa amandla abo okukhetha. Kwi-UK, amaSilamsi kunye noMzantsi Asia kwizixeko ezifana neBirmingham neLeicester, njengoko amavotitue esasazwa kwiindlela ezininzi ezicutha impembelelo edibeneyo. Isiphumo siskuba naxa amaqela amancinane enziwe sabelo esibalulekileyo sabemi besizwe, umelo lwawo kwipalamente lunokuba phantsi kakhulu kunobunzima bawo obulinganayo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango

Gerrymandering − ukusetyenziswa ngemposiso kwemida yesithili ukwenzela inzuzo yezobupolitika − luphawu oluyingozi lweenkqubo eziphambili, ingakumbi ezo zinamalungu elinye. Xa zidityaniswe nokuthamba kwezizwe okanye kohlanga, ukuthomalalisa amandla okuvota amancinane. Iindlela ezimbini eziphambili ziyasetyenziswa:

  • Ukunyusa: ukuhlanganisa inani labavoti abambalwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwinani elincinane lesithili, uvumela iqela elininzi liphumelele ngokunempumelelo kwisithili esingqongileyo. Oku kunciphisa inani liphela lezihlalo abamele ukuxhaswa yimbindi abanokuphumelela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuphendla: Ukusasaza abavoti abambalwa kwisithili esininzi ukuze bangakwazi ukwenza uninzi nakwesiphi na isithili. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uluhlu oluncinane lungaguquguquki.

I-United States inika imizekelo ecacileyo yobuchwephesha bobabini. Uphando lwangonyaka ka-2018 lweBrennan Center yeJaji lufumanise ukuba ukulwa kwezizwe kumazwe afana nomNtla Carolina, iTexas, ne-Alabama lunciphise ngokuphawulekayo inani lesithili apho i-odoli abambalwa banokukhetha abatshayelela abatshayo. Kwanaxa iinkundla zabetha iimaphu ezinjalo njengezingamiselwanga, abenzi bomthetho basoloko bezibuyisela ngeendlela eziyayinciphisa impembelelo encinane. Isiphumo sonyuselo yinkqubo yezobupolitika apho abavoti-ninzi banokukhetha phantsi kwemi babo.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zidala izihlomelo ezomeleleyo zokuvota, apho abemi bashiya umvoti wabo abawukhethayo ukuze bafumane enye indlela eluncedo. Le ngxaki iyingozi kakhulu kubavoti abambalwa, abanokujamelana nokhetho phakathi kokuxhasa abachongi abambalwa abanamathuba amancinane okuphumelela okanye okuvota kumntu omkhulu oza kungena kuqala kwimisebenzi yabo. Ingcamango "ivoti ezikhethiweyo" ingundoqo kulo msebenzi: nayiphi na ivoti ephosa i-votiweyo engancedili ekumelweni, idala uxinzelelo olukhulu lokuvumelana neqela eliphetheyo.

Kuluntu oluncinane, olu khetho lungaqhelananga kakhulu. Abavoli basenokuvakalelwa kukuba ukhetho lwabo lokwenene alusebenzi kwiziphumo zonyulo, ludida imvakalelo yabo yokuphumelela kwezobupolitika nokuganana. Uphando lwe-Electoral Reformation Society kwi-UK lubonise ukuba abavoti abambalwa babonakala bengenakuchazwa ukuba ukuvota kwabo akunto ibalulekileyo, kwaye oku kungacinezela ukurhoxa nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukubhukuqwa kweminyiso yemibutho yoluntu kungayi kubangela ukuba abantu abavoti bavakalise izikhalazo zabo.

Uphando lwetyala oluthelekisayo lweenkqubo zeMajonithali kunye namalungelo amancinane

Ukuqonda impembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi yenkqubo yonyulo lwamaqumrhu kumalungelo amancinane, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa imo yesizwe ethile. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa zombini iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kunye notshintsho olungaqhelekanga oluyilwe yimbali, amanani, kunye noyilo lwezibonelelo.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Inkqubo yeFPTP Nomfanekiso Obonisa Ubuhlanga

Inkqubo yokuqala yelinye icandelo le-United Kingdom elidlulileyo isoloko igxekwa ngenxa yeziphumo zayo kumelo lohlanga oluncinane. Ngelixesha inani lamalungu amancinane ePalamente (emMP) landa ngexesha elidlulileyo (ukusuka kwisi-4 ngo 1987 ukuya kuma-65 ku 2019) olu lwando alulingani kwaye luxhomekeke kumanani esithili. Abambalwa abathathi-nxaxheba badla ngokuphumelela kwimimandla apho uluntu lwabo lunesabelo esikhulu khona, nto leyo elinganisela ukwahlukahlukana kwepalamente.

