Ukwazisa: Ukulawula Inkqubo Yobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States lulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo lweenkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa amalungelo omntu omangalelweyo nomdla woluntu ngokubanzi. Ukususela kwixesha lokuqaliswa komthetho kuqaliswe uphando kwisigqibo sokugqibela ekuvavanyweni okanye kwisibheno, isigaba ngasinye silawulwa ngokungqongqo kwimigaqo-siseko, imigaqo ecacileyo, kunye neemfuno zemithetho esesikweni. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje koochwepheshe abasemthethweni kodwa nangabani na onokubandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo, enoba ngummangalelwa, ixhoba, ingqina, okanye igosa-jaji. Uvavanyo olungenatyala, umthwalo wokuqinisekisa okungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, kunye neyo ekunene kwetyala kungummiselo omele inyathelo ngalinye. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuchazwa kwendlela elula, inyathelo eliphakathi kwendlela yokuhlola, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, kuquka nokugwetywa kwemithetho, kunye nokugwetywa kwemeko.

Uphando

Uphando luqala xa abanyanzeli bomthetho befumana ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye bebona izenzo ezikrokrelekayo. Eli candelo liyisiseko ekuhlala kuso onke amatyala alandelayo.

Ubungqina kunye nokulondolozwa

Amagosa amapolisa kunye namagcisa olwaphulo-mthetho aqokelela ubungqina obubonakalayo obufana neminwe, iisampuli zeDNA, imipu, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, kunye namaxwebhu. Kufuneka kulandelwe iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zetsheyina elinobuchule bokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina abungcoliswanga okanye abutshintshwanga. Uhlalutyo lwe-Fensic, kuquka inkcubeko yetyhefu, inkcubeko yemipu, kunye novavanyo lwemichiza, ludla ngokuthabatha iiveki okanye iinyanga kwaye lunokuba yimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kukho unobangela wokubanjwa okanye ityala.

Funa Izinto Ezinokusibangela Sifune

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaphengululi kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso sokufuna kwijaji engondilele, exhaswe ngummangaleli obonisa isizathu esilindelekileyo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukuvuma, iimeko ezicacileyo, imbono ecacileyo, kunye nokuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa okusemthethweni. Umthetho ophengululayo uthintela ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungasetyenziswangacaciswanga, ukwenza isiqinisekiso sokuvuma ukuthatha inyathelo eliphezulu lokuphanda nakuphi na oko kuthethwa.

Udliwano - ndlebe LwamaNgqina Nentabalala

Abafumana amaxhoba odliwano-ndlebe, amangqina, kunye nabantu abanomdla. Kuphando oluntsonkothileyo okanye oluqhubekayo, ukuqwalasela , okukokubini okuphathekayo nokusebenza nge-electronic-*kungasetyenziswa. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kunamathele kwimiqathango ekuncinwa kwelungelo lokugcina umntwana; ukukrokrela ekuvalweni kufuneka kufundwe amalungelo abo [ amaMarda amalungelo [ phambi kokubuza. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza njalo kunganikezela iingxelo ezingekho mthethweni. (Ngokokuninzi kumalungelo e-Miranda, bona [[FLT]]] Cornell Information Information Information formation ]]

2. Ukubanjwa nokubhaliswa kwencwadi

Xa abaphengululi beqokelela ubungqina obaneleyo bokuveza isizathu esinokwenzeka, kungabanjwa. Isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa esikhutshwe ngumgwebi sithandwa, kodwa amagosa asenokubanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba abonile ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye anokuthi mhlawumbi abe nesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba ityala liphunyezwe. Inkqubo yokubanjwa ibandakanya ukuthatha umkroti angene entolongweni, afune izixhobo okanye ibhanki, aze awathuthe kwisikhululo samapolisa okanye kwintolongo.

Iinkqubo zokubhala

Kwisikhululo, abarhanelwayo bafumana imvume: ulwazi lobuqu lubhaliwe, iminwe kunye neefoto zithatyathwa, kwaye kubhalwe ingxelo esesikweni yokubanjwa. Isikroti sibekwa kwisisele esibambe imbonakalo yokuqala yenkundla. Ngexesha lokubhala incwadi, lowo urhanelwayo unikwa umnxeba aze anikwe isaziso esibhaliweyo samalungelo abo.