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiNdlu yeeThala leencwadi eziCommons lubonisa ukuba kunyulo lwama-2019 jikelele, ama-MP angama-87 ekhulwini amancinane amele izihlalo ezinabemi abambalwa abahlala phezu kwe-avenge. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-MP ibambalwa abamele imimandla emhlophe, inciphisa ukubonakala kwemiba embalwa kumazwe athe tyaba. Ngaphezu koko, abavoti abambalwa abakwimimandla emhlophe abafumana impembelelo encinane kwi-MP yabo yasekuhlaleni, njengoko ezo MP zinezisusa ezincinane zokuthetha ngemibacuphi abambalwa.

Imeko ye-UK ikwabalaselisa indima yokukhetha umbutho. Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo zolawulo zibeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kubantu abathathi-nxaxheba kwimimandla enye, iinkqubo zangaphakathi zokukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba bangaba ngabagcini bamasango ukwenzela ukumela okuncinane. Iqela leLabour, ekwayimbali lixhasa amalungelo amancinane, liye lavelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa kunaleyo yeConservative Party, kodwa iinkqubo zokukhetha ngaphakathi zinokuba ziziziziziziziyo kwaye zisuswe. Utshintsho olufana nolonke abafazi abafutshane banolwahluzo olunyusiweyo lobufana nolunyuso lobufana, kodwa ubuchule obufana nobezo lomelo lobuncinane besizwe beluphumile.

EUnited States: IGerrymandering, Ukuxhasa Amalungelo, Nokusesikweni Kobuhlanga

Akukho lizwe libonisa uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkqubo zonyulo lwabachongi abaphambili namalungelo amancinane ngokucace ngakumbi kune-United States. Inkqubo yezopolitiko yaseMelika idibanisa uvota nesithili esinye, i-gerrymanindering, kunye nesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo sikarhulumente esinika ulawulo olubalulekileyo kulawulo lonyulo. Olu manyano luvelise eminye yemizekelo eninzi yokuncitshiswa kwevoti encinane kwihlabathi ledemokhrasi.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, ingakumbi iCandelo 2, wenzelwe ukunqanda utshintsho lokhetho olucalucalulweyo ngesiseko sohlanga. Noko ke, iminyaka emalunga nolawulo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2013 .Shelby County v.Hander umphako ongundoqo woMthetho, ukususa ulawulo lwezinyulo lwesizwe lwezikhundla zocholo lwembali kunye namaLumelo oluntu afunyaniswe ukuba phakathi kowama-2020, inani lemilo yemimandla apho i-voticel-e, ininzi yasungula imithetho yokuvota, iimaphu ezinyuliweyo, neminye imiqatha echaphane ngokungenakuthelekiswa. A201 i-201 i-A1 i-evicegoversss.

UGrerymandering ungumkhwa owenziwe ngocalulo oluphezulu nolunobuhlanga kwimaphu yoMntla Carolina ka-2018, umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yatsala isithili ezathi zapakisha izihlalo zaseAfrika zabekwa kwinani elincinane lezihlalo ngoxa zisasaza ezinye kwimimandla emininzi. Inkundla yesizwe yabetha imaphu njengeggermanider engangqubaniyo nohlanga, kodwa imaphu engama-2020 nayo yavavanywa ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo. Ukuzingisa kwale misebenzi kubonisa indlela ezinokuthi ngayo iinkqubo ezinkulu zemfazwe zingakwazi ukuthomalalisa amandla ezobupolitika naxa iinkundla zingenelela.