Amalungelo oRhulumente wePost - Arsten

Emva kokubanjwa, urhanelwa unelungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka nelungelo lokuya kwigqwetha. Nawaphi na amathandabuzo kufuneka ayeke ukuba ukrokrela ucela amalungelo. Amagosa abanjwayo kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba orhanelwayo uyasiqonda isilumkiso sabo seMiranda, ingakumbi ukuba kuza kubakho ukuncinwa. Ixesha kunye nendlela yokucebisa yeMiranda inokuba negalelo eliphawulekayo ekungachaphazelekini kweengxelo.

3. Isigqibo Esiza Kufuneka

Xa umtshutshisi erhanelwa ukuba ubanjwa, kufuneka agqibe ukuba uza kufaka iifayile zetyala. Eli lelinye lamanyathelo aphambili kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Umtshutshisi uhlola ifayile yophengululo, uqwalasela ubuqatha bobungqina, aqwalasele ubuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholweyo, kwaye asebenzise imigangatho esemthethweni efana nolu [[FLT:] olufana nolweyiselelo.

Ubulumko Bokutyholwa

Abatshutshisi banengqiqo ephangaleleyo yokutyhola umkroti ngetyala elinzulu, elincinane eliquka amatyala, okanye ukurhoxa ngokupheleleyo. Izinto eziphembelela esi sigqibo ziquka ukufumaneka kwamangqina, ukuthembeka kobungqina, iminqweno yexhoba, kunye nembali yezaphuli-mthetho yokrokrela. Kwezinye iindawo, umtshutshisi kufuneka anikele ubungqina kwinkundla ephakamileyo yabachopheli-tyala okanye abeke ityala phambi kokuba izityholo ezisemthethweni zibekwe.

Uxwebhu Olungacacanga

Ukuba ityala ligcinwa, umtshutshisi ulungiselela uxwebhu oluchaphazelekayo ngezantsi, olugwebayo (kwityala elibi) okanye ulwazi (ngeemeko eziphosakeleyo). Olu xwebhu ludwelisa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho athile, isiseko esiyinyaniso setyala ngalinye, kunye neziqalelo ezingokwasemthethweni zikarhulumente. Ummangalelwa ngoko uxelelwa ngezityholo aze anikwe ikopi yolu xwebhu.

4. Ulungelelwaniso nembonakalo yokuqala

Ityala liyimbonakalo yokuqala esemthethweni yenkundla yommangalelwa. Iqhele ukuba isenzeka kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 xa kubanjwa. Ebudeni beli tyala, ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba ungubani ummangalelwa, ifunda ngokuvakalayo izityholo, ize icebise ummangalelwa ngamalungelo awo omGaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala ethe cwaka, ilungelo lokucebisa, kwanelungelo lokuqulunqwa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukungena Kwiplanga Elincinane

Ummangalelwa ucelwa ukuba angene kwisibongozo: uxanduva. Isicelo esinetyala sigcina onke amalungelo avavanywayo kwaye sibangela amaqondo alandelayo okulungiselela. Uxanduva okanye izicelo zinokukhokelela ngqo ekugwetyweni, nangona umgwebi kufuneka aqinisekise isibongozo sokuzithandela, kwaye axhaswe ziziqinisekiso ezizizo.

Ibhayile kunye nokukhululwa kwangaphambili

Kumthetho, ijaji ikwathetha nokuvalelwa kwangaphambili kwetyala. Inkundla ibeka ibheyile okanye ikhulula ummangalelwa kwibheyile esekelwe kwizinto ezifana nomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya, ingozi kuluntu, nobuqatha bezityholo. UMthetho oLawulayo wesibhozo uthintela ibheyile egqithisileyo, kodwa kwiimeko ezinzima, ummangalelwa angabanjwa ngaphandle kwebheyile elindele ukuchotshelwa.

5. Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokufunyanwa

Emva kokubekwa kwetyala, ityala lingena kwinqanaba elibanzi apho amacala omabini alungiselela ukuvavanywa. Eli xesha libandakanya ukuthatha izithuba, ukunikeza ubungqina, nokucombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni phambi kokuba abachopheli betyala bafakwe kwindawo yokuhlala.

Umbuzo

Ukufunyaniswa yinkqubo apho ukumangalelwa nokuzithethelela kunikela ubungqina. Umthetho kaBrady ufuna abatshutshisi ukuba batyhile ubungqina bokuthethelela okanye ukuchaza isigwebo.

Intshukumo zangaphambili eziqhelekileyo

  • Ukukhupha: Impikiswano yokuba uxwebhu olubotshelelweyo lunesiphene esisemthethweni okanye ukuba umtshutshisi waphula amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Isigqibo sokucinezela uBubungqina: Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokwaphulwa koMthetho wesine (ukufuna okungekho mthethweni), uHlaziyo lwesihlanu (ukuvunywa kwezono), okanye uHlomelo lweSithandathu (ukunganikwa cebiso).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukufumana: icela ubungqina obukhethekileyo obuvela kwicala eliphikisanayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Motion kwi Limine: ifuna umthetho ekungabonakalini kobungqina obuthile phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, iphepha iimbekiselo zekhethe phambi kwabachopheli.
  • Isicelo sokuphinda ubekwe kwelinye icala ngenxa yosasazo lwangaphambili okanye uqhekeko lwasekuhlaleni.

Umgwebi umisela imithetho kule miqathango, izihlandlo ezininzi emva kokuva iingxoxo ezidluliselwa ngomlomo. Ukuhamba ngendleko engavumelekanga kungaba sizathu sokubhenela ukuba ibandakanya iimpazamo zomthetho.

Ukulungisa ipetroli

I-Plea ingunxibelelwano phakathi kokuzithethelela nokumangalelwa apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalela ngetyala elinye okanye ngaphezulu xa etshintshisana ngetyala lokuvumelana, njengokulahla ezinye izityholo, ukucutha ubuqatha betyala, okanye ukuncomela isigwebo esilula. Ngaphezu kwamatyala angama-90% kwinkqubo yorhulumente aconjululwa ngokuququzelela, ukwenza oku kube yenye yezona ziphumo ziqhelekileyo kwinkqubo esemthethweni.

Impembelelo Yemithambo - luvo

Isiluleko sokhuselo sivavanya amandla obungqina beli lizwe, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuchanabeka kwesigwebo. Abatshutshisi baqikelela ukuqiniseka kokuchanabeka kwiingozi neendleko zokuvavanywa. Izinto ezifana negalelo lexhoba, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, kunye nokufumaneka kwentlawulo kukwanempembelelo kwintelekelelo. Isivumelwano kufuneka sityhilwe kwinkundla, kwaye ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isicelo singeniswe ngokuzithandela kwaye iyaziqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zaso.

Iingozi nokhuseleko

Ngoxa ukucenga kunika ukuqiniseka nokuphepha ubuncinane obungqongqo obunyanzelekileyo, abamangalelwa kufuneka baqonde iziphumo ezingqinelanayo zesiqinisekiso, kuquka ukugxothwa kwezo zingangeniyo, ukuphulukana nelayisensi yobuchule, kunye nobhaliso lokrexezo lobufanasini. linelungelo lokufumana uncedo lwesiluleko [ ngexesha lokufaka isicelo sinzima. Ukukhangela ngokunzulu kwisicelo sothelekelelo lwamanani nemigaqo, bona i- U.S. Isebe loshwankathelo lobulungisa [[FLT]

7. Isicwangciso sokuvavanya

Ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelwayo, omabini la macala awenza alungele ukuvavanywa.

Ukhetho

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukubeka icandelo lejaji kwindawo yokuhlala. Ii-attorney zibuza abachopheli abaza kufumana ikhethe okanye ikhethe elinokuchaphazela ukungakhethe. Omabini amacala angalucel ’ umngeni ohlanga (ngamanani angenasiphelo) okanye asebenzise ucelomngeni (elimiselweyo) lokugxotha abachopheli-juji ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, logama nje ukukhulula kungasekelwanga kuhlanga okanye kubufana. Ijaji yokugqibela yamalungu esi-6 okanye 12 (esekelwe kwigunya) iyafungqwalaselwa.

Amalungiselelo Nemiboniso YamaNgqina

Ama-athorney alungiselela amangqina awo ukunikela ubungqina ngempumelelo, aqinisekisa ukuba ayayiqonda inkqubo nokubaluleka kobungqina bobunyani. Imifanekiso ``amaxwebhu, iifoto, izinto, izinto ezibonakalayo, imikrozo, kwaye idweliswe. Ukuzikhusela kusenokubandakanya amangqina obuchule ukuze acel ’ umngeni ubungqina obukhoyo okanye anikezele ezinye iingcaciso. Iimfuno zobuchule zokuvuma ubungqina, obufana nokuqinisekisa kunye nokuva iindlebe ezingafaniyo, zihlolisiswe ngocoselelo.