Kwangaxeshanye, i-U.S. ibone impumelelo yokhuphiswano kunye nokukhuliswa kwezixhobo eziye zandisa umelo lwabambalwa. Izithili ezidweliswe phantsi kweCandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo zidale "indawo ezimfutshane" apho isithili ezithe zafunyanwa ngabantu abatsha abakhetheke. Ngelixesha ezi phondo zithe zandisa umelo lwenkcazelo, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba bangagxininisa ipesenti evoti kwaye banciphise impembelelo yabo kwimimandla engqongileyo. Ingxoxo engaphezulu kwemininzi yemidathangathanga yorhwebo ibonakalisa ukusetyenziswa kobunjineli obuzintsonkothileyo ekusebenziseni ubuchule bokuchola ingcelo olungundoqo.

EKhanada: Ubuchule Bokujonga Ilizwe Neelwimi

Inkqubo yeFPTP yaseKhanada inika uluvo olwahlukileyo, apho ukuqwalasela indawo kunceda abanye abambalwa ngeli xesha bengaphumeleli. Imimandla emikhulu, enabemi abambalwa, kunye nolwahlulo olubalulekileyo lolwimi lwelizwe lwenza ujongo oluntsonkothileyo. IFrancone Quebecois, esekelwe kwiphondo laseQuebec, iye yafumana umelo olomeleleyo kwi House of Commons, idla ngokuphumelela ulwabelo oluninzi lwezihlalo kwi BlocQuébécois, iqela elixhasa ulongamo lwesizwe. Oku kubonisa ukuba ulwamkelo lwelizwe lungaba yindlela yokumela i-ography phantsi kwesixokelelwano esikhulu.

Noko ke, abanye abantu abancinane eKhanada bajamelana neengxaki ezimandundu. Uninzi lwabemi bomthonyama, umzekelo, lusasazeke kulo lonke ilizwe kwaye lwahlulwe rhoqo yimida yamaphondo. Nangona lusenza phantse isihlanu ekhulwini sabemi baseKhanada, abantu belizwe lasekuhlaleni abakhange babeke izihlalo ezingaphezulu kweqaqobana kwipalamente ngalo naliphi na ixesha elinikiweyo. Ingxelo yama-2020 yeCanadian House of Commons Special Committee in Electoral Reformation ifumanised system Exrective Irevie Ivering Iverlation Iverings, kwaye incom ezincomela ezinye izihla zolwano ezimele ukufuziselwa komelo oludiweyo (MMP) okanye ukhuthulo oluneyo oluneyo oluneyo oluneyo oluneyo olusuka kwisikhundla.

Ngokufanayo, uluntu lwaseKhanada oluncinane, ingakumbi olo loMzantsi Asia noMpuma we-Asia, luye lwabona ukungalingani. Ngelinye imimandla enabemi abaphezulu abanyuliweyo abambalwa, umahluko okhoyo wepalamente esemva kwabemi. Uhlalutyo olungu 2021 lweZiko leSizwe laseCanada lwafumanisa ukuba amancinane abonakalayo akwindawo yokuhlala emalunga ne-15 ekhulwini kwiNdlu yamaPin, xa kuthelekiswa ne-2,3 ekhulwini labemi. Lo mgadi uyaqhubeka phezu kwalo nje igama le-Khanada njengebutho labantu abanobuzwe, iqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ye-FPTPPP.

IIndiya: Idemokhrasi enkulu yehlabathi kunye nokucandelwa komda okusekelwe

Ulwamkelo lwenkqubo ye-FPTP ye-Flone yase-Britani lunikela uhlolisiso olukhethekileyo kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zonyulo eziphambili kunye neenkqubo zobungangamsha eziziintloko-mikhosi ezisemgangathweni eziqinileyo zentlalo njengeqela lesizwe. Inkqubo yonyulo yaseIndiya inconyelwe ngokuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo kwicandelo elinye lembali yayo, eye yafak ’ isandla kwinkqubela yezobupolitika nezoqoqosho. Noko ke, le nkqubo ikwaxhase ukubekwa komgangatho ophantsi kwezobupolitika kumaqela asezantsi entlalo , phezu kwazo naziphiwo izihlalo ezigciniweyo zeShedydyles (SC) kunye neZikomkhulu (ST) ngokweejonga) ngokwenkqubela yabo.