Ubuchule bokwenza izinto

Ityala kufuneka linikele ingxelo enxibelelanayo enxulumanisa ummangalelwa kwinkalo nganye yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuzithethelela kungagxininisa ekuthandabuzeni okusengqiqweni, ukungaqiniseki, ukuzazi ukuba ungubani, ukuzidinisa, ukuphambana, okanye ukwaphula umthetho. Iingxelo zokuvula kunye neengxoxo zokuqukumbela zibhaliwe, kulindelwe imixholo yenkcaso. Iingxoxo ze-mock okanye amaqela ajolise ekuvavanyeni iimpikiswano.

8. Ityala

Ityala liyincopho yoluntu lonke yenkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ilandela ulandelelwano olungqongqo lwexesha kwaye ilawulwa yimithetho ebhaliweyo, enjengeMimiselo yoBufakazi. Uxanduva lobungqina luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala; ummangalelwa akafuneki ukunikela ubungqina okanye ukungqinelana.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Ityala likhupha ingcaciso yokuqala, lichaza ubungqina eliza kubunikela. Ukuzithethelela kusenokulandela ngokukhawuleza okanye kugcine ithuba lako de kufike emva kokurhoxa. Iingxelo zokuvula asiyompikiswano; zizinto ezijoliswe phambili kwityala elenzelwe ukunceda abachopheli-tyala baqonde ubungqina.

Umzekelo- kwi-Chieef

Ityala libiza amangqina, lizise imiboniso, lize linike ubungqina balo. Ingqina ngalinye lihlolwa (ukuxilongwa ngqo) lize linqumlwe ngenkundla. Ukunyenyiswa nokunyenyiswa komnqamlezo kungalandela. Ukuphulaphula, ubungqina boluvo, kunye nobungqina obungachananga bungakhutshwanga phantsi kwemithetho ecacileyo. Ukuzikhusela kungashukumiselwa ukuba ugwebo lungasonwa ukuba ingxengxengxezo iyasilela ukwenza ityala le-prima facie.

Umzekelo wokhuselo

Emva kokuba ityala liphumile, ingxengxezo inganikela ubungqina balo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni lokungangqini; abachopheli-tyala abanako ukuthatha isiqinisekiso esichasene nento ethethwayo. Ingxubusho isenokuwakhumbula amangqina atshutshisayo ukuze ahlolwe ngokubhekele phaya. Kwakhona, ingqina ngalinye limele lixilongwe liqhutywe libanjwa.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Zombini ezi zigaba zishwankathela ubungqina zize ziphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala bafune ingcebiso. Ityala lithetha kuqala; ingxengxezo ithetha okwesibini; ingxubusho inokuba nempikiswano ephikisayo. Iimpikiswano zokuvala zizihlandlo ezinamandla zokungalandeli mpendulo, kodwa amagqwetha amele angabi nasizathu esingafanelekanga sokubhenela kwiimvakalelo okanye ukubeka umthetho phosakeleyo.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho onxulumene nomthetho: izigaba zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukubonakala kobumsulwa, umthwalo wobungqina (ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni), kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni yokuvavanya ubungqina. Abachopheli betyala bandule ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngabom ekufihlekeni. Isigqibo singathabatha iiyure okanye iintsuku. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakufikelela isigqibo esingqinelanayo, ityala lingavakaliswa ngokuphosakeleyo, kwaye elo tyala lingaphinda livunywe.

ISeva yesiGqibo

Isigqibo esimsulwa sikhokelela ekukhululweni kwalowo ummangalelwa ngokukhawuleza. Xa kuvavanywa ibherinji (ngaphandle kwejaji), ijaji igqiba ukuba unetyala okanye umsulwa.

9. Ukugwetywa

Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywa, inkundla imisela isigwebo. Isigwebo sikhokelwa luludwe lwemithetho esesikweni, imigaqo yokugweba (njengeziKhokeli zeKhokelo ze-U.S.), kunye nejaji egwebayo. Ijaji iqwalasela ubunzulu betyala, imbali yesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, iingxelo zexhoba, kunye neemeko ezifana nokuzisola, intsebenziswano, okanye imicimbi yempilo yengqondo.