Inkqubo yengingqi iqinisekisa ukuba i-SC kunye noluntu lwe-STS zinenani eliqinisekisiweyo lezihlalo kwipalamente, eziye zandisa umelo lwazo oluchazayo. Noko ke, ezi zihlalo zibekwe zisoloko zijoliswe kwisithili apho ezi ntlalo zithe zanda khona, zithintela impembelelo yazo kwezinye iindawo. Ngaphezu koko, phakathi kwemikhosi egciniweyo, abathathi-nxaxheba abakwizikhundla eziphantsi abanokujamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yokunyulwa ngenxa yeqela elinamandla kunye nomxhasi. Inkqubo yeFPTPPPP ixhomekeke kukhuphiswano lwesithilithilithi esezantsi ithetha ukuba abazamkelayo basoloko befuna inkxaso yenkokeli beqela eliphambili eliphambili ukuze baphumelele, nto leyo enokulalanisa ukuzilawula nokuphumelela kwabo.

Unyuko lweBharatiya Janata Parti (BJP) phantsi kocwangciso lwesizwe samaHindu luye lwalubangela lula ulwalamano phakathi kweenkqubo zokhetho olungundoqo kunye namalungelo amancinane. IBJP iphumelele iinkcubeko ezihamba phambili epalamente ezimalunga nama-37-38 ekhulwini kuphela zevoti yesizwe, ngenxa yentlawulo yesixokelelwano seFPPP. Oku kuvumele iqela ukuba limisele iinkqubo ezithintela ezithi abagxeki baphikisane ngokucuphisa amaqela amahlelo onqulo, ingakumbi amaSilamsi, awenza ngaphezu kwe-14 ekhulwini labemi baseIndiya kodwa aphethe intwana emincinane yezihlalo zepalamenti. Udityaniso yenkqubo enkulu yezopolitiko yezopolitiko inokuba nobungozi kakhulu ngenxa yamalungelo amancinane, njengoko igxininisa amandla eqela eendlalo oluninzi oluvotiweyo.

Uhlalutyo lwetheko: Iinkqubo ze-Majoritharian v.Proportion

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yenkqubo yabavoti-zibonelelo kumalungelo amancinane, kuluncedo ukuyithelekisa nenkqubo zomelo olulungelelanisiweyo. Iinkqubo ze-PR, ezinika izihlalo ezisekelwe kwisabelo sombutho ngamnye wovoti, zityekele ekuveliseni iziphumo ezithe ngqo kumaqela amancinane. Kumazwe anjenge-New Zealand (esuka kwiFPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996), umelo lwamaMaori kunye namanye amancinci anda kakhulu emva kotshintsho. Ngokufanayo, kwinkqubo yePR, inkqubo ye-Afrika yoMbutho wesizwe (ANC) kunye namanye amaqela aye akwazi ukuqinisekisa umelo olulungelelanisiweyo lwe-FPTP noluntluntluntluntlu .

Uphando lweInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Uncedo (International IDEA) lubonise ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso zivelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ngokusondeleyo umahluko wokondlalwa kwabantu beendidi zokhetho. Imeta-analysis epapashwe kwijenali Equququzelelayo Sfundo [ zifunyaniswe ukuba iinkqubo zePR zinxulumene nomelo oluphezulu lwamabhinqa kunye neqela lamaqela eesizwe xa zithelekiswa nezinye izinto ezinkulu, zilawula ezinye izinto. Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkqubo zePR zithoba zingena umqobo wamaqela amancinci ukuze aphumelele izihlalo, zivumela amaqela amancinane afumana iinyawo kwipalamente.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zePR azinazo iimpazamo zazo. Zingakhokelela koorhulumente abadibanisayo, abasenokungazinzi kwaye bacothe ukwenza izigqibo kurhulumente abangoorhulumente abangoorhulumente abangoorhulumente abaphambili abanobuntloko obubodwa. Kumazwe ahlulelene kakhulu, iinkqubo ze-PR ziyakwazi ukuqinisa ubuhlanga okanye amahlelo ngokufaka amaqela aphakathi ekubheneleni kwiqela labo kuphela kunokuba kwakhe iminqoqo-mxube. Amazwe afana ne Belgium, asebenzisa inkqubo yePR, aye afumana amaxesha akudala ezinto ezifa zingasebenzi ngokwezobupolitika njengoko abantu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo bezama ukwakha oorhulumente.

Ukurhweba phakathi kozinzo nokwenza ingxinano kusembindini wengxoxo malunga noyilo lwenkqubo yonyulo. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zimisela ukugqibelela nokuziphendulela, ngelixesha iinkqubo ze-PR zimisela umelo olulungileyo kunye noqikelelo. Kumaqela amancinane, ukhetho phakathi kwezi nkqubo ezimbini luneziphumo ezinzulu zobuchule bawo bokuphembelela nokukhusela amalungelo awo. Akukho nkqubo ifezekile, kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zePR ngokuqhelekileyo zinika iziphumo ezingcono kumelo oluncinane.

Utshintsho lokuphucula umelo lobuncinane kwinkqubo

Ngokunikwa iiyakhelo ezigqwethekileyo zenkqubo zokhetho oluphambili, iingcebiso ezininzi zotshintsho ziye zaveliswa ukuphucula umelo lwabambalwa ngaphandle kokulahla amandla angundoqo ezi nkqubo. Ezi nguqu zisuka kuhlengahlengiso oluncinane ukuya kutshintsho olungundoqo kulwakhiwo oluneenjongo eziziintloko.

Utshintsho Olusekelwe Kwisithili

Iqela leenguqu ligxininisa kwindlela ezizotywa ngayo kwaye zicwangciswe ngayo. Ikhomishini ye- Independent yokuzidibanisela izithuba, esusa amandla okuzoba imida yesithili kubenzi bemithetho abalawulayo, ngokuphawulekayo inganciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho. Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya ne-Arizona aye amkela iikhomishini ezizimeleyo, eziphumela ekukhuphisaneni okungakumbi kunye nomelo olungcono kuluntu oluncinane. Uphando olungeyonkani lwezikomgamfazeli ye-operactical Prolic Prolic ibonise ukuba ikhomishini ezimeleyo ivelisa iimaphu ezingacacileyo ezikhetha nawuphi na umbutho kwaye enokuba nokwenzeka uvumele abambalwa abavoti abavoti abakhethiweyo ukuba bakhethe.

Olunye utshintsho olusekelwe kwisithili luyindalo yesithili "izithili ezinamalungu aphantsi" ngokuvota okungalinganiyo. Endaweni yokunyula ummeli omnye kwisithili ngasinye, abavoti kwisithili esinamalungu amaninzi bakhetha abameli abaliqela ngenkqubo eqinisekisa iziphumo zolungelelwaniso. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kwizixeko ezifana neCambridge, Massachusetts, nakumazwe afana ne-Ireland (ukusebenzisa ivoti enye edluliselwa kwenye), ivumela amaqela amancinane ukuba aphumelele kwizihlalo nokuba asasazwe phakathi kwesithili. Isakhiwo sesithili esinamalungu amaninzi sidala iziphumo ezithe kratya ezithene kwisakhiwo esingundoqo, ilungele ukuphendula komntu othile kunye nomelo olulungileyo.

"Izihlalo ezigciniweyo" lungenelelo oluthe ngqo, olusetyenziswa kumazwe afana ne-Indiya, Pakistan, kunye neTanzania. Phantsi kwalo mzekelo, izihlalo ezithile kwindlu yowiso-mthetho zibekwe bucala ngamalungu amaqela amancinane athile, anyulwe ngokhetho olwahlukileyo okanye ngesixhobo esisodwa. Izihlalo ezigciniweyo ziqinisekisa ukuba amaqela aphantsi, nokuba inkqubo ebanzi yezobunkokeli ingawakhupha. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba izihlalo ezigciniweyo zingadala uphahla kwimibambalwa kwaye zingaba nomelo lwe-stitutnch-odio isekelwe kwizobupolitika, kodwa abaxhasi bakhomba ukuphumelela kwabo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amavili ambalwa aviweyo.