Iintlobo zezigwebo

  • Udibaniso: Ixesha lentolongo, elinokunqanda ukusetyenziswa (igama elifakelweyo) okanye iindeternate (uhlobo nokungalingani).
  • Iprojekthi: Ulwahlulo olukhulu kuluntu oluneemeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, ukufika kwexesha, kunye nomsebenzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso zokwalathisa kunye nokuqulunqwa: izigwebo zemali ezihlawulwayo kwimo okanye kumaxhoba.
  • Imisebenzi e-Altern Sences:[ inkonzo yoLuntu, ukuvalelwa kwendlu, ukujongwa kwe-elektroniki, okanye iinkqubo zonyango.

Kwityala lokufa, isigwebo sahlukileyo simisela ubomi okanye ukufa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthetha (ukugwetywa) ngaphambi kokuba agwetywe.

10. Izibheno kunye nesicwangciso sokulungisa iposi

Ukuqiniseka akuyosiphelo sendlela. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwisigwebo. Izibheno azizizo iimvavanyo zesibini; zijolise ingqalelo kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenzeka ngexesha leziphumo zantlandlolo, njengemimiselo ecacileyo, imiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala, okanye ihambo engafanelekanga. Inkundla yetyala ihlola ingxelo yokuchophela ityala kwaye isenokungqina, ibuye iphinde ilivume, okanye iphinde iliphendule elo tyala ngenxa yokumangalelwa.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

Ummangalelwa kufuneka afake isaziso sesibheno kwisakhelo sexesha elingqongqo (ngokomlinganiselo 10-30 iintsuku). Ummangalelwa ufaka ucalulo olufutshane oluchaza iimpazamo ezithiwa; i-appelle (isizwe) impendulo. iimpikiswano zomlomo zingavakala. Isigqibo se-appellete singapapashwa njengeqhinga. Ukuba isibheno asiphumelelanga, ummangalelwa angafuna uqwalaselo olucacileyo yinkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe okanye i U.S. Inkundla ephakamileyo nge- writ yemithetho ye-cerebrariari. Ukushwa kwento yocaciso ye-appelllate ye-mfashoni, ukutyelela [[FLT:] inkundla ye-US.[FLT: 1]

ISicwangciso-Sihlomelo seNtloko

Ngapha koko, abamangalelwa bangathatha iintshukumo zefayile ukwenzela isiphumlisi sasemva kokuqulunqwa, ngokufuthi esisekelwe kuncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, okanye imiba yegunya elilawulayo. I-habeas corpus icela ukuvavanywa okusemthethweni kokuvalelwa kwaye ingasetyenziswa kwinkundla yesizwe emva kwezonyango zesizwe ziphelile. Ezi zenzo zithenjiswa ngobuchule obuphezulu kwaye zisoloko zifuna umelo olusemthethweni olukhethekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukufuna Okusesikweni

Inkqubo esemthethweni esuka ekuphandweni ukuya ekuchongeni yinkqubo engqongqo nelungeleleneyo elungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngoxa abophula umthetho benoxanduva. Iqonga ngalinye (ukusuka kwingqokelela yobungqina nokubanjwa nokubanjwa ukuvavanywa kunye nokubhena)) lilungiselela injongo ekhethekileyo, ngemigaqo-siseko eyakhelwe ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa. Kubamangalelwa, ukuyiqonda le nkqubo kunokukunceda wenze izigqibo ezithe ngqo ngokomthetho nokusebenzisa amalungelo abo banokuwasebenzisa. Kubantu bonke, ukuyiqonda inkqubo ikhuthaza ukuthemba kwinkqubo efuna ukungacaluli-calula nasesikweni. Ukuba ityala liphelela kwisicelo, isibheno, okanye isibheno, umthetho uhlala ukhokelwa ngokupheleleyo. Abo bajongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho bacetyo ngokungqongqo. Abo bacetyiswa ngokungqongqo ukufuna isiluleko esisemthethweni ngoko nangoko.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, jonga kwimithetho ye- ye-Cuberetal Procedie kunye ne U.S. umGaqo-siseko ucaciswa [ kwiSikolo soMthetho seKornell.