Ukuvelisa Iindlela Zotshintsho

Utshintsho kwindlela yokuvota ngokwayo yenye indlela yokuphucula umelo lwabambalwa. Ukuvota kwe-Ranked-choice. Uvota (RCV), okwaziwayo njengovoti osuka kwi-runoff, kuxhaphakile eUnited States kumgangatho wobulali nombuso. I-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amagophe ngokokhetho, kwaye ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela uninzi lwabavoti bokuqala, oyena mntu uphantsi ulandelayo ukhutshwe kwaye abavotiweyo babo bakhutshwa. Oku kunciphisa "ivoti" ingxaki ekhoyo" kwaye kuvumela abambalwa abavoti abakhethiweyo ukuba baxhase abakhethiweyo ngaphandle kokoyika ukunceda umvotisi wabo abakhethiweyo ababachasile kakhulu.

Ubungqina obuvela kwizixeko eziye zamkela i-RCV, njengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis, bucebisa ukuba i-RCV ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kombutho wamagosa anyuliweyo. Uhlolisiso lwama-202020 lukaFairvote lufumanise ukuba i-RCV eUnited States ilawula i-RCV inyuke kwiqondo lama-20% kumgangatho ophezulu kunamazwe angengawo e-RCV. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kombutho oludibanisa abantu, njengoko abazamkeli kufuneka babhenele kwi-sesibini nakwisithathu ukuze baphumelele. Oku kungadala izihlolo zokuba abaninzi bathethe ngemibandela emincinane, nto leyo ikhokelela kwiiziphumo ezingakumbi eziqulukileyo.

Enye indlela yokuvota lutshintsho "indlela yokuvota ezimbini ezijikelezayo" ngokujijwa: ifuna ukuba abatshayeli bafumane inkxaso kwicandelo elibanzi elinqumlayo labavoti, hayi nje ukuba zizininzi. Umzekelo, ezinye iinguqu zifuna ukuba abaphumeleleyo bafumane ipesenti ethile yevoti evela kwimimandla encinane okanye kwimimandla emininzi yelizwe kwisithili sabo. Ngexa iingcebiso ezinjalo ziphikisana kwaye zinokujamelana neengxaki zomgaqo-siseko, babonakalisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo ukuba iziphumo ezingundoqo zinokuhambelana nokhuseleko oluncinane ukuba imithetho icetyiwe kakuhle.

Utshintsho Olusekelwe Kwiqela

Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ezingundoqo zifaka amandla amaninzi kwiinkqubo zokukhetha amaqela ezobupolitika, iinguqu ezinyusa ukubonakala nokutshintsha-guquka kokhetho oluza kuthabatha zinokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kumelo lwabambalwa. "Zonke iimineyilo ezincinane," eziya kubo bonke abafazi abafififi, ziceliwe kumazwe amaninzi. Phantsi komzekelo, amaqela azakufuneka aqukethe noko omnye umtya wolunyukisi omncinane kwizinto ezifutshane, ukunika abambalwa ithuba lokweyisela ekuphumeleleni.

Kwi-UK, iQela leLobour liye lasebenzisa bonke abafazi abafutshane ukususela ngoo1990, lanyusa ngokuphawulekayo inani lee-MP. Icebo elifanayo kuma-MP akwiqela elincinane anokubathetha ngokungaphantsi kokunikwa kweqela elingaphantsi kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo. Noko ke, iingcebiso ezinjalo zijongene neengxaki ezisemthethweni nezezobupolitika, kuquka nezityholo "zocalulo olugqwethekileyo" kunye nenkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa komqondiso. Ingxoxo emalunga nesenzo sokuvuma kukhetho lwama-amntlukwano iyaqhubekeka, kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo inokuba iyasebenza xa isetyenziswa ngokusengqiqweni.

Iinguqu zemali yenkamfa zinokubanceda abathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zidla ngokuvuza amaphulo alungiselelwe kakuhle, kwaye abatshakazi abambalwa basoloko bejongene nemiqobo yokubonelela ngemali yonyulo. Imali kawonke-wonke, iminikelo engqinelanayo yemirhumo emincinane, nemiqathango yemirhumo emikhulu yenkampani engaphandle ingayinciphisa ibala lokudlala. Amazwe afana neKhanada amkele imiqathango yemali engqongqo yezemali kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke ebangela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bakhuphisane ngokunempumelelo. Ezi ntlawulo azitshintshi izakhiwo ezingundoqo zemali, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuthomalathisi kweziphumo zazo ezingundoqo.

Indima yokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko nolweejaji

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ye-Electoral aluyondlela yokuphela yokukhusela amalungelo amancinane kwiinkqubo zoomantswana. Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko, ulawulo logwebo, kunye neenkqubo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe zinokuba nendima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni amandla olawulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuvakala amazwi amancinane.

Amazwe anemithetho-siseko eqinileyo ekhusela amalungelo amancinane .⁠ njengamalungelo elwimi, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nomelo aqinisekisa ngokumisela amandla oorhulumente abaninzi . ngokunjalo, umgaqo-siseko wase-Canada owenzelwe ulawulo kwanaphantsi kweenkqubo zonyulo ezingundoqo. Umthetho weCanadian weSicatinan we- Rights neFreedoms, uquka iCandelo le-15 eliqinisekisa amalungelo okulinganayo kwaye usetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni imida ethobayo amandla okuvota. Ngokufanayo, uMgaqo-siseko (uMthetho oMgaqo-siseko) uquka ukhuseleko lwamaqela ezobupolitika amele izilangazelelo ezimbalwa, kunye neNkungaMgaqo-siseko weSizwe woMgaqo-siseko weSizwe uhla iMithelela imithetho ejonge amatyala amancinane.

Ukujonga kwezomthetho kusenokuba luhlolo olunempumelelo kwiinkqubo ezigqithisileyo, kodwa kwakhona luphantsi koxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. EUnited States, izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo zamalungelo okuvota ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, maxa wambi zandisa ukhuseleko lwabavoti abambalwa kwaye maxa wambi zifumanana nabo. Ukwenziwa kwamadinga okulawula kwiinkqubo eziphambili kuthetha ukuba iinkundla azisoloko zithembekile kubalondolozi bamalungelo amancinane. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inkqubo yonyulo ephucula umelo oluthi umelo lweqela labambalwa lusoloko luqinile ngakumbi kunokuxhomekeka kuphela ekungeneleni kwekomiti.

IKomiti yamalungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ijongene nale ngxaki. IKomiti yamaLungelo abantu, kwiNjenganiso yayo Jikelele No. 25 ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ithe yathi iinkqubo zokukhetha zifanele zithathe iinkqubo zokhetho ezinceda ukumela amaqela amancinane. IKomiti iye yawagxeka amazwe afana neUnited States ne-United Kingdom ngenxa yokusilela ukuphendula ihlelo elingaphantsi kweqela elincinane lohlanga kwiinkqubo zalo zokukhetha. Ngoxa la magunya ezizwe ngezizwe zonke engagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni, abangela uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo koorhulumente ukuba bamkele amalungiselelo azimeleyo azimeleyo.

Ukulungelelaniswa kokungaguquguquki nokungaguquguquki: Indlela Ephambili YooMajordarian Democracism

Uxinzelelo phakathi kwesixokelelwano sokhetho oluyintloko kunye namalungelo amancinane asilulo ukhetho olubini phakathi kozinzo nokhuphiswano. Ngoyilo olunolwakhelo olululo, kunokwenzeka ukugcina ukugqibelela nokuphendulana okunikelwa ziinkqubo eziyintloko ngeli xesha ziphucula ngokuphawulekayo umelo lwamaqela amancinane. Isitshixo kukwamkela indlela "edityanisiweyo" edibanisa ezona mpawu zingcono zenkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo.

Umelo oluxutyiweyo (MMP), olusetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge Jamani, New Zealand, ne Mexico, lunika imodeli ethembisayo. Kwinkqubo ye-MMP, abavoti bavote kabini: omnye wevoti kwiphondo labo (usebenzisa i-FPTP okanye enye indlela yolwahlulo) kwaye enye kuluhlu lweqela. Uluhlu lweqela lusetyenziselwa ukunikezela izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwepalamende kulungelelanisiwe. Esi sakhiwo sigcina ukuphendula kwasekuhlaleni kwesithili esikhulu ngexa siqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane amaqela axhasayo.

Amava e-MMP eNew Zealand ayafundisa. Emva kokwamkela i-MMP ngo-1996 kulandelwa i-Amp, umelo lwamaMaori kunye namanye amaqela amancinane lwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo. AmaMaori, azenza malunga ne 17 ekhulwini labemi, abona ukuma kwawo epalamente kunyuka kusuka ku-15 na-20 pesenti, ithelekisa nangaphantsi kwe-5 ekhulwini phantsi kwenkqubo endala yeFPTPP. Inkqubo ye-MMP ikwavumela iGreen Party kunye namanye amaqela amancinci ukuba awine, andise ukwahluka-hluka-hluka kwamazwi epalamente. Ngexa i-MMP ibingakhange ingabi nangxaki yayo enzima, ukudibanisa iingxoxo ezishukumanyeneyo ezisuk'ipheneyo ngaphandle kokwenza ugcino-demokhrasitiko lwaseNew Zealand.

Kumazwe anenkqubo ezingundoqo eziqiniswe ngokunzulu, njenge-United States kunye ne-United States, indlela yokulungisa inzima ngokwezobupolitika. Amaqela amakhulu angenelwayo kwinkqubo yangoku anezisusa ezinamandla zokuxhathisa ukuchasa ienguqu. Noko ke, iintsebenziswano zengca, imibutho ye-adolara, kunye nemibutho enqamlezileyo edibanisayo iyakwazi ukwakha uvuselelo. E-United States, imibutho efana noFairvote kunye noManyano lwaManyano lwabesifazane Voter iye yasetyenziswa ekukhuthazeni ukuvota ivota ephezulu kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo. E-United Kingdom, i-Electoral Reformation Society kunye neLabour Campatences for Elme Reformation iyaqhubeka iqhubela ububanzi bommendial.

Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho lwenkqubo yokhetho lubonisa amaxabiso anzulu ebutho labantu malunga nedemokhrasi. Inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo eshiya okanye enciphisa amaqela amancinane ayinakuzisholo ukuba ngawamademokhrasi ngokupheleleyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba oorhulumente bawo bazinzise kangakanani. Iinkqubo zonyulo loorhulumente abanawo zinamandla angakumbi, kodwa zikwaneengozi ezimele zivunywe kwaye zilungiswe. Ngokufumana iinguqu ezikhuthaza umelo olulungileyo, ukuphengulula okuzimeleyo, kunye neendlela zokuvota eziqululiweyo, ulawulo-demo-democraclution olungundoqo lungalingana ngakumbi, lungamele lukwazi ukulingana, ukumela ngakumbi, kwaye lukwazi ukumelana nolwa nolwa nolwando olungakumbi.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zinempembelelo enzulu neninzi kumalungelo amancinane kunye nokufakwa. Ngoxa zinokuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo, abanobutyala, iimpawu zabo zesakhiwo `kuquka iithathi-nxaxheba zonke ukhuphiswano, iimfuno zolwalaliso lwelizwe, kunye nokuchanabeka kwigerrymanider", isoloko inciphisa abantu abambalwa. Ukusuka eUnited Kingdom nase-United States ukuya eCanada naseIndiya, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo ezingundoqo ze-ogcinoloji zifumana amazwi amancinane, zinciphisa ukuvota, kwaye zityeshela iinkqubo eziphambili zenkqubo eevotis.

Kodwa utshintsho luyenzeka. Utshintsho olusekelwe kwisithili njengekhomishini yokuvota ezimeleyo, indlela yokuvota ifana nokuvota okucetywe ngokwemiqathango encinane, utshintsho olusekelwe kwiqela olufana noluhlu oluncinane oluneentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye neenguquko ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana nomelo oludityanisiweyo zonke ezinika iindlela kwiziphumo ezithe zaphela. Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho lungadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo amancinane phakathi kwezakhiwo ezingundoqo.

Ucelomngeni lolawulo-moya lwexeshana lukwenza iinkqubo zonyulo ezilungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo: uzinzo nonxulumano, ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kunye nomelo, ulawulo oluninzi kunye namalungelo amancinane. Lo asingombuzo wobugcisa omele uphendulwe ziingcaphephe kuphela, kodwa yincoko yedemokhrasi efuna ukudityaniswa koluntu ngokubanzi. Abami, amaqela amaqela alawulayo, kunye nabenzi benkqubo kufuneka basebenze kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zonyulo zinceda onke amalungu ebutho labantu, hayi nje abo banokuba ngamalungu amaninzi. Kuphela ngoko sinokuthi idemokhrasi yethu iyaqulungelana.